This is the generic class for:
A. Processes which involve a chemical reaction for determining qualitatively or quantitatively the presence of a chemical element, compound or complex in a composition or a chemical compound, or an element or radical in a compound.
B. Process for analysis which involve an in vitro antigen-antibody, immunological or protein binding interaction other than those involving a living antigen, or enzyme label.
C. Processes of analysis or study of the chemical properties of a sample; the physiological effect of a sample; or chemical determination of a physical property of a sample.
D. Compositions and their mere methods of use of thermoparticulating compositions.
E. Chemical test standards for A, B, and C.
F. Analytical compositions for A, B or C subject to the caveat lin Lines With Other Classes, Other Search Notes, "A. Class 252 Compositions Search," below.
G. Combinations of tests or measurements with methods of regulating a chemical reaction not otherwise provided for in a chemical synthesis class or otherwise.
(1) Note. For an elaboration of the distinction between subclasses 1-146 and subclasses 147-181 which provide for methods of examining the results of a significant chemical interaction see Lines With Other Classes, "Classification Guidelines For This Class," below.

LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
CLASSIFICATION GUIDELINES FOR THIS CLASS
A. Compositions: Standards and Analytical Compositions used to prepare a sample for chemical testing or to standardize a test procedure are classifiable in subclasses 8-19. Subclasses 8-19 will also provide for the process of use of
such standards to calibrate a test procedure but will not provide for a comprehensive chemical test process including calibrating and analytical testing of an unknown. Compositions used for qualitative or quantitative chemical testing are classifiable with their process of use.
Class 516 provides for compositions otherwise seemingly proper for Class 436 when the compositions are subject matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems.
B. Testing Processes: Methods of chemical testing or analysis are classifiable on the basis of the specie tested for if such specie is claimed or solely disclosed. Subclasses 147 - 181 provide for processes not limited by claim or sole disclosure to the concepts of subclasses 1-146. If placement in subclasses 147 - 181 appears proper, two cautions should be observed. First, the claim or claims in question should be scrutinized for the presence of a significant chemical interaction which is not merely the application of measuring technique otherwise classifiable in another class. Second, due to long-standing conflicts and nonuniform practice in the determination of significant chemistry, classification in subclasses 147 - 181 indicates that at least a cursory search should be made of the class providing for the appropriate technique absent significant chemistry.
A method of testing for a disease or condition if by claim or disclosure is a test for a particular chemical specie and classification is proper in the subclass providing for that specie.
A test for an extract or factor is properly classifiable in the subclass providing for the major chemical constituents as determined by the disclosure or a standard reference work.
A process directed to the analysis of a complex is classified on the basis of the first appearing member of the complex.
A process testing a flue gas, off gas, combustible gas, or other gaseous composition for a particular claimed or solely disclosed species should be classified with that species. A broad analysis claim should be classified in subclasses 147 - 181.
A broadly recited anion or cation test is classifiable in subclasses 147-181.
A test to determine the utility or suitability if a sample for some use or some generalized property (e.g., toxicity, etc.) is properly classifiable in subclasses 2+.
C. Presumptive Identity: In the absence of a clear showing to the contrary the following will control classification. Terms are followed by their Presumed Classification
Term : "acidic" or "basic" component Presumed classified as: inorganic acid or base
Term : ginsing extract Presumed classified as: saponin
Term : hydrocarbon Presumed classified as: compound of hydrogen and carbon only
Term : isotopes Presumed classified as: nonisotopic form
Term : marahuana Presumed classified as: tetrahydrocannabinol
Term : octane test Presumed classified as: hydrocarbon
Term : organo Presumed classified as: hydrocarbon derivative
Term : "organic compound" Presumed classified as: by technique in 147 - 183
GENERAL NOTE
The mere presence of a chemical reaction is not generally sufficient to place a patent in this class. This class provides for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of chemical compounds, complexes and elements which at some point involve a chemical interaction. In other words, the subject matter of this class involves an investigation of what chemical specie is present and/or how much of the specie is present or investigates some chemical property of a sample. The technique used to detect the result of chemical interaction need not be chemical but may involve a physical, optical or electrical measurement. No attempt should be made to apply or generalize the lines of any given class to any other given class in regard to this class. In any instance where the line notes use the word significant or nominal this is especially true and the limits of such terms can only be determined on a case by case basis in view of an examination of the patents in the involved class. See References to Other Classes, below, for the lines between this class (436) and related classes.
OTHER SEARCH NOTES
A. Class 252 Compositions Search.
This class was created by incorporation of chemical standards
and chemical testing compositions from Class 252, subclass 408.1. The superior subclasses in 252 other than subclass 1 were not screened to remove all chemical test compositions or standards properly classifiable therein. Thus, when considering the proper search and classification of a chemical testing composition Class 252 should always be consulted. Upon conclusion that 252 does not provide for the subject composition, the composition is properly classifiable in this class.
B. Class 424 in vivo/ in vitro line.
Class 436, subclasses 500+ incorporate patents to in vitro antigen-antibody, immunological, or protein binding tests formerly classified in Class 424, subclass 1.5 (which no longer exists) and subclasses 2+. Class 424 continues to provide for in vivo antigen-antibody, immunological, or protein binding tests when the final testing or diagnosis step occurs in or on the living body. A document which includes the in vivo production of an in vitro test material or reagent, such as the in vivo production or treatment of an antigen or antibody used in an immunoassay, will be provided for the Class 436 (see especially subclasses 543-548).
C. Analysis in combination with other chemical processes.
This class includes tests or measurements of any type claimed in association with a chemical reaction when the reaction is not part of a process elsewhere classifiable. Measurements and tests when claimed in association with e.g., condition responsive control, etc., chemical processes provided for in other classes, e.g., 208, 260, 435 etc., are classified in the class providing for the chemical process.
D. Immobilized peptides, namely proteins, enzymes and immunologically active species
Immobilized peptides, namely proteins, enzymes and immunologically active species are classified in Classes 260, 435 and 436 respectively. In the instance where the claims are directed to a generic immobilization process with or without species claims to the particular peptides the order of superiority of placement is 435, 436, and 260 (including the resin series). Class 424 will take a composition which may contain any of the immobilized species above as a composition for the treatment of the living body and will control placement.
E. Composition class superiority.
The rules for determining Class placement of the Original Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY, which includes a hierarchical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.

REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
71, Chemistry: Fertilizers, provides for a process of soil analysis combined with the application of Class 71 composition in response to the analysis.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, provides for a process of qualitative or quantitative chemical analysis of a soil sample.
73, Measuring and Testing, is the generic class for making a measurement or test of any kind not provided for in other classes. Class 73 is also the generic class for sampling processes and apparatus not otherwise provided for (Class 73 provides in Note (3) of the Class Definition an extensive listing of classes for measuring and testing, per se, and a sampling).
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, provides for processes of analysis which involve a chemical reaction and a qualitative or quantitative measurement or test and such processes including sampling or sample preparation (For a more precise indication of the line between this class and Class 73 the line and search notes indexed in section IV should be consulted).
116, Signals and Indicators, provides for a signal or indicator wherein the signal or indicator is given by a chemical reaction, e.g., change in color, smoke, odor etc. Class 116 provides for a temperature indicator which has a single temperature indication.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, provides for a method of qualitative or quantitative chemical analysis.
128, Surgery, provides for methods including the use of claimed specific structure adapted to be placed on or in the living body and further includes diagnostic or therapeutic methods and apparatus when the only disclosed utility is for diagnosis or treatment of a living body.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, provides for methods of qualitative or quantitative chemical testing including (1) the in vitro testing of a body fluid which may be diagnostic of a body condition as well as (2) methods wherein the disclosed utility of a chemical test is both diagnostic and nondiagnostic.
156, Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture, provides for processes of chemical manufacture not otherwise provided for and for a process of chemical testing when combined with such process. Class 156 particularly provides for a process of measuring and testing when combined with a process of etching or laminating.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, provides for a process of qualitative or quantitative chemical analysis of a crystalline material, etching solution or laminate material.
162, Paper Making and Fiber Liberation, provides for a process of fiber liberation including a step of chemical testing of the fiber or testing fluid as well as providing for chemical testing in combination with a paper making operation.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, provides for a qualitative or quantitative chemical test of fibers, paper or processing fluids therefor when not claimed in combination with a process of fiber liberation or paper making.
166, Wells, for a chemical test in combination with a process of using, making or treating a well where such process incorporates more than a nominal step in a claim reciting drilling or treating a well or recovering a fluid therefrom. The headnotes of Class 166 provide comprehensive listing of the disposition of well related testing art.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, provides for processes of chemical analysis of samples derived from wells which may include a step of inserting and recovering an absorbent material or a nominal step of drilling or treating a well or recovering a fluid therefrom.
175, Boring or Penetrating the Earth, provides for a process for boring into the earth combined with a measurement or test where more than a mere step of boring is claimed.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, provides for a process of chemical testing combined with a nominal step of earth boring.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, provides for a process of chromatos:graphic separation for separation of the constituents of mixture.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, provides for a process including gas or liquid chromatography with a colorimetric test of the colored bands or bands from the chromatography column where a chemically reactive reagent is necessary to develop the color for the colorimetric test.
250, Radiant Energy, provides for a method of using, generating, controlling or detecting radiant energy or a subcombination thereof when not otherwise provided for. This includes use of X-rays to determine chemical composition or crystal structure as well as use of a mass spectrometer.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, provides for a qualitative or quantitative chemical test
including a step involving the generation, use or detection of radiant energy. The mere use of a fluorescent material is not considered to be chemical, at least in regard to Class 250.
252, Compositions, provides for a chemical testing composition when claimed in combination with a composition specifically provided for in Class 252 and for physical testing, analysis, indicating or warning agents or for physical standards, tracer or identification compositions.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, provides for compositions used in a process of chemical analysis including tracers, identifying compositions, diluents, buffers, standards, compositions which simulate or calibrate a test as well as chemical reactants and immunochemical compositions for in vitro testing (See the note on creation of this class for a more complete analysis of the relation of compositions of this class with other classes).
264, Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes, provides for a step of chemically testing or inspecting some variable condition in a shaped article, molding material, mold or shaping surface as part of a process included in Class 264.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, provides for a chemical test or analysis of a shaped article absent a claim to a process of producing the shaped article.
324, Electricity, Measuring and Testing, is the residual home for measuring and testing electrical properties or the measuring testing or sensing of nonelectric properties (e.g., moisture, pH etc.) by electric means including a chemical reaction by name only. The presence of any detail to the chemical reaction is beyond Class 324. In general, a 324 process may result in the identification of a chemical specie by NMR, ESR, conductivity, impedance, or other electrical property but only absent a significant chemical reaction in which case Class 436 will provide for the combination.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, will provide for electrical measuring, testing or sensing when claimed in combination with significant chemical reaction. Significant is taken to mean the inclusion of any detail of a chemical reaction in the claimed process.
340, Communications: Electrical, provides for electrical indicating and measuring systems which include the use of a catalytic or semiconductor gas detector.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, will provide for the use of a catalytic or semiconductor gas detector when claimed as part of a process involving a significant chemical reaction as part of a qualitative or quantitative chemical analysis.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, provides for methods and apparatus for determining the optical or nonoptical properties of materials or articles by noting the effect produced by the materials or articles or light associated therewith. Light analysis includes spectroscopy, interference, polarization, shade or color and photometers. The material properties involve crystal or gem examination, blood analysis, optical pyrometers, oil testing, document verification, refraction testing, light transmission or absorption, light reflection, and inspection for flaws or imperfections in materials.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, will provide for a process of optical examination which involves a chemical reaction either prior to the optical examination or as a chemically reactive reagent or indicator necessary to develop color or produce an optically detectable result.
424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, provides for an in vivo test which may include a chemical reaction. Class 424 provides for: compositions (A) for preventing, alleviating, treating, or curing abnormal and pathological conditions of the living body, for maintaining, increasing, decreasing, limiting, or destroying a physiologic body function, for diagnosing a physiological condition or state by an in vivo test, for controlling or protecting an environment or living body by attracting, disabling, inhibiting, killing, modifying, repelling, or retarding an animal or micro-organism, (B) for deodorizing, protecting, adorning, or grooming a body, (C) for fermentates and extracts for use in A or B and not elsewhere provided for, and (D) such compositions defined in terms of specific structure; methods of making the above compositions; methods of using the class defined compositions for purposes in A and B; and methods of using compounds, per se, for purposes in A and B.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, provides for in vitro qualitative or quantitative chemical analysis including the use of an vitro antigen-antibody interaction as well as for production of an immunological test material by treatment of a live animal.
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products, provides for processes of performing a test or measurement on an edible combined with an additional operation for treating, preparing, or perfecting an edible, with the exception of an additional operation which is solely involved in perfecting the test or measurement.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, provides for processes of performing a test or measurement on an edible involving a chemical reaction.
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, provides for a test or measurement involving a microorganism or enzyme
which functions catalytically as well as antigen antibody tests involving a living microorganism or enzyme label.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, provides for a measurement or test in which an enzyme reacts chemically, i.e., noncatalytically and antigen-antibody tests for the identification of chemical species that do not involve a living antigen or enzyme.
(1) Note. The burden of showing an enzyme is functioning noncatalytically is on Class 436, i.e., the presumption, as between Class 435 and Class 436, is that an enzyme in a testing composition functions catalytically until rebutted.
702, Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing, subclasses 22-32 for chemical analysis with significant data processing.

GLOSSARY:
ANTIBODY
A protein of the globulin in type that is formed in an animal organism in response to the administration of an antigen and that is capable of combining specifically with that antigen. Abbr Ab. See also immunoglobulin.
ANTIGEN
A substance, frequently a protein that can stimulate an animal organism to produce antibodies and that can combine specifically with the antibodies thus produced; called also complete antigen as distinct from a hapten. Abbr Ag.
ANTIGEN - ANTIBODY COMPLEX
The generally insoluble molecular aggregate that is formed by the specific interaction of antigens and antibodies. It is also referred to as the immune complex.
HAPTEN
A substance that can react selectively with antibodies of the appropriate specificity but stimulates the production of these antibodies in an animal only when it is coupled to a carrier.
IMMUNOADSORBENT
An insoluble material that is used for the purification of antibodies by adsorbing them from a serum; a gel for trapping antibodies, or an inert solid to which either antigens or haptens have been covalently linked are two examples.
IMMUNOASSAY
An assay that utilizes antigen antibody reactions for the
determination of chemical substances.
IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS
A technique for identifying antigens in complex mixtures by first separating the antigens in one dimension by means of gel electrophoresis, and then allowing them to react with antibodies by means of two dimensional double diffusion through the gel; a pattern of precipitin arcs is thereby produced. Abbr IE.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN
1. A protein of animal origin that has a known antibody activity. 2. A protein that is closely related to an antibody by its chemical structure and by its antigenic specificity.

PROCESS OR COMPOSITION FOR STERILITY OR PACKAGE INTEGRITY TEST:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes or compositions for determining the effectiveness of a prior sterilization process or the physical integrity or a package by means of a chemical reaction.
(1) Note. Processes classifiable in this subclass include monitoring the presence or absence of a sterilizing agent such as ethylene oxide.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, subclass 11 for methods and materials for determining the effectiveness of a sterilization procedure which involves the use of an enzyme or microorganism.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when
generically claimed or there is no art class. Class 516 provides for compositions otherwise seemingly proper for Class 436 when the compositions are colloid systems or wetting agents.

PROCESS OR COMPOSITION FOR DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL STATE OR PROPERTY BY MEANS INCLUDING A CHEMICAL REACTION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes or compositions for determining physical state or a physical property by means of a chemical reaction.
(1) Note. Also included in this subclass are processes for determining the thickness of a coated material by means of a chemical reaction.
(2) Note. Processes for determining pressure by nonvolumetric techniques is included in this subclass, i.e., via flame ionization.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
156, Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture, subclass 64 for a process of surface bonding and/or assembly combined with a step of determining some chemical property of the product or a component thereof.
162, Paper Making and Fiber Liberation, subclass 49 for a chemical test of a property or characteristic of a fiber or treating fluid when combined with a process of fiber liberation and subclass 198 for a process of chemically determining some property in combination with a paper making operation.
264, Plastic and Nonmetallic Articles Shaping or Treating: Processes, 40.1 for a process of Class 264 shaping or treating which includes a step of chemical treating which includes a step of chemical testing or inspecting of the product or shaping surface including a determination of completeness of reaction.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or
systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when generically claimed or there is no art class. Class 516 provides for compositions otherwise seemingly proper for Class 436 when the compositions are colloid systems or wetting agents.

Leak detection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Processes or compositions for a test in which a chemical reaction is included in a process for detection of leaks.
(1) Note. Included in this subclass are processes for determining leaks in a closed system, or, equipment failure wherein the material leaking out of the closed system, or a tracer leaking from the closed system, is determined by a chemical reaction, e.g., reaction with a colorimetric indicator. Examples of closed systems are refrigeration systems, heat exchangers, tanks, etc.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 40 for physical tests of leakage; 598 and 600 for flaw or discontinuity detection by use of a vibration.
252, Compositions, subclass 62.52 for a magnetic flaw detection composition.
374, Thermal Measuring and Testing, for thermal measuring and testing.

Of crystal or crystalline material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Processes and compositions therefore in which a physical property of a crystal or crystalline material is determined by means involving a chemical reaction.
(1) Note. This subclass includes gross determination of the crystallinity of a material e.g., polymer, etc., as well as a determination of the crystal habit of a compound by means of a chemical reaction.
(2) Note. The loss or gain of a water of crystallization is considered to be a chemical reaction while other alternations of crystal structure are not.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
29, Metal Working, subclass 25.35 for the electrical measuring testing or sensing of piezoelectric crystals combined with the manufacture thereof.
73, Measuring and Testing, Digest 4 for physical test of piezoelectric properties.
117, Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy Growth Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor, for processes of measuring, testing, or sensing in combination with single crystal growth.
125, Stone Working, subclass 12 and 13.01+ for apparatus and methods for cutting crystal which include the step of first examinating optically and working the crystal for axis orientation.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclass 109 for the electrical testing of a piezoelectric crystal.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, subclass 30 for a process of optical testing of crystals including gems, piezoelectric and semiconductor crystals which may include nominal cutting or etching of the crystal.
378, X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices, appropriate subclasses, 44 through 50 for the use of X-rays to determine chemical composition or crystal structure or a process of X-ray crystallography.

Surface area, porosity, imperfection, or alteration:
This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Processes or compositions for chemically determining surface area of an object or part of an object; the permability of a surface; the roughness of portions of a surface; or the alteration of a surface.
(1) Note. This subclass provides for colorimetrically or fluorescently determining flaws, imperfections or surface defects of a metal surface or metal coating.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 104 for surface roughness testing.

Corrosion resistance or power:
This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Processes or compositions for chemically testing the corrosion resistance of material, the corrosiveness of a sample material, the presence or strength of a corrosion inhibitor, or determining corrosion preventing properties.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, various subclasses for methods of physical determination of corrosion particularly subclass 104.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclass 53 for apparatus for carrying out the process of this subclass.

By thermoparticulating composition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Compositions for and processes in which a chemical composition decomposes at a desired temperature to indicate the temperature of some part of a device on which it has been coated and the decomposition products are detected chemically.
(1) Note. This subclass will provide for a process use of a thermoparticulating agent even if claimed in combination with nominal electrical structure.

COMPOSITIONS FOR STANDARDIZATION, CALIBRATION, SIMULATION, STABILIZATION, PREPARATION OR PRESERVATION: PROCESSES OF USE IN PREPARATION FOR CHEMICAL TESTING:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Compositions which are used to mimic or quantify the effect, in a chemical test procedure, of another chemical composition, or to stabilize, preserve or otherwise prepare a sample for a chemical test and the processes of use of such materials preparatory to a chemical test procedure.
(1) Note. This and the indented subclasses resulted from the incorporation of Class 252, subclass 408.1, into this class. The user is cautioned that a claim to a composition provided for in Class 252 e.g., a lubricant with a test agent, etc., will be provided for in Class 252 absent a claim to a test method.
(2) Note. This and the indented subclasses provide for a
test in which a substance which produces a standardized result is used in place of the actual specie to be tested for.
(3) Note. This and the indented subclasses do not provide for original placement of a process which includes the test for the actual specie or species of interest.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
252, Compositions, subclass 408.1 for physical test standards.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclass 308 and 317 for the use of a control sample in nuclear resonance spectrometry and electron resonance spectrometry.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, various subclasses for use of standards in a process of optical testing particularly subclass 42, for optical blood standards; subclass 46, for light standards, per se; subclass 243, for optical standards generally; subclass 412, for colorimeters which utilize a solid or liquid transmissive standard; subclass 420, for a colored light source used as a standard and 421 for reflective light standards.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when generically claimed or there is no art class. Class 516 provides for compositions otherwise seemingly proper for Class 436 when the compositions are colloid systems or wetting agents.

Simulative of a gaseous composition:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Compositions and methods which produce the effect of a gas composition for the purpose of calibration or otherwise simulating a chemical effect of the gas simulated.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
252, Compositions, subclass 372 for gaseous compositions, per se.

Particle count or volume standard or control (e.g., platelet count standards, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Compositions and methods in which a chemical composition is designed to simulate the number of particles in some fluid of interest or to have a desired volume related property.

Blood gas standard or control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Compositions and processes which simulate the effect of blood in a test for blood gases.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
68 blood gas tests absent the presence or use of a standard or control.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 61.65 for testing the settling rate of liquid suspensions of solids.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, particularly 40 for a transmissive or reflective optical measurement or test performed on blood such as statistical counting of blood component particles, determination of hemoglobin content or determination of oxyhemoglobin in blood.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, for the counting of blood cells or particles one by one.
377, Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers, or Shift Registers: Circuits and Systems, 10 for particulate counters with or without the sizing of the particles counted.
600, Surgery, for diagnostic methods which utilize light sensing units on or in the body for the testing or inspection of blood subclass 309 for a method wherein a physical characteristic of blood is measured by means placed against or in the body, e.g., time required for blood to clot, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, white cell count or viscosity.

Bilirubin or uric acid standard or control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Compositions and processes which simulate the chemical effect of bilirubin or uric acid to calibrate or standardize a test.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
97 for tests for bilirubin absent the use of a standard or control.
99 for tests for uric acid absent the use of a standard or control.

Lipid, cholesterol or triglyceride standard or control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Compositions and processes which standardize or calibrate a test or test procedure for a lipid, cholesterol, or triglyceride.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
71 for a test for lipids, cholesterol or triglycerides.

Glucose, ketone, or nitrate standard or control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Compositions and processes which simulate the chemical effect of a composition containing glucose, ketone or nitrates.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
95 for a test for glucose.
110 for a test for nitrates.
128 for a test for ketones or ketone bodies.

Protein or peptide standard or control (e.g., hemoglobin, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Compositions or processs which simulate the chemical effect of a protein or peptide.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
66 for a test for a hemoglobin.
86 for tests for proteins or peptides.

Blood serum or blood plasma standard or control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Compositions or processes in which simulate the chemical effect of blood serum or plasma.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
63 66, 67, 68, and 70, for tests involving blood or blood fractions.

Preparation composition (e.g., lysing or precipitation, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Compositions which are used to prepare a sample for a chemical test.
(1) Note. Typically the compositions find use in either freeing the sample from material which would interfere with the test procedure by lysing or precipitation of the interfering material.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
175 for processes of digestion or removal of interfering materials as part of a chemical test.

Preservative, buffer, anticoagulant or diluent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Compositions which are added to a sample for a chemical test which compositions serve to prevent deterioration of the sample, stabilize the pH, prevent the sample from coagulating, or increase the volume of the sample.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
176 for a process of stabilizing or preserving a sample for a chemical test.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
252, Compositions, subclass 380 for preservate compositions and especially subclass 398 for chemical change inhibitors.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, 113 for compositions for or subcombination compositions for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling, gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically claimed or there is no art class. See note (2) in subclass 113. Class 516 provides for compositions otherwise seemingly proper for Class 436 when the compostions are colloid systems or wetting agents.

Inorganic standards or controls:
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Compositions or processes which simulate the chemical effect of an inorganic substance to standardize, or calibrate a chemical procedure.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
73 for processes of chemical analysis of metals.
100 for processes of chemical analysis of inorganic acids, or bases.
182 for processes of chemical analysis of inorganic compounds.

FOOD OR DAIRY PRODUCTS:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes or composition therefor wherein constituents or components of food or dairy products are determined by a chemical reaction.
(1) Note. Food or dairy products tested under this subclass includes meat, fowl, fish or seafood, cereal or grain products, dairy products and beverages.
(2) Note. Foods tested are not limited to those defined by human consumption.
(3) Note. The constituents or components tested for include fats, oils, proteins, nitrates, metals, etc., so long as the claim is directed to the testing of some food or dairy product. A broader claim not limited to food would be classified below.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses, for measuring and testing of physical properties, especially subclass 169 for testing flour, dough or bread by physical means.
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products, subclass 231 for processes of performing a test or measurement on an edible combined with an additional operation for testing, preparing, or perfecting an edible.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when generically claimed or there is no art class. Class 516 provides for compositions otherwise seemingly proper for Class 436 when the compositions are colloid systems or wetting agents.

Meat or eggs:
This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Processes or compositions for testing of animal flesh or of eggs.
(1) Note. Typically the processes of this subclass determine protein content.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
63 for a process of chemically testing a nonfood material derived from cellular material of a living body.
86 for processes and compositions for testing peptides, proteins, or amino acids not associated with a food.

Dairy product:
This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Processes or compositions wherein the products tested are derived from or include animal milk as a major constituent.

Milk or butter fat:
This subclass is indented under subclass 22. Processes or compositions for testing of milk or butter fat.

Wine or alcoholic beverages:
This subclass is indented under subclass 21. Processes or compositions wherein the food tested is an ethyl alcohol containing beverages.
(1) Note. A dealcoholized beverage is presumed to contain at least a trace of alcohol and is classifiable in this subclass.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
132 tests for ethanol not forming part of a food or beverage.

GEOCHEMICAL, GEOLOGICAL, OR GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes or compositions utilizing chemical analysis for studying or determining the existence, location of flow of materials or studying other natural phenomena on, within or below the earth's crust, or determining components of solids or ores.
(1) Note. Most determinations are indirect for example determining metal carbonates, HCO[subscrpt]3[end subscrpt],
Ca[supscrpt]+[end supscrpt], C1[supscrpt]-[end supscrpt], Mg[supscrpt]+[end supscrpt], as indication of deposits and will be classified according to purpose of the claim.
(2) Note. The headnotes of Class 166, Wells, provide a comprehensive listing of well related testing art.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 152.01 for borehole testing, per se, wherein the test is not of a purely electrical type or of a purely magnetic type.
166, Wells, subclass 264, 265+, 268, 336+, and 350+ for processes which may involve a chemical test when combined with more than a nominal step of well drilling treating or recovering a fluid therefrom. A process claiming the use of an injection and a separate recovery well is considered to be more than a nominal well treating step.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclass 323 for process of geophysical testing or investigation using electrical properties.
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, subclass 9 for a process of testing for a mineral, oil, etc., by means of a microorganism or enzyme.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when generically claimed or there is no art class. Class 516 provides for compositions otherwise seemingly proper for Class 436 when the compositions are colloid systems or wetting agents.

For metallic ores:
This subclass is indented under subclass 25. Processes or compositions for determining some chemical property of metal containing ore.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
29 for chemical testing of or for mineral oils or carbonaceous minerals.
139 for tests preformed on hydrocarbons especially subclass 141 for octane tests.

Using chemical tracers:
This subclass is indented under subclass 25. Processes or compositions wherein chemical tracers are utilized for studying or determining the existence, location or flow of materials within or below the earth's crust.
(1) Note. The tracers used in the processes classified in this subclass are typically a chemical composition containing a component that is easily detectable and not normally present in the material under study.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
56 for chemical tracer compositions, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 253 for processes of geological testing or irradiation including the use of a radioactive tracer in a well and subclass 301 for a process of determination of oil presence contamination or concentration and subclasses 302+ for methods of using tracer which emit radiant energy.

In situ testing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 25. Processes or compositions wherein the testing is conducted within the earth's crust.
(1) Note. This subclass is limited to processes wherein the testing device is inserted into the earth's crust.
(2) Note. This subclass does not include inserting an absorbing medium into a bore hole and subsequently removing the absorbent and determining the amount of gas/carbonaceous products absorbed.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 152.07, 152.09, and
152.11 for core sample analysis for making a formation logging, subclasses 152.23+ for fluid flow measuring or fluid analysis combined with sampling well fluid wherein the test is not purely electrical or purely magnetic, and subclasses 863+ for methods and apparatus for sampling liquids not involving a well, or for soil gas sampling methods and apparatus.
175, Boring or Penetrating the Earth, subclass 59 for processes of taking solid samples of earth formation combined with a step of retaining fluid therein, or taking a separate fluid sample.
250, Radiant Energy, 253 for processes of geological testing, or irradiation including the use of a radioactive tracer in a well and subclass 301 for a process of determination of oil presence contamination or concentration and subclasses 302+ for methods of using a tracer which emits radiant energy.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, 323 for subject matter relating to the determination of an electrical characteristic of the subsurface of the earth, and involving devices in wells.
507, Earth Boring, Well Treating, and Oil Field Chemistry, 100 for compositions and mere methods of use of said compositions in earth boring and well treating processes. See Class 166, subclasses 305.1, for a more detailed discussion of placing fluid into an earth formation.

For petroleum oils or carbonaceous minerals:
This subclass is indented under subclass 25. Processes of compositions wherein oil gas or carbonaceous materials are sought.
(1) Note. Included in this subclass are processes in which an adsorbent is placed within a bore hole and gas evolved is collected and then exhausted.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
139 for a test for hydrocarbons including methane.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 19.01 for the detection of a hydrocarbon gas in seawater; subclasses 23.2+ for a prospecting method for hydrocarbons, subclasses 61.43+ for detection of oil or hydrocarbons in water, and subclasses 152.01+ for a borehole test which is not purely electrical or purely magnetic.

Removing and testing drilling mud or fluid:
This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Processes or compositions wherein drilling mud or drilling fluid is chemically analyzed.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 152.04 for drill mud analysis and subclasses 152.23+ for a process or an apparatus for fluid flow measuring or fluid analysis combined with sampling wherein neither the analysis nor the measuring is of a purely electrical type or of a purely magnetic type.

Removing and testing solid samples:
This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Processes or compositions where soil, rock, core samples, etc., are removed from the earth's crust and chemically analyzed.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
85 through 145, for tests for particular compounds not claimed as evolved from a mineral sample.
139 for tests for particular hydrocarbons.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 152.07, 152.09, and 152.11 for core sample analysis for making a borehole formation logging wherein the analysis is not of a purely electrical type or of a purely magnetic type.

Analyzing evolved gas:
This subclass is indented under subclass 31. Processes or compositions where solid samples are chemically treated to evolve a gas and the gas is chemically analyzed.
(1) Note. The evolution of gas need not be chemical evolution but includes physical treatment to release dissolved or otherwise trapped gas from a sample material.
(2) Note. Typically the gases evolved include carbon dioxide.
(3) Note. The test for the gas absent the evolution step would be found in subclasses below.
(4) Note. The evolved gas is sometimes condensed and the condensate is analyzed.

Evolving gas by acidification:
Processes or compositions under subclasses 32 where the gas is evolved by treating or contacting the solid sample with an acid.
(1) Note. Typically the processes included in this subclass involve a step of treating the solid sample with a mineral acid, e.g., H[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt]SO[subscrpt]4[end subscrpt], etc., to evolve gas.

RATE OF REACTION DETERMINATION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes or compositions where the change in concentration of a reactant per unit time or the number of moles of a reactant converted to products per unit time are measured.
(1) Note. This subclass is intended to provide for reaction rate or kinetic studies.
(2) Note. The term "kinetic" may not occur in the document in question but there will be a description of a determination of a time rate of change of some parameter usually absorbance which is within the meaning of this subclass.

USING ACTIVATED SPECIE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes or composition where an unknown specie is determined by contacting the specie with a material that has been activated or excited to a metastable state and analyzing the resulting products or reaction of activated species.
(1) Note. This subclass takes processes in which materials
such as nitrogen, mercury argon, etc., are excited to a metastable state by exposing the material to high frequency discharge, microwave excitation, x-radiation, cold cathode discharges, U.V. lasers, etc., and contacting the excited material with the unknown(s) being monitored or detected.
(2) Note. This subclass does not include a chemiluminescent species as an activated species.

WITH USE OF CONDENSATION NUCLEI:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes or materials wherein water or another liquid is deposited on the unknown material in the vapor state to facilitate the optical study of the unknown.
(1) Note. Generally the material in a gas sample is expanded to obtain a supersaturated condition relative to the gas and participated by use of water vapor.
(2) Note. Materials examined include ionized particles and molecular species.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 28.01 for the determination of the amount of solid matter in the analysis of gases generally, subclasses 29.01+ for moisture content of gases, and subclasses 863+ for reciprocating and rotary samplers involving gases and liquids.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, subclass 37, for particle detection by condensation nuclei, subclasses 335+, for the determining of the size of particles by optical methods, subclasses 337+, for particle light scattering generally including the determination of concentration or number of particles by statistical methods, subclasses 437+ for transmission tests through gases for the determination of the concentration of particles present in the gases generally and visual inspection equipment.

TESTING OF CATALYST:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes or compositions s where compositions specialized and designed for use as a catalyst are chemically analyzed.
(1) Note. Processes for chemically evaluating the effectiveness of the catalyst are included herein.

PURITY OF STEAM OR INERT GAS:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes wherein trace amounts of unspecified materials in steam or inert gases are chemically determined.
(1) Note. This subclass is intended to provide for processes which chemically determine the gross amount of undesired substances present in a sample without regard to the chemical identity of the undesired substance. If the undesired substance is named, classification is not proper herein but should be with the test for the named material.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 19.01 for the detection of a hydrocarbon gas in seawater; subclass 23.2 for a prospecting method for hydrocarbons subclasses 61.43+ for detection of oil or hydrocarbons in water and subclasses 152.01+ for bore hole and drilling study.

DETERMINATION OF WATER:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes or compositions for determining the presence or amount of water by means of a chemical reaction.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, subclass 75 for a process of moisture determination by electrical or thermal conductivity.
236, Automatic Temperature and Humidity Regulation, subclass 44 for processes in which the humidity of area is controlled and subclass 44 for use of an electrically conductive element.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for
or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when generically claimed or there is no art class. Class 516 provides for compositions otherwise seemingly proper for Class 436 when the compositions are colloid systems or wetting agents.

In petroleum oil, hydrocarbon oil, or organic fluid:
This subclass is indented under subclass 39. Processes or compositions for the determination of water in petroleum oil, hydrocarbon oil, or organic fluid.
(1) Note. See subclass 60 for further search notes relating to oil testing.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing 19.01 for the detection of a hydrocarbon gas in seawater; subclasses 23.2+ for a prospecting method for hydrocarbons; subclasses 61.43+ for detection of oil or hydrocarbon in water, and subclasses 152.01 for bore hole and drilling study.

By use of a cobalt, copper, or nickel containing reagent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 39. Processes or composition in which a cobalt, copper or nickel containing test material is utilized in a test for water.

By use of a karl fischer reagent:
This subclass is indented under subclass 39. Processes or compositions in which a reagent composed of a solution including iodine and sulfur dioxide is used to determine the presence, or amount of water.

AUTOMATED CHEMICAL ANALYSIS:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes wherein sample(s) are analyzed by using self-operated mechanisms or devices.
(1) Note. Included in the subclass are methods of controlling the operation of the self-operated analyzing system, i.e., process control of a chemical test procedure.
(2) Note. Also included in the subclass are the methods of using the various subcombinations of the self-operated analyzer. Exemplary of such subcombinations is the method of aspirating, using aspirating devices of claimed structure when in such self-operated devices and the use is solely disclosed as in a self-operated chemical analyzer.
(3) Note. This class does not provide for processes of automatic or condition responsive control of a chemical process except in the case (a) where the claims are so broad as to be unclassifiable in any other chemical class or (b) where there is effected some chemical test in combination with a mechanical or class which excludes chemical reactions or electrical process classifiable in a class which excludes chemical reactions or (c) where the process is that of condition responsive control of an analytical chemical test.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 863 for a sampling process which is not claimed or solely disclosed as part of a process of chemical analysis and the search notes therein for other classes providing for sampling techniques.
700, Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific Applications, subclasses 266-274 for chemical process control or monitoring systems.
702, Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing, 22 for chemical analysis data processing.

Utilizing a moving indicator strip or tape:
This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Processes wherein the self operated device utilized includes a moving indicator strip or tape.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclass 66 for apparatus for carrying out the process of this subclass.

Utilizing a centrifuge or compartmented rotor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Processes wherein the sample to be analyzed is conveyed in a curvet or container of a turntable with chemical process stations located about the circumference of the turntable or a centrifuge is utilized.
(1) Note. Included in this subclass are self-operated devices where the samples are contained within wells in the turntable with the turntable mounted in a housing having the necessary subcombination processing units.

With sample on test slide:
This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Processes wherein the sample is conveyed via a test slide.

With conveyance of sample along a test line in a container or rack:
This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Processes wherein samples to be subjected to testing are conveyed in containers, or racks containing a plurality of samples along a pathway along which various physical and chemical processes stations are located for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the samples.
(1) Note. Process stations includes physical and chemical operations such as aspirating, detecting, mixing, heating, incubating, analyzing, washing, etc.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclass 63 for apparatus for carrying out the process of this subclass.

With step of insertion or removal from test line:
This subclass is indented under subclass 47. Process wherein the sample containers or racks are fed into or out of the testing pathway.
(1) Note. This subclass includes processes where the containers or racks are fed into or discharged from the testing pathway at the starting or terminating point of the testing pathway or processes where a container or rack is removed from the testing pathway during its processing for processing at a particular testing station and later reinserted into the testing pathway for further processing thereby allowing continuous movement of the testing pathway.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 19.01 and 23.2+ for physical methods of gas analysis especially subclasses 23.35+ for chromatos:graphic analysis.

With treatment or replacement of aspirator element (e.g., cleaning, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 47. Processes where the aspirating tip or pipette or container is cleaned or wiped or removed or replaced.

Condition or time responsive:
This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Processes wherein the operation of the self-operated analyzer is controlled responsive to a sensed operating parameter or time sequence.
(1) Note. Control of industrial processes with feedback or feed-forward control of fluids to or from the process controlled do not belong in this class. They are classified with the appropriate synthesis class providing for the process.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
175, Boring or Penetrating the Earth, subclass 59 for process of taking solid samples of earth formation combined with a step of retaining fluid therein or taking a separate fluid sample.
250, Radiant Energy, 253 for processes of geological testing or irradiation including the use of a radioactive tracer in a well subclass 310 for a process of determination of oil presence contamination or concentration and subclasses 302+ for methods of using a tracer which emits radiant energy.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, 323 for subject matter relating to the determination of an electrical characteristic of the subsurface of the earth, and involving devices in wells.
507, Earth Boring, Well Treating, and Oil Field Chemistry, 100 for compositions and mere methods of use of said compositions in earth boring and well treating processes. See Class 166, subclasses 305.1+, for a more detailed discussion of placing fluid into an earth formation.

With automated titrator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 50. Processes wherein a titration process is controlled by a condition responsive control system.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, 775 for electrolytic analysis or testing processes.

With a continuously flowing sample or carrier stream:
This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Processes wherein a continuously flowing stream of a sample or carrier fluid is formed and flows into and through analysis.

With formation of a segmented stream:
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Processes wherein the continuously flowing stream is segmented by alternately injecting a sample, reagent or any number of fluids into a common flow path.

With aspirator of claimed structure:
This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Processes where the self-operated analyzer utilizes an aspirating means of claimed structure.

CONDITION RESPONSIVE CONTROL:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes in which (a) a process parameter in a qualitative or quantitative chemical analysis is determined and that or another process parameter of the analysis is changed in response to the analysis or (b) a process parameter in a chemical process is determined by a qualitative or quantitative chemical analysis and some parameter of the process is changed in response to the analysis and such condition responsive control is not other wise classifiable in the class providing for the chemical process.
(1) Note. In general each chemical class provides for control of its own processes even when such control is responsive to a qualitative or quantitative chemical analysis. To be properly classifiable in this class a condition responsive control of a process should be unclassifiable in the class providing for the chemical process in question.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
43 (3) Note.
50 for process condition responsive control of an automated chemical analyzer.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
364, Electrical Computers and Data Processing Systems, 497 for the use of a data processing system or calculating computer to analyze the results of a chemical reaction which is only nominally claimed.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclass 62 for apparatus for carrying out the process of this class.

TRACERS OR TAGS:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes or compositions which utilize a chemical composition to identify the origin of a material associated with the chemical composition.
(1) Note. An example of the subject matter of this subclass would be an explosive composition with additives that are
identifiable chemically and indicate the producer of the explosive.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when generically claimed or there is no art class. Class 516 provides for compositions otherwise seemingly proper for Class 436 when the compostions are colloid systems or wetting agents.

INCLUDING USE OF RADIOACTIVE PROPERTIES:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes or compositions wherein analysis or a chemical reaction includes measurement of radioactivity.
(1) Note. This subclass includes scintillation counting and sample preparation by pyrolysis or combustion.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
82 for the chemical testing of radioactive materials.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when
generically claimed or there is no art class. Class 516 provides for compositions otherwise seemingly proper for Class 436 when the compositions are colloid systems or wetting agents.
600, Surgery, 407 for methods for detecting radiation emanating from a radioactive material in the body.

Dosage determination of high energy radiation (e.g., use of an X-ray dosimeter, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Processes or compositions which determine by means of a chemical reaction, the exposure to radiation of wavelengths of less than 1.4 x 10[supscrpt]-7[end supscrpt] cm.

Including pyrolysis of radioactive material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Processes or compositions which include a step or pyrolysis of a sample material at least part of which is radioactive.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
155 for processes of chemical analysis including a step of pyrolysis.

LUBRICANT, GREASE, MINERAL OILS, HYDROCARBON OIL PRODUCT, OR FATS OR LIPIDS FOR OXIDATION (E.G., BREAKDOWN PRODUCTS OR CONTAMINATION, ETC.):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes or compositions in which a lubricant, fat or oil is tested for oxidation products, for products of the breakdown of the fat or oil, or for contamination.
(1) Note. These tests include: amount of unsaturated acids in fats, oils or gasoline; refrigeration oil analysis; acid and base content; neutralization number; metal content; antioxidant effectiveness; detergency of lubricating oils; chemicals in oil; organic solvent tests; oxidation of fats or lipids.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 28.01 for testing for solid matter entrained in a gas, subclasses 61.71+ for the testing of a liquid for sediment or foreign material content where more than a visual or photoelectric test of the color or the amount of visible radiant energy transmitted through or scattered by the liquid involved, and subclasses 53.05+ for lubricant testing.
116, Signals and Indicators, subclass 206 for visual indicators, per se, where no color or other optical comparison test is involved and for level indicators of the mechanical type.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, subclass 51 for tests of oil which may involve infrared radiation; subclass 70, for determining the physical properties of oil by the optical response produced by visible light transmitted though or reflected by the oil; subclass 128, for refraction test devices which may be applicable for testing of oil; subclasses 364+, for polarization test devices which may be applicable for testing of oil; subclass 402, for color test devices which may be applicable for the testing of oil.
432, for transmission test devices particularly particle suspension tests.
445, for reflection test devices which may be applicable to the testing of oil.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when generically claimed or there is no art class. Class 516 provides for compositions otherwise seemingly proper for Class 436 when the compositions are colloid systems or wetting agents.

Acidity, basicity or neutralization number:
This subclass is indented under subclass 60. Processes or compositions in which acidity or basicity of a lubricant is determined.

OXYGEN DEMAND (E.G., BOD, TOD, COD, ETC.):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein oxidizable matter in an aqueous sample is determined.
(1) Note. Three principle oxygen demand tests are Biological Oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen demand (COD) and Total Oxygen demand (TOD). BOD = measure of organic matter in sample in terms of the amount of oxygen the sample will consume when organic matter is eliminated. COD = measure of the organic matter in a sample that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant. TOD = amount of oxygen required when the combustible materials in a sample burn in the presence of an oxygen containing feed stream.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
133 for processes of carbon content determination which include a step of converting the carbon content of a sample to carbon dioxide.
146 for processes of determination of total organic carbon.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
600, Surgery, subclass 529 for determination of metabolic rate by a method which measures the rate of oxygen consumption of a living body by means contacting or in a living body.

BIOLOGICAL CELLULAR MATERIAL TESTED:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the material analyzed is a cellular material obtained from biological fluids or tissue.
(1) Note. This subclass includes tests on red and white corpuscles, blood platelets, tissue cells, etc.
(2) Note. This subclass does not include test for clotting factor, see subclass 69.
(3) Note. Hemolysis tests are classified here.
(4) Note. This subclass does not include sedimentation rate and hematocrit, see subclass 70.

CANCER:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes or compositions which chemically detect the presence of cancer.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
500 for an immunological test for cancer.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, 9.1 for an in vivo determination of cancer.

PREGNANCY OR OVULATION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes s for determining pregnancy or ovulation.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 54.01 for ovulation tests wherein the viscosity of the vaginal fluid is measured.

HEMOGLOBIN, MYOGLOBIN OR OCCULT BLOOD:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Process or compositions which test for hemoglobin, myoglobin or trace blood.
(1) Note. The substances classified herein are often referred to as peroxidatively active.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
600, Surgery, subclass 368 for methods and apparatus of measuring a physical characteristic of blood by means placed against or in the body and subclass 371 for methods of detecting bleeding.

Glycosylated hemoglobin:
This subclass is indented under subclass 66. Processes wherein glycosylated hemoglobin is subject to a qualitative or quantitative chemical analysis.

BLOOD GAS (E.G., OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, BLOOD pH, ETC.):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes s wherein gases in the blood are determined.
(1) Note. Blood and pH gases such as O[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt], CO and CO[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt] are determined.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, 71.1, 425+, 438, 439+ particularly 446 and 450 for electrical tests performed on blood such as sedimentation, PH, or blood gas.

CLOTTING OR CLOTTING FACTOR LEVEL TESTS:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes or compositions, for performing clotting tests and factor level tests.
(1) Note. Examples of the tests included here are: P.T. Prothrombin time, APPT. Activated partial prothrombin time, T.T. Thromboplastin Test, P.P Prothrombin and Procovertin Test

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 61.65 for testing the settling rate of liquid suspensions of solids.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, particularly 40 for a transmissive, or reflective optical measurement or test performed on blood such as statistical counting of blood component particles, determination of hemoglobin content or determination of oxyhemoglobin in blood.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, for the counting of blood cells or particles one by one.
377, Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers, or Shift Registers: Circuits and Systems, 10 for particle counters with or without the sizing of the particles counted.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclass 73 for apparatus for carrying out the process of this subclass.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when generically claimed or there is no art class. Class 516 provides for compositions otherwise seemingly proper for Class 436 when the compositions are colloid systems or wetting agents.
600, Surgery, for diagnostic methods which utilize light sensing units on or in the body for the testing or the inspection of blood and subclass 368 for a method wherein a physical characteristic of blood is measured by means placed against or in the body, e.g., time required for blood to clot, sedimentation rate, white cell count or viscosity.

SEDIMENTATION RATE OR HEMATOCRIT:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes wherein the sedimentation rate or hematocrit are determined.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, 71.1, 425+, 438, 439+ particularly 446 and 450 electrical tests performed on blood such as sedimentation, PH or blood gas.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for
or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when generically claimed or there is no art class. Class 516 provides for compositions otherwise seemingly proper for Class 436 when the compositions are colloid systems or wetting agents.

LIPIDS, TRIGLYCERIDES, CHOLESTEROL, OR LIPOPROTEINS:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes or compositions for determining lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol and lipoproteins.
(1) Note. Steroid-broadly recited is classified as a hydrocarbon in subclass 139. If a steriod is specifically recited it is originally classified in an appropriate subclass and crossed into 139.
(2) Note. Estrogen is a steroid lipid and is therefore originally classified with cholesterol.

SILICON CONTAINING:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes or compositions for chemically testing silicon or silicon containing organic or inorganic compounds.

METAL OR METAL CONTAINING:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes or compositions in which the species sought is a metal or metal containing compound or composition.
(1) Note. Ions are classified with their un-ionized form.

Present in biological fluids (e.g., blood, urine, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 73. Processes or composition which determine the metal present in a fluid
derived from a living body.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
63 for chemical tests performed on biological materials with intact cells.

Oxide or gas content of metal (e.g., determination of dissolved gases, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 73. Processes or compositions which determine the metallic or nonmetallic oxide content or determine the included gases in a mass of metal.

Organometallic compound determined:
This subclass is indented under subclass 73. Processes or compositions which determine a compound containing carbon covalently bonded to metal.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
66 for tests for hemoglobin.

Ge, Sn, Pb:
This subclass is indented under subclass 76. Processes or compositions which determine the presence or amount of an organometallic compound of tin, lead or germanium.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
74 for tests to determine the lead content of blood.

Presence of a component of steel:
This subclass is indented under subclass 73. Processes or compositions for the analysis of components of iron carbon alloys.
(1) Note. It is conclusively presumed that any composition denominated steel will come within the definition of this subclass.

Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra:
This subclass is indented under subclass 73. Processes or compositions for the analysis of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, or radium.
(1) Note. This subclass provides for water hardness tests even though the hardness is indirectly determined as by use of a chelating agent.

Cu, Ag, Au:
This subclass is indented under subclass 73. Processes or compositions for analysis of copper, silver or gold.

Zn, Cd, Hg, Sc, Y, or Actinides, or Lanthanides:
This subclass is indented under subclass 73. Processes for the analysis of zinc, cadmium, mercury, scandium, yttrium or elements with atomic numbers 57-71 or 89 or higher.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
57 for analysis of metals dependent upon radioactivity.

Lanthanide or Actinides:
This subclass is indented under subclass 81. Processes or compositions directed to the analysis of elements with atomic numbers 57-71 or 89-103 inclusive.
(1) Note. The Lanthanides are: La (Lanthanum), Ce (Cerium), Pr (Praseadymium), Nd (Neodymium), II (Illinium) or Pm (Promethium), Sm (Samarium), Eu (Europium), Gd (Gadolinium), Tb (Terbium), Dy (Dysprosium), Ho (Holmium, Er (Erbium), Tm (Thulium), Y (Ytterbium), and Lu (Lutecium).
(2) Note. The Actinides are: Elements with atomic numbers 89-103 inclusive, Ac (Actinium), Th (Thorium), Pa (Prottactinium), U (Uranium), Np (Neptunium), Pu (Plutonium), Am (Americurium), BK (Berkelium), Cf (Californium), Es (Einsteinium), Fm (Ferium), Md (Mendelevium), No (Nobelium), and Lw (Lawrenceium).

Ti, Zr, Hf, Va, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W:
This subclass is indented under subclass 73. Processes for analysis of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenium or wolfram (tungsten).

Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt:
This subclass is indented under subclass 73. Processes or compositions for analysis of manganese, technetium, rhenium, iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum.

SYNTHETIC OR NATURAL RESIN:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes or compositions, or in which a resin is subjected to a qualitative, or quantitative chemical analysis.
(1) Note. Resin is defined coterminously with the Class 520 definition.
(2) Note. Measurement of physical property (i.e., electrical resistivity) of an on going polymerization process to obtain optimum operating conditions is classified below under technique used.
(3) Note. Resin polymer stability tests, i.e., temperature, light, oxidative, reductive stability, are classified with the polymer.
(4) Note. A process investigating the hardening time of a resin is presumed to be a chemical testing process in the absence of a clear showing to the contrary.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
4 for method and materials for chemically determining the crystallinity of a polymer.
72 for silicon containing polymers.

PEPTIDE, PROTEIN, OR AMINO ACID:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter in which the chemical specie subject to qualitative or quantitative chemical analysis is an (1) amino acid, (2) two or more amino acids residues linked by a peptide bond, (i.e., amide linkage) or (3) a compound containing both peptide and saccharide moieties.
(1) Note. A determination of total protein is a determination of the total albumin and globulins in a sample.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
106, Compositions: Coating or Plastic, for protein containing coating or plastic compositions, particularly subclass 4, 31.24, 31.53, 31.82, 31.94, 38.4, 124+, 614, 645, and indented subclasses.
424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, especially 400 for a composition of that class in a protein ingestible capsule.
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products, appropriate subclasses, especially subclass 63, 92, 105, for edible protein compositions or products and related process involving the same.
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, for a nonstructural stock material product in the form of a composite web or sheet including a layer comprising protein, and other appropriately titled subclasses (e.g., subclass 435 and 458).
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, 68.1 for microbial synthesis of peptides, subclass 106, for synthesis of amino acids and 91.3 for synthesis of ribonucleic acids, subclass 6 for tests for nucleic acid.
514, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, 2 for a composition containing peptide or protein.
530, Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives; Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof, 300 for peptides and proteins and their reaction products.
536, Organic Compounds, for nucleic acids and processes of
chemical synthesis thereof.
562, Organic Compounds, subclass 516 for amino acids produced from protein.

Glycoproteins (e.g., hormones, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 86. Subject matter in which a protein or peptide is covalently bonded to a saccharide.
(1) Note. Glycoproteins classified in this and the indented subclasses represent only a small portion of glycopeptide testing processes. Enzymes, immunogoloublins, antibodies and subcellular parts of cells represent large bodies of art classified elsewhere.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
500 for tests involving antigens and antibodies many of which are glycoproteins.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, for tests by and for enzymes particularly subclass 23 and 24, for tests involving proteins and peptides.

Albumin:
This subclass is indented under subclass 87. Subject matter in which the specie of intent is albumin.
(1) Note. Albumin is a commonly used immunogenic carrier and such use is provided for in subclasses 500+ of this class and in 530 subclasses 362+.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for
or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when generically claimed or there is no art class. Class 516 provides for compositions otherwise seemingly proper for Class 436 when the compositions are colloid systems or wetting agents.
530, Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives; Peptides or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof, 362 for processes under that class definition involving albumin or reaction products thereof.

Amino acid or sequencing procedure:
This subclass is indented under subclass 86. Subject matter in which (a) the specie of interest is an organic compound that contains both a basic amino group and a acidic carboxyl group or (b) a process of analysis of a peptide in which the identity and order of the amino acid residues in the peptide are determined.
(1) Note. The peptide need not be completely sequenced; a procedure to determine as few as two units would be properly classifiable herein.

Alpha or beta amino acid:
This subclass is indented under subclass 89. Subject matter in which a primary or secondary amino group is bonded to the alpha or beta carbon of the amino acid.

HETEROCYCLIC CARBON COMPOUND (I.E., O, S, N, Se, Te, AS ONLY RING HETERO ATOM):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter involving the qualitative or quantitative chemical analysis of a carbon compound which contains a ring composed of carbon and at least one element from the group consisting of nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium or oxygen and not other atoms.
(1) Note. Included herein are analysis involving heterocyclic acid anhydrides, lactones or lactams.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
540, through 549, Organic Compounds, for processes of synthesis of heterocyclic carbon compounds.

Diverse hetero atoms in same or different rings (e.g., alkaloids, opiates, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 91. Subject matter in which (a) a single carbon ring has more than one diverse hetero atom or (b) a fused- or bridged-ring system has diverse hetero atoms in one or more of the carbon rings.
(1) Note. This subclass provides for (a) alkaloids which include opiates such as morphine, codeine, strychnine, quinine, cocaine, and nicotine and (b) phenothazines such as chlopromazine, trifluoperazine, and triflupromazine.

Hetero-O (e.g., ascorbic acid, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 91. Subject matter in which the hetero ring contains only oxygen as the hetero atom.
(1) Note. Included herein are tests for the active constituents of the cannabis drugs, i.e., derivatives of cannibinol especially tetrahydrocannabinol. Broadly claimed tests for marihuana are included herein in the absence of a clear showing that the test is for a nonhetero-O containing derivative of cannabinol, typically a hydroxyl or carboxylic acid substituted hydrocarbon.

Saccharide (e.g., DNA, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 93. Subject matter in which the substance subjected to chemical analysis is or contains a saccharide.
(1) Note. A sugar or carbohydrate is presumed to be a saccharide.

Glucose:
This subclass is indented under subclass 94. Subject matter in which the saccharide is glucose.

Hetero-N:
This subclass is indented under subclass 91. Subject matter in which the hetero ring contains only nitrogen as the hetero atom.
(1) Note. This subclass provides for hetero rings with multiple nitrogen ring atoms as well as ring system with nitrogen in diverse rings.
(2) Note. Paraquat and phencyclidine would be provided for in this subclass as would nicotine or nicotinic acid.

Bile pigment:
This subclass is indented under subclass 96. Subject matter the degradation products of heme are detected.
(1) Note. Bile pigments include: bilirubin, dihydrobilirubin, Mesobilirubin, urobilin, urobilinogen, urobilin and stercobilin.

Plural nitrogen in the same ring (e.g., barbituarates, creatinine, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 96. Subject matter in which the compound to be analyzed contains a hetero ring with two or more nitrogen atoms as members of the same ring.
(1) Note. This subclass provides for (a) barbituric acid derivatives including dephenylhydantoin, phenobarbital, secobarbital, pentobarbital, amobarbital, aprobarbital and thiopental and (b) paraquat.

Uric acid:
This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Subject matter wherein the specie of interest is triketopurine.