GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE CLASS SUBJECT MATTER
This is a generic class for artificial intelligence type computers and digital data processing systems and corresponding data processing methods and products for emulation of intelligence (i.e., knowledge based systems, reasoning systems, and knowledge acquisition systems); and including systems for reasoning with uncertainty (e.g., fuzzy logic systems), adaptive systems, machine learning systems, and artificial neural networks.
(1) Note. This class includes systems having a faculty of perception or learning.
(2) Note. This class also provides for data processing systems and corresponding data processing methods for performing automated mathematical or logic theorem proving.

REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
235, Registers, appropriate subclasses for basic machines and associated indicating mechanisms for ascertaining the number of movements of various devices and machines, plus machines made from these basic machines alone (e.g., cash registers, voting machines) and in combination with various perfecting features, such as printers and recording means. In addition, search Class 235, various subclasses for data bearing record controlled systems.
326, Electrical Digital Logic Circuitry, appropriate subclasses for generic digital logic devices, circuitry, and subcombinations thereof, wherein nonarithmetical operations are performed upon discrete electrical signals representing a value normally described by numerical digits.
340, Communications: Electrical, subclasses 825+ for controlling one or more devices to obtain plurality of results by transmission of a designated one of plural distinctive control signals over a smaller number of communication lines or channels.
341, Coded Data Generation or Conversion, various subclasses for electrical pulse and digit code converters (e.g., systems for originating or emitting a coded set of discrete signals or translating one code into another code wherein the meaning of the data remains the same but the formats may differ.
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface Processing and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclasses 418+ for computer s:graphics processing and subclasses 326+ for computer operator interface.
360, Dynamic Magnetic Information Storage and Retrieval, various subclasses for record carriers and systems wherein information is stored and retrieved by interaction with a medium and there is relative motion between a medium and a transducer.
364, Electrical Computers and Data Processing Systems, subclasses 130+ for data processing control systems, subclasses 400+ for applications of computers in various environments, subclasses 550+ for applications of computers in measuring and testing, subclasses 600+ for hybrid computers, subclasses 700+ for calculators, digital signal processing and arithmetical processing, per se, and subclasses 800+ for electric analog computers.
365, Static Information Storage and Retrieval, various subclasses for addressable static singular storage elements of plural singular elements of the same type (i.e., internal elements of memory, per se).
369, Dynamic Information Storage and Retrieval, various subclasses for record carriers and systems wherein information is stored and retrieved by interaction with a medium and there is relative motion between a medium and a transducer.
370, Multiplex Communications, subclasses 464+ for communication techniques having information carried in plural channels.
375, Pulse or Digital Communications, various subclasses for pulse or digital communication systems and synchronization of clocking signals from input data.
377, Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers, and Shift Registers, various subclasses for generic circuits for pulse counting.
379, Telephonic Communications, various subclasses for two-way electrical communication of intelligible audio information of arbitrary content over a link including an electrical conductor.
380, Cryptography, subclasses 3+ for stored information access or copy prevention (e.g., software program protection or virus detection) in combination with data encryption and subclasses 22 through 25 and 50 for electric signal modification.
381, Electrical Audio Signal Processing Systems and Devices, various subclasses for wired one-way audio systems, per se.
382, Image Analysis, subclasses 181+ for pattern recognition involving image analysis. (From Section I, CLASS DEFINITION.)
382, Image Analysis, various subclasses for operations performed on image data with the aim of measuring a characteristic of an image, detecting variations, detecting structures, or transforming the image data, and for procedures for analyzing and categorizing patterns present in image data.
388, Electricity: Motor Control Systems, cross-reference art collection 907.5 for computer or processor control of DC motor acceleration or speed.
395, Information Processing System Organization, subclasses 80+ for data processing of robot control systems, subclasses 186+ for data processing security, subclasses 200.3+ for multicomputer data transferring, subclasses 280+ for intrasystem connecting, subclasses 500+ for compatibility, simulation or emulation, subclasses 551+, 553+, 555+ and 559+ for computer timing, subclasses 670+ for task management system, subclasses 701+ for data processing utilities, subclass 726 for access locking, subclass 727 for access polling, subclasses 728+ for access arbitrating, subclasses 733+for interrupt processing, subclasses 750.01+ for power control and subclasses 800.01+ for processing architecture.
452, Butchering, subclass 79 and 178 for a handling device
(e.g., traversing hoist) which is peculiar to that art.
455, Telecommunications, appropriate subclasses for modulated carrier wave communication, per se, and subclass 26.1 for subject matter which blocks access to a signal source or otherwise limits usage of modulated carrier equipment.
704, Data Processing: Speech Signal Processing, Linguistics, Language Translation, and Audio Compression/Decompression, subclasses 200+ for artificial intelligence systems that process speech signals.
707, Data Processing:Database and File Management, Data Structures and Document Processing, subclasses 1+, 100+ and 200+ for database or file management.
711, Electrical Computers and Digital Processing Systems: Memory subclasses 100+ for storage accessing and control in data processing systems, and subclasses 200+ for address formation.
714, Error Detection/Correction and Fault Detection/Recovery, appropriate subclasses for generic computer, or electrical pules code or pulse coded data error prevention, detection or correction.

GLOSSARY:
The terms below have been defined for purposes of classification in this class and are shown in underline type when used in the class and subclass definitions When these terms are not underlined in the definitions, the meaning is not restricted to the glossary definitions below.
COMPUTER
A machine that inputs data, processes data, stores data and outputs data.
COMPUTER PROGRAM
An algorithm and data structures constituting a set of instructions in some computer language, intended to be executed on a computer to perform a useful task.
COMPUTER-READABLE STORAGE MEDIA
Physical material on which data bits are read and written by a computer; excluding paper and other non-computer written media.
DATA
Representation of information in a coded manner suitable for communication, interpretation or processing.
DATA PROCESSING
See PROCESSING, below
GENERAL PURPOSE DIGITAL COMPUTER
Digital computer having a single central processing unit, primarily storage, at least one input device, and a display media.
INFORMATION
Meaning that a human being assigns to data by means of conventions applied to that data.
MEMORY
A functional unit to which data can be stored and which data can be retrieved.
MODULAR NEURAL NETWORK
A system of plural neural networks, often of heterogeneous types; e.g., self-organizing network connected to a feedforward network.
NEURAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
Neural Network Topology and functions computed by the neuron processors.
NEURAL NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Interconnection pattern between neuron processors.
PERIPHERAL
A functional unit that transmits data to or receives data from a computer to which it is coupled
PROCESSING
Methods or apparatus performing systematic operations upon data or information exemplified by functions such as data or information transferring, merging, sorting and computing (i.e., arithmetic operations or logical operations).
(1) Note. In this class, the glossary term data is used to modify processing in the term data processing; whereas the term digital data processing system refers to a machine performing data processing.
PROCESSOR
A functional unit that interprets and executes instruction data.

FUZZY LOGIC HARDWARE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter comprising a specific circuit arrangement for performing approximate reasoning where truth values and quantifiers are represented by possibility distributions.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
52 for knowledge processing system using fuzzy logic and having no fuzzy logic hardware.
900 for cross-reference art collection of a data processing system having fuzzy logic data processing.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
326, Electrical Digital Logic Circuitry, subclasses 59+ for logic circuits responsive to three or more logic signal states, or produces three or more different output logic signal states.

Fuzzy neural network:
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter comprising interconnected processors that perform the approximate reasoning.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 15+ for neural networks having no fuzzy logic hardware.

Analog fuzzy computer (e.g., controller):
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter wherein the circuit arrangement comprises electrical components that perform arithmetic operations upon electrical signals, which are continuously varying representations of physical quantities or which are some function of quantities.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
364, Electrical Computers and Data Processing Systems, subclass 148.05 for adaptive control using fuzzy logic and 800+ for electric analog computers.
701, Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative Location, subclass 27 for automatic route guidance using fuzzy logic.

Digital fuzzy computer (e.g., controller):
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter wherein the circuit arrangement comprises electrical components that perform calculation upon discrete electrical signals representing a value normally described by numerical digits.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
364, Electrical Computers and Data Processing Systems, subclasses 700+ for digital calculating computers.

Having function generator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter wherein the circuit arrangement contains an electrical device capable of producing one or more functions for fuzzy sets.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
7 for fuzzy logic hardware having a function calculator.

By neural network:
This subclass is indented under subclass 5. Subject matter wherein the function generator is controlled by a parallel distributed processing processor constructed in hardware or simulated in software.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 15+ for neural networks having no fuzzy logic
hardware.

Having a function calculator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter wherein the circuit arrangement contains at least a function calculator.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 5+ for fuzzy logic hardware having a function generator.

Fuzzy inference processing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter wherein a conclusion is deduced from a set of rules based on the approximate reasoning.

Defuzzification processing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter wherein the circuit arrangement produces a crisp value for a conclusion.

PLURAL PROCESSING SYSTEMS:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter comprising (1) computers that emulate intelligence connected in parallel or distributed arrangement, or (2) a compound system having as least one significant artificial intelligence system.
(1) Note. This subclass includes (1) distributed intelligent agent architectures and cooperative distributed problem solving systems, (2) plural reasoning methods, i.e., intelligent hybrid processing systems, and (3) multi-tasking intelligent processing systems.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 15+ for neural network having no fuzzy logic hardware.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
395, Information Processing System Organization, subclass 800.01 for processing architecture.

HAVING PARTICULAR USER INTERFACE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein presentation of data to a computer operator of a system contains components that enable interaction by (1) nonverbal representations or symbols or (2) statements in standard English syntax
(1) Note. This subclass includes intelligent processing systems having a hypertext/hypermedia component, a s:graphical user interface component, a natural language component, or a speech interface component.
(2) Note. This subclass includes interface agent systems, personal assistant systems, and intelligent help systems.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
61 for modification of knowledge processing system using a tool.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface Processing and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclasses 326+ for computer operator interface and subclasses 418+ for computer s:graphics processing

MACHINE LEARNING:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a system has the capability to automatically add to its current integrated collection of facts and relationships.
(1) Note. This subclass includes induction, deduction, applications involving learning (i.e., data mining and
knowledge discovery) and statistical learning techniques.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
14 for adaptive complex information processing system.
subclasses 16+ for neural network learning task.
25 for neural network learning method

Genetic algorithm and genetic programming system:
This subclass is indented under subclass 12. Subject matter wherein a system uses a sequence of steps that (1) starts with a group of solutions to a problem, (2) represents each solution as a coded data string, (3) divides and splices a coded data string to create new solutions, and (4) determines fitness of the new solutions.
(1) Note. This subclass includes evolutionary programming (i.e., learn-acquire knowledge, adapt-adjust).

ADAPTIVE SYSTEM:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein (1) a system continually adjusts its own set of rules(e.g., learns by example) or (2) a system that evolves in any way into a system which continually adjusts its own set of rules.
(1) Note. This subclass includes tuning membership functions and neural networks that continue to learn after they have been trained (i.e., relearning).

NEURAL NETWORK:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a system which comprises a parallel process performed by a distributed architecture that learns to recognize and classify input data and is (1) constructed in hardware, (2) emulated in software, or (3) a combination of hardware construction and emulation software.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
2 for fuzzy neural network

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
364, Electrical Computers and Data Processing Systems, subclass 148.03 for a neural network used in a control system.
704, Data Processing: Speech Signal Processing, Linguistics, Language Translation and Audio Compression/Decompression, subclasses 202+ for neural network in speech signal processing storage, subclasses 232+ for neural network in speech signal processing recognition and subclasses 259+ for neural network in speech signal processing synthesis.

Learning task:
This subclass is indented under subclass 15. Subject matter wherein the system is trained to accomplish a specific application.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
12 for machine learning.

Approximation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter wherein the system estimates a solution to a function from input data.
(1) Note. This subclass includes transformation and function approximation.

Association:
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter wherein the system learns to identify stored patterns similar to input patterns.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
20 for neural network having learning task classification or
recognition.

Constraint optimization problem solving:
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter wherein the system finds a best solution from specific input data.

Classification or recognition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter wherein the system learns to categorize or identify input data.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
18 for neural network having learning task association.

Prediction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter wherein the system learns to forecast future patterns from input patterns.

Signal processing (e.g., filter):
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter wherein the system intentionally changes characteristics of a conveyer of information.

Control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter wherein the system models, monitors, or regulates a physical system.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 903+ for cross reference art collection of an artificial intelligence system having details of control.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
364, Electrical Computers And Data Processing Systems, subclasses 130+ for data processing control systems, per se.

Beamforming(e.g., target location, radar):
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter wherein the system decides correct direction for a collection of parallel rays.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, various subclasses for methods and apparatus involving radiant energy.
342, Communication: Directive Radio Wave and Devices (e.g. Radar, Radio Navigation), various subclasses for transmission or reception of radio wave energy for obtaining or utilizing information.
359, Optics: System (Including Communication) and Elements, various subclasses for optical elements and optical systems not elsewhere classified.

Learning method:
This subclass is indented under subclass 15. Subject matter wherein the system acquires its internal set of rules.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
12 for machine learning.

Structure:
This subclass is indented under subclass 15. Subject matter wherein the system contains construction details of
processors or their interconnections.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
326, Electronic Digital Logic Circuitry, subclasses 36+ for threshold (e.g., majority) digital logic which may be utilizable for neural networks.

Architecture:
This subclass is indented under subclass 26. Subject matter wherein the structure (1) are organized for a specific network topology or (2)use neural processors to perform specific transform functions.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
395, Information Processing System Organization, subclass 800.01 for digital data processing system having a processor in combination with memory or peripherals performing data processing not elsewhere provided for.

Modular:
This subclass is indented under subclass 27. Subject matter wherein the architecture comprises a plurality of identical modules of neural networks.

Lattice:
This subclass is indented under subclass 27. Subject matter wherein the architecture comprises a plurality of locally interconnected neuron processors.

Recurrent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 27. Subject matter wherein the architecture comprises feedback interconnections.

Multilayer feedforward:
This subclass is indented under subclass 27. Subject matter wherein the architecture comprises two or more groups of neural processors, where at least one group of neural processors bypasses a group of neural processors.

Single-layer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 27. Subject matter wherein the architecture comprises one group of processors.

Semiconductor neural network:
This subclass is indented under subclass 26. Subject matter wherein the structure contains a solid or liquid electronic conductor in which an electrical charge carrier concentration increases with increasing temperature over a temperature range.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
257, Active Solid-State Devices (e.g., Transistors, Solid-State Diodes) various subclasses for semiconductor devices, per se.

Hybrid network (i.e., analog and digital):
This subclass is indented under subclass 26. Subject matter wherein the structure contains analog and digital components.

Using pulse modulation:
Subject matter under subclass 34 wherein the hybrid network uses an electrical voltage having a definite rise and decay that varies in amplitude, frequency or phase.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
332, Modulators, subclasses 106+ for pulse modulators, per se.

Having multiplying digital-to-analog converter:
This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Subject matter wherein the hybrid network contains a device that (1) outputs a product of a magnitude represented by two or more input signals and (2) changes pulse(bit) signals to continuous signals.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
341, Coded Data Generation or Conversion, subclasses 126+ for analog to or from digital conversion, per se.

Having digital weight:
This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Subject matter wherein the hybrid network comprises interconnections of bits (maintained in a binary memory) that represent a numerical value as a function of bit position code word.

Analog neural network:
This subclass is indented under subclass 26. Subject matter wherein the structure comprises representations of numerical quantities by means of physical variables.

Modifiable weight:
This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Subject matter wherein the analog neural network comprises programmable or adjustable interconnections.

Radiant energy neural network:
This subclass is indented under subclass 26. Subject matter wherein the structure contains at least a source or detector of radiant wave energy.
(1) Note. This subclass includes optical neural networks.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, subclasses 107+ for optical computing, per se.
382, Image Analysis, various subclasses for subject matter wherein an image is detected and significant analysis of an image is performed.

Digital neural network:
This subclass is indented under subclass 26. Subject matter wherein the structure contains a processing component that can assume only two values.

Parallel connection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 41. Subject matter comprising an interface in which all bits of data in a given byte are transferred simultaneously, using separate data lines for each bit.

Digital neuron processor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 41. Subject matter wherein a node of the system comprises logic circuitry that assumes binary values.

Neural simulation environment:
This subclass is indented under subclass 15. Subject matter comprising an apparatus (or method) for developing substitution or testing of actual operational conditions of
the system using a general purpose digital computer.
(1) Note. This subclass includes neural network shells and tools.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
60 for knowledge processing tools.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
395, Information Processing System Organization, subclasses 500+ for data processing system having compatibility, simulation, or emulation of system components, subclasses 701+ for software program development tools.

KNOWLEDGE PROCESSING SYSTEM:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a system comprises specific domain data that (1) is integrated as a collection of facts and relationships (i.e., knowledge representation) and (2) applies a reasoning technique.
(1) Note. This subclass and subclasses indented hereunder provide for details of (1) expert systems or (2) operation of expert systems (either stand alone expert systems or expert systems interacting with other systems).
(2) Note. This subclass and subclasses indented hereunder provide for creation and maintenance of expert systems.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
364, Electrical Computers and Data Processing Systems, subclass 148.04 for a knowledge processing (e.g., an expert system) adaptive control.

Knowledge representation and reasoning technique:
This subclass is indented under subclass 45. Subject matter wherein a process or system uses a specific (1) method or system for processing the integrated collection of facts and relationships, (2) inferencing method or system, (3) method or system for interconnecting parts of an expert system, (4) internal or external structured data accessing method or system, or (5) method or system for searching the integrated collection of facts and relationships.

Rule-based reasoning system:
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter comprising an inferencing method or system using logic processing that (1) starts with a set of known facts and applies rules to the facts until no new facts are generated (i.e., forward chaining), or (2) starts with a goal, finds rules to fit the goal, and checks to determine if known facts fit the rules (i.e., backward chaining).
(1) Note. This subclass includes event-driven rule-based reasoning, hypothetical reasoning and rules having priority ordering.

Having specific pattern matching or control technique:
This subclass is indented under subclass 47. Subject matter comprising a system that (1) uses a reticular network algorithm of the collection of facts and relationships, (2) uses a hierarchy of collections (i.e., a higher level integrated collection of facts and relationships about a lower level integrated collection of facts and relationships) or (3) resolves conflicts to determine a firing order for rules.

Blackboard system:
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter comprising a specific method or system for interconnecting parts of the knowledge processing system and having a special memory (i.e., blackboard) that allows data from one part of the knowledge processing system to be written so that it can be accessed by other parts of the knowledge processing system.

Having specific management of a knowledge base:
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter comprising a specific data accessing method or system (such as a database management or a lookup table) to access a database containing information of the knowledge processing
system (i.e., knowledge base).
(1) Note. This subclass includes storage and retrieval (e.g., KBMS, DBMS, content-addressable memory, table, etc.)

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
707, Data Processing: Database and File Management, Data Structures and Document Processing, subclasses 1+ for information processing system database and file management.

Non-monotonic reasoning system:
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter wherein processing of the integrated collection of facts and relationships contains belief revision(tracking dependencies among propositions).
(1) Note. This subclass includes truth maintenance systems.

Reasoning under uncertainty (e.g., fuzzy logic):
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter wherein the integrated collection of facts and relationships contain inexact knowledge.
(1) Note. This subclass provides for confidence factors, fuzzy logic, membership functions, qualitative reasoning, probabilistic logic, or uncertainty factors.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
1 for fuzzy logic hardware.
900 for cross reference art collection of a data processing system having fuzzy logic processing and no fuzzy logic hardware.

Frame-based reasoning system:
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter wherein the integrated collection of facts and relationships (1) is connected in a hierarchy of levels that allow facts or relationships missing in a lower level to be inherited from a connected higher level, (2) uses a set of slots related to a
specific object, each slot storing a feature of the object, (3) uses an outline (i.e., a script) of an episode of a certain type, or (4) uses a name of some item (i.e., an object) in either an object attribute-value triplet or an object-attribute pair.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
54 for knowledge processing system using analogical reasoning.
55 for knowledge processing system having a semantic network.

54. Analogical reasoning system:
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter wherein the integrated collection of facts and relationships (1) is in an object having a set of attributer value pairs and (2) has retrieval based on a measure or similarity between query and stored objects.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
53 for knowledge processing system using frame-based reasoning.

Semantic network (i.e., conceptual dependency, fact based structure):
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter wherein the integrated collection of facts and relationships formalizes object and values as nodes, and connects the nodes with arcs that indicate relationships between the various nodes.
(1) Note. This subclass includes conceptual graphs and connectionist systems.

Predicate logic or predicate calculus:
This subclass is indented under subclass 48. Subject matter wherein the integrated collection of facts and relationships uses a complex reasoning system formed with symbols (arguments and predicates).
(1) Note. A notation of predicate logic is either xPy or P(x, y)
(2) Note. Predicate logic is usually considered an extension of propositional logic.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
57 for knowledge processing system having propositional logic.

Propositional logic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter wherein the integrated collection of facts and relationships uses a reasoning system formed with truth values (e.g., X is a metal, if C then D) or logic connectives (e.g., and, or, not).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
56 for knowledge processing system having predicate logic or predicate calculus.

Temporal logic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter wherein the integrated collection of facts and relationships contain data having a representation for an aspect of time.

Creation or modification:
This subclass is indented under subclass 45. Subject matter comprising software or hardware for initially developing or altering a knowledge processing system.
(1) Note. This subclass includes knowledge acquisition techniques.

Expert system shell or tool:
Subject matter under 59 wherein the software for developing a knowledge processing system (1) provides an interface to a knowledge base or a knowledge processing system or (2) contains an inference engine, a user interface, and knowledge acquisition aids, but no knowledge base (i.e., a "tool").

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface Processing and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclasses 326+ for computer operator interface.

Knowledge acquisition by a knowledge processing system:
This subclass is indented under subclass 59. Subject matter wherein the system automatically adds to its current integrated collection of facts and relationships.
(1) Note. This subclass includes automatic generation of rules or membership functions by a knowledge processing system.

MISCELLANEOUS:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter not provided for in any of the preceding subclasses.

FUZZY LOGIC:
Subject matter comprising data processing with inexact reasoning implemented using set membership functions.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
364, Electrical Computers and Data Processing Systems, subclass 148.05 for adaptive control using fuzzy logic.
701, Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative Location, subclass 27 for automatic route guidance using fuzzy logic.

APPLICATION USING AI HAVING DETAIL OF THE AI SYSTEM:
Subject matter comprising an expert system having a specific area of application.

Control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter wherein the expert system provides control data.

Manufacturing or machine(e.g., agriculture machinery, machine tool):
This subclass is indented under subclass 903. Subject matter wherein the application is related to manufacturing or machinery.

Vehicle or aerospace:
This subclass is indented under subclass 903. Subject matter wherein the application is related to a vehicle or aerospace.

Process plant:
This subclass is indented under subclass 903. Subject matter wherein the application is related to a process plant.

Power plant:
This subclass is indented under subclass 906. Subject matter wherein the process plant is a power plant.

Electronic or computer(internal or network) circuit:
This subclass is indented under subclass 903. Subject matter wherein the application is related to an electronic circuit, or to the internal operation of a computer or its connection in a network.

Communication:
This subclass is indented under subclass 903. Subject matter wherein the application is related to communication.

Elevator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 903. Subject matter wherein the application area is related to an elevator.

Nonmedical diagnostics:
This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter wherein the expert system provides nonmedical diagnostic data.

Manufacturing or machine(e.g., agriculture machinery, machine tool):
This subclass is indented under subclass 911. Subject matter wherein the application is related to manufacturing or machinery).

Vehicle or aerospace:
This subclass is indented under subclass 911. Subject matter wherein the application is related to a vehicle or
aerospace.

Process plant:
This subclass is indented under subclass 911. Subject matter wherein the application is related to a process plant.

Power plant:
This subclass is indented under subclass 914. Subject matter wherein the process plant is a power plant.

Electronic or computer(internal or network) circuit:
This subclass is indented under subclass 911. Subject matter wherein the application is related to an electronic circuit, or to the internal operation of a computer or its connection in a network.

Communication:
This subclass is indented under subclass 911. Subject matter wherein the application is related to communication.

Elevator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 911. Subject matter wherein the application area is related to an elevator.

Designing, planning, programming, CAD, CASE:
This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter wherein the expert system provides data related to designing
of an object, plan preparation, program preparation, computer aided design (i.e., CAD), or computer aided software engineering (i.e., CASE).

Simulation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 919. Subject matter wherein the expert system provides simulation related data, e.g., three-dimensional computer simulation of a piston of a car on a computer screen.

Layout (e.g., circuit, construction):
This subclass is indented under subclass 919. Subject matter wherein the expert system provides layout related data, e.g. computer circuit layout or building layout.

Computer program preparation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 919. Subject matter wherein the expert system provides computer program preparation related data.

Construction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 919. Subject matter wherein the expert system provides data related to construction industry, e.g., building codes.

Medical:
This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter wherein the expert system provides medical related data.

Business:
This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter wherein the expert system provides business related data.

Time management:
This subclass is indented under subclass 925. Subject matter wherein the data is time management data.

Education or instruction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter wherein the expert system provides education or instruction data.

Earth science:
This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter wherein the expert system provides earth related science data.

Geological (e.g., seismology):
This subclass is indented under subclass 928. Subject matter wherein the expert system provides geology related data.

Environment:
This subclass is indented under subclass 928. Subject matter wherein the expert system provides environment related data.

Weather:
This subclass is indented under subclass 930. Subject matter wherein the data is weather data.

Mathematics, science, or engineering:
This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter wherein the expert system provides mathematics, science or engineering related data.

Law, law enforcement, or government:
This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter wherein the expert system provides law, law enforcement, or government related data.

Information retrieval or information management:
This subclass is indented under subclass 902. Subject matter wherein the expert system provides information retrieval or information management related data.

The definitions below correspond to the definitions of the abolished subclasses under Class 395 from which these collections were formed. See the Foreign Art Collections schedule for specific correspondences. {Note: The titles and definitions for indented art collections include all the details of the one (s) that are hierarchically superior.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein the system or method has the capacity to perform one or more of the functions of recognition, speech signal processing, knowledge processing (i.e., propositional logic, reasoning, learning, self-improvement),
complex operations of a manipulator (e.g., robot* control), or inexact reasoning (e.g., fuzzy logic).

Fuzzy logic hardware: Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein the system includes a specific circuit arrangement for performing logic with more than two levels, e.g., nonbinary or analog logic systems.

Knowledge processing: Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein the system or method (1) has the capacity to process knowledge (i.e., data comprised of an integrated collection of facts and relationships), (2) has the capacity to generate its own set of rules (e.g., trainable processors), (3) structurally duplicates the human brain (e.g., neural networks), (4) functionally duplicates a law of nature (e.g., inheritance, evolution, etc.), or (5) has the capacity for solution of problems in these areas.

Plural processing systems: Foreign art collections including subject matter comprising two or more systems, or methods utilizing two or more systems, wherein at least one system is a knowledge processing system.

Graphical or natural language user interface: Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein presentation of data to the user of the system includes nonverbal representations or symbols, or statements in standard English language syntax.

Genetic algorithms: Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein the system uses a sequence of steps that (1) starts with a group of solutions to a problem, (2) represents each solution as a coded data string, (3) divides and splices the coded numerical strings to create new solutions, and (4) determines the fitness of the new solutions.

Trainable (i.e., adaptive) systems: Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein (1) the system creates its own set of rules (i.e., connection weights) (e.g., learns by example) or wherein (2) the data processing method involves in any way a system which creates its own set of such rules.

Neural networks: Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein the system uses parallel distributed processing processors constructed in hardware or simulated in software. 800.01+, (see (1) Note, above).

Connectionist expert systems: Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein the parallel distributed processing processors have been trained to be an expert system, that is, to process data formed by an integrated collection of facts and relationships (i.e., knowledge).

Training (i.e., programming or learning): Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein a specific method or apparatus is used to adjust the rules (i.e., connection weights).

Structures: Foreign art collections including details of the construction of the processing processors or their interconnections.

Radiant energy type (e.g., optical): Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein the structure includes a source or detector of radiant wave energy.

Sequential processor: Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein the structure comprises one or more computers that process software step-by-step.

Including a digital or binary element: Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein the structure includes a processing component that can assume only two values.

Expert systems: Foreign art collections including subject matter comprising a system wherein the data consists of an integrated collection of facts and relationships (i.e., knowledge).

Deduction, control, or search techniques: Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein a process or system uses a specific (1) method or system for processing the integrated collection of facts and relationships, (2) inferencing method or system, (3) method or system for interconnecting parts of the expert system, (4) internal or external structured data accessing method or system, or (5) method or system for searching the integrated collection of facts and relationships.

Forward or backward chaining: Foreign art collections including an inferencing method or system using logic processing that starts with a set of known facts and applies rules to the facts until no new facts are generated or a goal is reached (i.e., forward chaining), or logic processing that starts with a goal and then finds rules to fit the goals and then checks to see if known facts fit the found rules (i.e., backward chaining).

Blackboarding: Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein a specific method or system for interconnecting parts of the expert system uses a special memory (i.e., blackboard) where data from one part of the
expert system can be written so that it can be accessed by other parts of the expert system.

Knowledge base accessing (e.g., DBMS, table): Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein a specific data accessing method or system, such as a database management system or a lookup table, is used to access a database containing the knowledge of the expert system (i.e., the knowledge base).

Truth maintenance systems (TMS): Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein the processing of the integrated collection of facts and relationships include belief revision by tracking dependencies among propositions and informing a user as to which propositions can be believed.

Knowledge representations: Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein a process or system uses (1) a specific type of relationship in the integrated collection of facts and relationships, (2) a specific type of integrated collection of facts and relationships, or (3) a specific type of fact in the integrated collection of facts and relationships.

For inexact knowledge (e.g., fuzzy logic): Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein the facts or relationships include a weight value other than 1 (e.g., 1/2, .5, 1.5, 60%).

Objects (i.e., object-attribute-value), frames and slots, or scripts: Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein the specific integrated collection of facts and relationships uses (1) a set of slots (i.e., a frame) related to a specific object, each slot storing a feature of the object, (2) an outline (i.e., a script) of an episode of a certain type, or (3) the name of some item (i.e., an object)
in either an object-attribute-value triplet or an object-attribute pair.

Semantic network (i.e., conceptual dependency, fact based structure): Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein the specific integrated collection of facts and relationships formalizes objects and values as nodes, and connects the nodes with arcs or links that indicate the relationships between the various nodes.

Rete network or meta-knowledge: Foreign art collections including subject matter which (1) uses a reticular network algorithm on the collection of facts and relationships (e.g., is formed of subcollections which are searched in parallel) or (2) includes a hierarchy of collections, i.e., a higher level integrated collection of facts and relationships about a lower level integrated collection of facts and relationships (i.e., knowledge about knowledge).

Inheritance: Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein the specific integrated collection of facts and relationships is connected in a hierarchy of levels which allow facts or relationships missing in a lower level to be taken (i.e., inherited) from a connected higher level where they are present.

Predicate logic or predicate calculus: Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein the specific integrated collection of facts and relationships uses a complex logic system formed with arguments and predicates.

Propositional logic: Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein the specific integrated collection of facts and relationships uses a simple logic formed with truth values (e.g., "X is a metal," "if C then D") or logic connectives (e.g., and, or, not).

History base: Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein the specific integrated collection of facts and relationships include historical data (i.e., data collected over a period of time) about the expert system or about the area of expertise.

Creation or modification of an expert system: Foreign art collections including subject matter comprising means (i.e., software or hardware) for initially developing or altering the expert system.

Expert system shells or tools: Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein the software for developing an expert system (1) contains an inference engine, a user interface, and knowledge acquisition aids, but no knowledge base (i.e., a "tool") or (2) provides an interface to such a tool or an expert system (i.e., a "shell").

Learning or knowledge acquisition by the expert system: Foreign art collections including subject matter wherein the existing expert system has the capability to automatically add to its current integrated collection of facts and relationships.