U.S. PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
Information Products Division |
U.S. Patent Classification System - Classification Definitions
as of June 30, 2000
Patents classified in a subclass may be accessed by either clicking on
the subclass number
preceding each subclass definition or on the
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( please note that patents for some subclasses may not be available )
For classification search strategies, please refer to the
Classification Index
Explanation of Data web page.
(definitions have been obtained from the
Patents ASSIST CD-ROM which
is produced by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
Electronic Products Branch)
Class 342
COMMUNICATIONS: DIRECTIVE RADIO WAVE SYSTEMS AND DEVICES
(E.G., RADAR, RADIO NAVIGATION)
Class Definition:
STATEMENT OF THE CLASS SUBJECT MATTER:
A. Systems and processes for transmission or reception of
radio wave energy for obtaining or utilizing information
(using radio wave transmitters or receivers), as to an
object, or as to the directional characteristics of the radio
wave energy, per se.
B. This class includes radar systems wherein radio wave
energy from a transmitter is reflected or otherwise returned
from an object to a receiver which may be at the same
location as the transmitter.
C. This class includes subsystems, components, and related
processes which are limited to use in connection with the
above and not provided for elsewhere.
D. This class is limited to electromagnetic radio frequency
waves in the radiation field. Radiation waves produces by
lasing (coherent addition) action and induction field
electromagnetic waves are excluded from this class, even
though they may operate at radio frequencies. See "radio
wave" definition above for other type exclusions.
REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 570 for miscellaneous apparatus
for testing devices by means of vibratory forces (e.g.,
certain types of compressional waves), see indented
subclasses 584+ where sound waves are used. Class 73
provides for measuring and testing methods and apparatus
which involve a radiant energy test and a nonelectrical test.
Class 73 is the generic class for measuring and testing
methods and apparatus, Search notes to the class definition
of Class 73 should be consulted for other classes which
provide for measuring and testing processes and apparatus.
89, Ordnance, 1.1 and 41 for apparatus designed to control
or move a gun for aiming it towards a target, including such
apparatus where radiant energy is utilized and subclasses
1.51+ for radiant energy actuated or controlled devices for
releasing bombs, flares, etc., from aircraft.
102, Ammunition and Explosives, subclass 384 for drop bombs
with direction controlling means, including those controlled
by radiant energy; subclasses 416+ and the subclasses
specified in the notes thereto for explosive mines adapted to
be fixed automatically, the firing device of the mine being
actuated by electrical, magnetic, wave or radiant energy and
the igniting, per se, for such mines; and subclass 214 for
fuses, primers and igniting devices for explosives which
involve the utilization of electrical, magnetic, wave or
radiant energy in their operation.
136, Batteries: Thermoelectric and Photoelectric, 200 for
thermoelectric generators, particularly subclasses 213+ for
radiation (e.g., infrared) pyrometers.
137, Fluid Handling, appropriate subclasses for fluid flow
control systems including radiant energy systems for valve
actuation.
178, Telegraphy, appropriate subclasses with respect to
inductive coupling where the sole disclosure is of a radiant
energy telegraph system, but the claimed subject matter is
not limited to radiant energy transmission of the signals.
See especially subclass 18.07 and 19.03 for handwriting and
drawing systems with inductive coupling, subclass 43 for
space induction systems, subclasses 66.1+ for miscellaneous
systems using alternating current (including high frequency
current) to transmit the signal. Note that many of the
patents in subclasses 66.1+ of Class 178 are analogous to the
patents of Class 375, subclasses 259+ for miscellaneous
telegraph apparatus useful in either radio or wire
telegraphy, for example, subclasses 371+ for receivers and
subclasses 348+ for keys.
181, Acoustics, is the generic class for inventions in sound
wave radiation, transmission or reception and instruments
specific thereto.
191, Electricity: Transmission to Vehicles, subclass 10 for
systems for transferring energy from a roadway or other place
to a movable vehicle by means of electromagnetic induction.
244, Aeronautics, subclass 3.1 for control means for
missiles and subclass 77 for systems for automatically
controlling aircraft by means of electrical apparatus and
radiant energy controlled steering and for a statement as to
the lines between the classes.
250, Radiant Energy, subclasses 200-239 for light sensitive
systems and subclass 336.1 for methods and apparatus
utilizing invisible ray energy for measuring and detecting
purposes; subclass 492.1 for methods and apparatus utilizing
invisible ray energy such as X-rays, ultraviolet infrared
rays. Class 250 is the generic class of radiant energy. It
and other classes specified in the search class notes to it
should be searched for the patents relating to radiant energy
apparatus, processes and devices, especially for processes
and apparatus for subjecting materials to radiant energy.
318, Electricity: Motive Power Systems, subclass 16 for
electric motor systems where the motor is controlled or
supplied by space transmitted electromagnetic or
electrostatic energy (including radio energy), subclass 460
for electric motor systems controlled by sound or supersonic
vibrations, subclass 480 for electric motor systems
controlled by radiant energy (e.g., light).
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, is the generic
class for methods and apparatus for testing to determine
electrical properties by electrical means; 323 and 344+
provide for ore detection determination by electrical means,
including the use of radio waves, except such methods and
apparatus which involve the use of reflected or otherwise
returned radio waves, the excepted matter being in this class
(342). Class 324 provides for electrical testing methods and
apparatus which include a test by means of radio waves and
another electrical test.
333, Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, appropriate
subclasses for wave transmission lines or networks which may
be used for communication purposes wherein the wave energy is
guided or constrained by a wave propagating medium of
appreciable electrical length with respect to the wave length
of the propagated energy. For example, 1 provides for
plural channel systems and subclasses 236+ provides for
single channel long lines having distributed electrical
parameters, such as parallel conductors, wave guides and
shielded lines. This class also contains systems and
networks useful in communication with radiant energy. See
particularly subclasses 109+ for directional couplers,
subclass 117 for hybrid type networks, subclass 13 for
resonator type breakdown discharge systems, e.g., T-R or R-T
systems, subclass 23 for dissipating terminations for long
lines, subclasses 24+ for coupling networks including
filters, equalizers, dealt networks and impedance matching
networks and subclass 81 for attenuators.
334, Tuners, appropriate subclasses for tuner networks
adapted for use in radiant energy systems.
343, Communications: Radio Wave Antennas, appropriate
subclass for structural apparatus for the transmission or
reception of radio waves.
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, 418 for
computer s:graphic processing and subclasses 326+ for
computer operator interface processing.
348, Television, appropriate subclasses for television
systems whether the signals are transmitted by radiant energy
or otherwise.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses
for devices which utilize visible light and optical
principles for the measurement of angles, distances,
chromatic effects and the intensity of light, flaw analysis
and fiducial instruments not provided for elsewhere.
358, Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing,
appropriate subclasses for facsimile systems whether the
signals are transmitted by radiant energy or otherwise.
359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements,
109 for light wave communication.
367, Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and
Devices, appropriate subclass for apparatus for detecting
objects or determining their distance or direction which are
provided with means to transmit and receive sonic or
supersonic waves, the sonic or supersonic waves being either
generated or received by electrical means. See 87 for echo
systems, subclasses 131+ for underwater systems and
subclasses 115+ for distance or direction finding. (Note
that the class for acoustics has similar apparatus.)
369, Dynamic Information Storage and Retrieval, 6 for
combined radio and phonography systems.
375, Pulse or Digital Communication, appropriate subclass for
pulse communication via radio waves. (Note: See the Class 178
search note above for Class 375, 259, 371+, for and 348+
reference).
380, Cryptography, appropriate subclasses, for
cryptos:graphic communications equipment.
395, Information Processing System Organization, 80 for data
processing of robot control systems.
455, Telecommunications, appropriate subclass for analog
modulated carrier wave. Class 455 includes transmitters and
receivers of signals having arbitrary information content,
whereas Class 342 is limited to transmitter beacons,
directional receivers and radar transponders of regular,
periodic and in general nonvarying signals having fixed
information content relating to locating or identifying a
target.
505, Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material,
Process, 150 for high temperature (T[subscrpt]c[end
subscrpt] 30 K) superconducting devices, and particularly
subclasses 202+ for electrical communication systems.
700, Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific
Applications, subclasses 1-89 for generic data processing
control systems; and subclasses 90-306 for particular
applications of digital data processing systems or
calculating computers.
701, Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative
Location, 200 and 300+ for computer applications in the area
of navigation and determining the relative location between
two points.
704, Data Processing: Speech Signal Processing, Linguistics,
Language Translation and Audio Compression/Decompression,
200 for artificial intelligence systems that process speech
signals.
706, Data Processing: Intelligent Processing Systems and
Methods, various subclasses for artificial intelligence
systems that represent, apply, and acquire knowledge.
708, Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and
Calculating, 1 for hybrid computers; subclasses 100+ for
digital calculating computers; and subclasses 800+ for analog
computers.
709, Electrical Computers and Digital Processing Systems:
Multiple Computer or Process Coordinating, 200 for data
transfer among a plurality of spatially distributed computers
or digital data processing systems.
GLOSSARY:
ACTIVE ANTENNA
Part of the antenna which is directly coupled to free space
and radiates electromagnetic energy into, or collects
electromagnetic energy from, free space and is also directly
coupled to a transmitter or receiver.
COMMUNICATION
The conveying or transferring or information; specifically a
system, as a radio, television, telephone for conveying or
transferring information.
DISTANCE
The space between two points, which may be immediately
juxtaposed or widely spaced.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE POLARIZATION CONVERTER
Structure which acts directly on the electromagnetic wave
energy to modify the polarization pattern of the wave, for
example, to change a plane polarized wave into a circularly
polarized wave.
FAR FIELD
The space beyond the near field of an antenna in which
radiation is essentially confined to a fixed pattern falls
off inversely with the square of the distance.
FREE SPACE
Space where the movement of energy in any direction is
substantially unimpeded, such as the atmosphere, the ocean or
the earth.
MESSAGE
A signal used to convey intelligence, such as telephone
signals (e.g., speech).
"Message" is used in a more limited sense than "signal" for
the purpose of classification in this class, in that "signal"
includes the transmission of control impulses for operating
mechanisms other than mere signal reproducers.
NEAR FIELD
The electromagnetic field within a distance of 1 wavelength
from a transmitting antenna.
ORIENTING
Changing the beam direction of an antenna with respect to
some reference point.
RADAR
Acronym for radio detecting and ranging. A system that
measures distance (and usually the direction) to an object by
determining the amount of time required by electromagnetic
energy to travel to and return from an object. Called
primary radar when signals are returned by reflection.
Called secondary radar when the incident signal triggers a
responder beacon and causes it to transmit a second signal.
RADIANT ENERGY
The energy (partially kinetic, partially potential)
associated with waves produced in free space by a source of
energy, such as light wave, electromagnetic radiation
(including radio waves), or neutron and similar radiation,
subsonic, supersonic and sonic waves.
RADIATION
The emanation of energy into free space.
RADIATION FIELD
An electromagnetic wave whose frequency spectrum extends over
a range from somewhat above the frequency of audible sound
waves to somewhat below the frequency of heat and light
waves. Values of 10 kilocycles and 30,000 megacycles have
been given as the lower the upper limits of the range for
radio waves, although values exist beyond these limits. Radio
waves as defined here exclude compressional waves, light
waves, heat waves, infrared waves, ultraviolet waves, X-ray,
cathode rays, gamma rays, and ion beams. The radio waves are
produced by oscillations of electric change in an antenna.
SIGNAL
Control impulse, wave energy, intelligence or message, such
as sing, or a noise indication agreed upon, under stood and
used to convey information at a distance.
TELEGRAPHY
The transmission to a distance of signals, unlimited with
respect to the extent of the message communicated, by the
utilization of energy, the elements of the message being
selected or composed at will according to a prearranged
code.
TELEPHONY
The conversion of spoken or sound waves into energy which is
transmitted a distance and reconverted into sound waves for
reproduction of the speech or sounds.
TELEDYNAMICS
The transmission of signal energy for the control of
apparatus or mechanisms, at a distance.
SUBCLASSES
Subclass:
1
RADIO WAVE ABSORBER:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein a material or device takes up and
dissipates far field radar or radio wave signals.
(1) Note. An example of a device used a radar absorber is
an anechoic chamber.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
333, Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, subclass 81 for
waveguide attenuators or subclass 22 for sidewall
absorption.
343, Communications: Radio Wave Antennas, 700 for radio
wave antenna absorbers, per se.
Subclass:
2
For aircraft or missile:
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter
including use with air vehicles or projectiles.
Subclass:
3
For camouflage:
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter
including means to disguises an object by radar absorption.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
13 for radar electronic warfare.
Subclass:
4
With particular geometric configuration:
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter
wherein the absorber has significant topological structural
details.
Subclass:
5
RADAR REFLECTOR:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein there are means primarily intended to
echo or return far field radar signals.
(1) Note. Subject matter of this subclass excludes antenna
reflectors which are part of a radar antenna with nominal
radar recitation.
(2) Note. Nominal radar recitation for use with radar
reflectors is included in this subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
343, Communications: Radio Wave Antennas, 700 for antenna
reflectors, per se.
Subclass:
6
With modulation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 5. Subject matter
including means to vary the amplitude, frequency of phase of
a far field radar signal as it is being reflected.
(1) Note. Subject matter of this subclass excludes passive
transponders.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
51 for passive transponders.
187 for augmenters, per se.
Subclass:
7
Corner:
This subclass is indented under subclass 5. Subject matter
wherein the reflecting surfaces are arranged to intersect so
as to provided a retrodirective reflection.
Subclass:
8
Inflatable or collapsible:
This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Subject matter
wherein the corner reflector has the capability of being:
(1) distended by gas (e.g., air); or (2) deflated of gas; or
(3) folded together so as to occupy a smaller volume of
space.
Subclass:
9
Decoy or tow target:
This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Subject matter
wherein the corner reflectors is (1) either part of a vehicle
or part of a device pulled by a vehicle which provides
reflected signals which disguise the true location of the
vehicle or (2) used to move the primary point of reflection.
Subclass:
10
Inflatable or collapsible:
This subclass is indented under subclass 5. Subject matter
wherein the reflector has the capability of being: (1)
distended by gas (e.g., air); or (2) deflated of gas; or (3)
folded together so as to occupy a smaller volume of space.
Subclass:
11
With spherical lens(e.g., Luneberg lens):
This subclass is indented under subclass 5. Subject matter
wherein the reflector includes a spherically shaped structure
transparent to radio waves having a relative dielectric
constant different from unity.
(1) Note. A Luneberg lens is a lens with a circular cross
section having an index of refraction varying only in the
radial direction such that a feed located on or near a
surface or edge of the leans produce a major lobe
diametrically opposite the feed.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
343, Communications: Radio Wave Antennas, subclass 911 for
an antenna with a Luneberg lens.
Subclass:
12
Chaff:
This subclass is indented under subclass 5. Subject matter
wherein the reflector including thin, narrow, metallic strips
of various length and frequency responses.
(1) Note. Subject matter of this subclass excludes chaff
dispensing means.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
102, Ammunition and Explosives, appropriate subclasses for
explosive type chaff dispensers.
221, Article Dispensing, appropriate subclasses for chaff
dispensers, per se.
222, Dispensing, appropriate subclasses for chaff dispensing
processes or systems.
Subclass:
13
RADAR EW (ELECTRONIC WARFARE):
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter including means for intentionally interfering
with systems or devices within the class, for avoiding such
interference or for use in support of such means.
Subclass:
14
ECM (electronic countermeasures, i.e., jamming):
This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Subject matter
including means for intentionally interfering with the
transmission or reception of signals of systems or devices
with the this class.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
9 for decoy corner reflectors.
12 for chaff.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
455, Telecommunications, subclass 1 for jamming of
telecommunication signals, per se.
Subclass:
15
With repeater:
This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Subject matter
including means to provide a false target replica of a
received radar signal.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
187 for radar augmenter circuitry, per se.
353 for retransmissions of directive radio wave energy be an
object in orbit about the earth.
Subclass:
16
ECCM (electronic counter-/countermeasures, i.e.,
anti-jamming):
This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Subject matter
including means to avoid interferences with the transmission
or reception of signals by systems or devices within this
class.
Subclass:
17
Radar reacts to jamming:
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter
wherein a radar system being interfered with changes its mode
of operation in response to the interference.
Subclass:
18
By changing frequency:
This subclass is indented under subclass 17. Subject matter
wherein the radar system changes its operating frequency in
response to being jammed.
Subclass:
19
By varying gain or blocking receiver:
This subclass is indented under subclass 17. Subject matter
wherein the receiver gain is reduced or the receiver is gated
off in response to being jammed.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
94 for returned signal control of radar systems by gating
the radar receiver.
Subclass:
20
Detection of surveillance:
This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Subject matter
including means to indicate only the presence of systematic
radio signal observation means.
(1) Note. This subclass includes devices commonly called
"Fuzzbuster".
Subclass:
21
BASE BAND SYSTEM:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein a radar signal extends over a broad
band of frequencies rather than being at a single carrier
frequency.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
375, Pulse or Digital Communications, subclass 256 for pulse
transmission via radiated base band.
Subclass:
22
TRANSMISSION THROUGH MEDIA OTHER THAN AIR OR FREE SPACE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein a radar signal is sent through a
substance other than air or free space.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, 323 for electrical
wave subsurface geophysical exploration.
455, Telecommunications, subclass 40 for transmission of
modulated carrier wave signals through the medium of earth or
water, per se.
Subclass:
23
BERTHING OR DOCKING:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein a radar system is used to assist in
bringing a vehicle to a space allowed for its safety or
convenience between other vehicles, piers, wharves or
portals.
Subclass:
24
BLIND AID:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein a radar system generates the effect of
a long antenna by signal processing means rather than by the
actual use of a long physical antenna.
Subclass:
25
SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein a radar system generates the effect of
a long antenna by signal processing means rather than by the
actual use of a long physical antenna.
(1) Note. The long antenna is synthesized through the
motion of a small antenna relative to the target with either
the antenna or the target or both moving. The signal received
by the antenna is processed coherently over an integration
time. The synthesized antenna length is given by the
trajectory traversed by the small antenna relative to the
target during the coherent integration time. Because of the
two-way phase shift in forming the effective radiation
pattern, the effective half-power beam-width must be computed
considering twice the synthesized antenna length.
Subclass:
26
WEATHER RADAR:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein a radar systems is used to evaluate
meteorological conditions.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
460 for storm position indicating using radio wave directive
devices.
Subclass:
27
PRESENCE DETECTION ONLY:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein a radar system senses the existence of
a target without quantifying any of its characteristics.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communications: Electrical, 541 for intrusion
detection alarm systems.
Subclass:
28
By motion detection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 27. Subject matter
wherein the presence of a target is detected by sensing
target movement.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
104 for determining velocity by radar sensing of target
motion.
106 for moving target indicators (MTI), per se, where the
signals from nonmoving targets are eliminated.
Subclass:
29
AIRCRAFT COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM (CAS):
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein a radar signal is used to assist in
preventing aircrafts from flying into one another, or other
obstacles.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
455 for collision avoidance position indicating.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communications: Electrical, subclass 903 and 961 for
potential collision alerting systems.
701, Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative
Location, subclass 17 for computerized radar for vehicle
indication or guidance; subclass 223 for computerized radar
ground scanners; and subclass 301 for computer avoidance
collision systems.
Subclass:
30
With transponder:
This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Subject matter
including a radio signal receiver-transmitter to convey the
radar signal.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
42 for radar transponder systems, per se.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communications: Electrical, 870.31 for inductively
coupled signal transmitter used in continuously variable
indicating systems.
375, Pulse or Digital Communications, 211 for pulse or
digital signal repeaters.
455, Telecommunications, 7 for carrier wave repeaters.
Subclass:
31
Including synchronized clock:
This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter
including means to operate plural transponders on separate
aircraft or on the ground, on a common time base.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
368, Horology: Time Measuring Systems or Devices, subclass
47 for wireless synchronization of timepieces, per se.
Subclass:
32
Included in secondary surveillance radar (SSR or air traffic
control radio beacon system (ATCRBS):
This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter
wherein the transponder means are part of a secondary
surveillance radar (SSR) or an air traffic control radio
beacon system (ATCRBS).
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
37 for air traffic control system including SSR or ATCRBS,
per se.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
701, Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative
Location, 120 for aircraft traffic control by computers.
Subclass:
33
AIRCRAFT LANDING SYSTEM:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein a radar signal is used by an airborne
vehicle to enable the vehicle to land safely on the ground.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
37 for air traffic control system including SSR OR ATCRBS,
per se.
410 for directive signal glide slope transmitters or
receivers.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
701, Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative
Location, subclass 17 for computerized radar guidance of
vehicle landing.
Subclass:
34
Ground control approach (GCA):
This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Subject matter
including a ground radar system providing information by
which aircraft approaches to landing may be directed via
radio communications.
Subclass:
35
Microwave landing system (MLS):
This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Subject matter
including an airfield approach microwave radar generating a
guideline for landing.
Subclass:
36
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein a radar signal is used to maintain
cognizance or to regulate the movement of aircraft in
relation to each other or to other objects.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
454 for directive position signaling for plurality of
vehicles.
Subclass:
37
Secondary surveillance radar (SSR) or air traffic control
radar beacon system (ATCRBS):
This subclass is indented under subclass 36. Subject matter
including a radar beacon-transponder means to maintain
cognizance or to regulate the paths of selected vehicles
within a selected area such as an airport terminal area or
air route.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
32 for aircraft collision avoidance systems having SSR or
ATCRBS.
Subclass:
38
With altitude information:
This subclass is indented under subclass 37. Subject matter
wherein the transponder signal includes information about the
vertical distance of an aircraft or other object above a
given reference plane such as the ground or sea.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
118 for radar distance determination, per se.
Subclass:
39
With side lobe suppression:
This subclass is indented under subclass 37. Subject matter
including circuitry means to exclude or greatly attenuate a
portion of the beam for an antenna, other than the main
lobe.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
379 for directive radio wave communications utilizing
correlation techniques to eliminate side lobes.
Subclass:
40
With defruiting or degarbling:
This subclass is indented under subclass 37. Subject matter
including means to eliminate random nonsynchronous
unintentional return signals in a beacon system or to decode
multiple overlapping signal transmission interference.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
159 for clutter elimination, per se.
Subclass:
41
SHIP COLLISION AVOIDANCE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein a radar signal is used to assist in
preventing naval craft from running into one another.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
701, Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative
Location, subclass 301 for computer navigation systems
having collision avoidance means.
Subclass:
42
RADAR TRANSPONDER SYSTEM:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter having means wherein the radar signal is
received from an originating station, has information coded
thereon or added and is retransmitted to the originating
station.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
15 for repeater jammers which add false information to the
radar signal.
30 for transponder used in aircraft collision avoidance
systems.
187 for radar augmenter circuitry, per se.
Subclass:
43
Combined with primary radar system:
This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Subject matter
wherein the transponder system is combined with a system in
which the retransmitted (reply) signal is a reflection of the
transmitted energy from the surface of the target.
Subclass:
44
Unique identity:
This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Subject matter
wherein the coded radar retransmitted (reply) signal contains
information used to distinguish the transponder station from
all others.
Subclass:
45
IFF or SIF:
This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Subject matter
including means to transmit radio signals between two
stations located on ships, aircraft, or the ground, for
automatic identification of particular station
characteristics, such as station type (e.g., ally or enemy,
bomber or fighter, etc.).
(1) Note. IFF is an acronym for Identification - Friend or
Foe.
(2) Note. SIF is an acronym for Selective Identification
Feature.
Subclass:
46
Navigational:
This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Subject matter
wherein the transponder system is used to direct a vehicle to
an intended destination.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
701 Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative
Location, subclasses 200+ for computer navigation systems,
per se.
Subclass:
47
Distance measuring equipment (DME):
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter
including means to provide distance information by measuring
total round-trip time of transmission from an interrogator to
a transponder and return, with internationally recognized
signals.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
125 for distance determining system having an augmenter.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
701, Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative
Location, 201 for computer navigation systems.
Subclass:
48
With automatic lock-on:
This subclass is indented under subclass 47. Subject matter
wherein the interrogator station includes circuit means which
is self-activating to lock-on the reply signal.
Subclass:
49
With VOR/TACAN:
This subclass is indented under subclass 47. Subject matter
including means operating at VHF and providing radial lines
of positioning any direction as determined by bearing
selection within the receiving equipment, or means operating
at UHF using pulse techniques to provide a polar coordinate
(rho-theta) system of navigation.
(1) Note. The VOR means emits a (variable) modulation whose
phase relative to a reference modulation is different for
each bearing of the receiving point from the interrogator
station.
(2) Note. For TACAN the distance, (rho), function operates
as DME and the bearing function is derived by rotating the
ground transponder antenna so as to obtain a rotating
multilobe pattern for coarse and fine information.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
399 for directive radio communication beacon systems
including TACAN equipment and subclasses 401+ and 404+ for
systems which include VOR equipment.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
701, Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative
Location, subclass 218 for computer navigation systems
utilizing TACAN equipment.
Subclass:
50
With telemetry:
This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Subject matter
wherein the coded transponder signal contains telemetry
information.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communications: Electrical, 807.1 for generic
telemetering.
455, Telecommunications, appropriate subclass for
telecommunications subject matter, per se.
Subclass:
51
Transponder only:
This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Subject matter
including the transponder means, per se.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
30 for transponders in aircraft collision avoidance
systems.
37 for transponders is SSR or ATCRBS systems.
Subclass:
52
COMBINED WITH DIVERSE TYPE RADIANT ENERGY SYSTEM:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein a radar system operates in conjunction
with a different type of far field radiant energy system.
Subclass:
53
With infrared device:
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter
including a device which operates using radiant energy within
the wavelength range 780 to 10[supscrpt]5[end supscrpt]
nanometers.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
250, Radiant Energy, 338 for infrared responsive electric
signaling apparatus.
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, subclass 51 for
infrared optical measuring and testing systems.
372, Coherent Light Generators, subclass 4 for infrared
coherent, light generators, per se.
Subclass:
54
With laser:
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter
including a device which provides an intense, coherent,
directional beam of light by stimulating electronic, ionic or
molecular transitions to lower energy levels.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
167 for testing or calibrating radar apparatus with laser
means.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses
for laser radar, per se.
372, Coherent Light Generators, for laser apparatus, per se.
Subclass:
55
With television:
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter
including the electronic transmission and reception of
transient visual images.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
142 for distance and direction determination with pulse
modulation and CRT display.
176 for radar display circuitry, per se.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, appropriate subclass for television systems,
per se.
Subclass:
56
With direction finding:
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter
including a device used to determine the direction of arrival
of remotely transmitted radio signals.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
107 and 113, for radar device or systems which determine
velocity and direction.
133 139+ and 146, for radar devices or systems which
determine distance and direction.
147 for radar direction finding, per se.
350 for radio wave direction finding devices or system other
than radar devices or systems.
Subclass:
57
With radio voice communication:
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter
including the transmission and reception of human voice
communication by radio wave.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
455, Telecommunications, for generic radio wave voice
communications.
Subclass:
58
With transmission to a remote station:
This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter
including radiant energy means to send a received radar
signal to a distant location.
Subclass:
59
PLURAL RADAR:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein there are two or more radar systems.
Subclass:
60
TRANSMITTING INTELLIGENCE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein the radar signal beam is used as a
carrier for transmitting information in addition to radar
information.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
455, Telecommunications, appropriate subclass for
communication systems operating at radar frequencies.
Subclass:
61
RETURN SIGNAL CONTROLS EXTERNAL DEVICE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein the reflected radar signal is used to
regulate a device separate from the radar system.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
73 for return signal control of the radar system.
Subclass:
62
Missile or spacecraft guidance:
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter
including control of a projectile or a space vehicle.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
244, Aeronautics, 3.1 and 158+ for control of missile or
spacecraft, per se.
Subclass:
63
Aircraft guidance:
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter
including means to control an air-borne vehicle's flight
path.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
244, Aeronautics, 175 for aircraft guidance control, per
se.
Subclass:
64
With map matching:
This subclass is indented under subclass 63. Subject matter
including means to compare radar data with previously stored
location information to derive guidance signals.
Subclass:
65
With terrain avoidance or alarm:
This subclass is indented under subclass 63. Subject matter
including means either (1) to automatically control the
aircraft to follow ground contour or to prevent the aircraft
from hitting ground based obstacles or (2) to develop signals
to alert the aircraft operator.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communications: Electrical, subclass 945 for aircraft
alarm or indicating systems, per se.
Subclass:
66
Camera:
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter
including means to control the operation of a photos:graphic
device.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
396, Photography, 89 for automatic range and focus control
for photos:graphic devices.
Subclass:
67
Gun (e.g., fire control):
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter
including means to control the operation of a firearm.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
42, Firearms, appropriate subclass for firearms and firearm
operation, per se.
89, Ordnance, 125 for automatic gun control, per se.
235, Registers, 400 for ordnance or weapons system
computers, per se.
Subclass:
68
Proximity fuze:
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter
including means to control the operation of a fuze device as
it approaches its target.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
166 for testing or radar apparatus which includes means to
control the operation of a fuze device.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
102, Ammunition and Explosives, 211 for proximity fuze, per
se.
Subclass:
69
Device actuated by presence of land vehicle:
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter
including means controlled by a return signal indicative of
the presence of a land vehicle.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
27 for radar presence detection, per se.
Subclass:
70
Radar mounted on and controls land vehicle:
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Subject matter
including radar means attached to a land vehicle and the
return signal is used to control the operation of the land
vehicle.
Subclass:
71
With control of brakes or steering:
This subclass is indented under subclass 70. Subject matter
including regulation of the land vehicle's stopping means or
its direction control means.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
180, Motor Vehicles, 167 for motor vehicle control means
responsive to electromagnetic radiation including radio waves
reflected from a surface located apart from the vehicle.
Subclass:
72
With control of safety device (e.g., air bags):
This subclass is indented under subclass 70. Subject matter
including regulation of the operation of occupant protective
means.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 735 for land vehicle air bag
inflation sensors, per se.
Subclass:
73
RETURN SIGNAL CONTROLS RADAR SYSTEM:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein the reflected radar signal is used to
regulate the operation of the radar system.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
61 for return signal control of external devices.
422 for self-orienting antenna pattern directional
receivers.
Subclass:
74
Antenna control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 73. Subject matter
including control by the returned signal of the radar system
antenna.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
343, Communications: Radio Wave Antennas, 757 for control
means for moving directive antennas.
Subclass:
75
Physical orientation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 74. Subject matter
including control of which way the antenna is pointing or its
bearing.
Subclass:
76
With ground tracking:
This subclass is indented under subclass 75. Subject matter
wherein the returned signal is used to align the antenna in
an aircraft with the actual path of the aircraft along the
ground.
Subclass:
77
With signal error correction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 75. Subject matter
wherein circuitry is provided to correct for errors in the
returned signal.
(1) Note. Other than boresight errors.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
189 for radar signal correlation circuitry, per se.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
714, Error Detection/Correction and Fault Detection/Recovery,
appropriate subclasses for signal error detection and
correction, per se.
Subclass:
78
Conical scan:
This subclass is indented under subclass 75. Subject matter
wherein the rotation of the beam of the radar system
describes a cone, the axis of which coincides with that of
the antenna boresight.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
158 for radar direction determination by scanning.
Subclass:
79
Lobe switching:
This subclass is indented under subclass 75. Subject matter
wherein the antenna's maximum reception orientation is
periodically switched to each of two or more direction in
turn.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
155 for radar direction determination by lobe switching.
Subclass:
80
Monopulse:
This subclass is indented under subclass 75. Subject matter
including the use of a technique in which information
concerning the angular location of a source or target is
derivable from each pulse or signal detection by comparison
of signals received simultaneously in two or more antenna
beams.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
149 for radar direction determination with monopulse
techniques.
427 for self-orienting antenna pattern monopulse directional
receivers.
Subclass:
81
Beam direction by phase or frequency control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 74. Subject matter
including control of which way the signal emanating from the
antenna is directed by varying the phase or frequency of the
signal.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
83 for control of the radar transmitter signal phase or
frequency other than pulse repetition frequency (PRF).
154 for radar direction determination combined with beam
steering.
157 for radar direction determination with frequency or
phase steering.
Subclass:
82
Transmitter:
This subclass is indented under subclass 73. Subject matter
including control by the returned signal of the means used to
transmit the radar signal.
Subclass:
83
Signal phase or frequency other than pulse repetition
frequency (PRF):
This subclass is indented under subclass 82. Subject matter
including control of the radar signal phase or frequency
other than pulse repetition frequency.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
81 for return signal control of antenna beam direction by
frequency control.
Subclass:
84
Function of doppler frequency:
This subclass is indented under subclass 83. Subject matter
wherein the radar transmitter frequency shift component of
the returned signal which is due to the target velocity as it
approaches toward or recedes from the radar.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
99 for doppler frequency tracking by returned signal control
of radar receiver means.
104 for velocity determination be radar using doppler
techniques.
171 for testing radar apparatus with simulated doppler
signals.
Subclass:
85
Function of distance:
This subclass is indented under subclass 83. Subject matter
wherein the radar transmitter frequency is varied as function
of target distance.
Subclass:
86
With constant phase:
This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Subject matter
wherein a constant phase relationship is maintained between
the transmitted and returned signals.
Subclass:
87
With constant beat frequency:
This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Subject matter
wherein a constant beat frequency is maintained between the
transmitted and received signals.
Subclass:
88
Transmission Timing (e.g., Ring Around):
This subclass is indented under subclass 82. Subject matter
including control of the transmitter signal timing.
(1) Note. Ring Around is the triggering of a radar
transmitter by its own returned signal.
Subclass:
89
Receiver:
This subclass is indented under subclass 73. Subject matter
including control of the means used to receive the radar
signal.
Subclass:
90
Automatic target detection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 89. Subject matter
including self-acting means to distinguish between the
presence of a return signal from a source having
predetermined characteristics versus noise or clutter.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
27 for presence detection only radar systems.
Subclass:
91
Gain or threshold:
This subclass is indented under subclass 89. Subject matter
including control of the receiver signal strength or
sensitivity.
Subclass:
92
Automatic gain control (AGC):
This subclass is indented under subclass 91. Subject matter
including self-acting circuit means to adjust the receiver
gain.
Subclass:
93
Constant false alarm rate (CFAR):
This subclass is indented under subclass 91. Subject matter
including means specially designed to regulate false alarm
caused by noise, or clutter.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
16 for electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM), per se.
159 for clutter elimination, per se.
Subclass:
94
Gating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 89. Subject matter
including control of a device having the ability to permit or
inhibit the passage of a signal.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
19 for electronic counter-countermeasures by varying the
gain of or blocking the radar receiver.
Subclass:
95
Automatic range tracking:
This subclass is indented under subclass 94. Subject matter
including self-acting circuit means to control the timing of
a gate in relation to the range of the target.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
47 for navigational radar transponder systems having
distance measuring equipment (DME).
Subclass:
96
Automatic track while scan (ATWS):
This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Subject matter
including self-acting circuit means to control a gate to keep
a receiver locked on a target while continuing to receive
return signals from various elements in a given region.
Subclass:
97
With automatic lock-on:
This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Subject matter
including self-acting circuit means to continuously track a
target.
Subclass:
98
Frequency:
This subclass is indented under subclass 89. Subject matter
including control of the receiver frequency.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
81 for return signal control of antenna beam direction by
frequency control.
Subclass:
99
Doppler frequency tracking:
This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Subject matter
wherein circuitry is provided to follow variations in the
doppler component of the returned signal.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
84 for radar transmitter control by returned signal control
as a function of doppler frequency.
104 for velocity determination by radar using doppler
techniques.
171 for testing radar apparatus with simulated doppler
signals.
Subclass:
100
With local oscillator control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Subject matter
wherein the returned signal is used to regulate the frequency
of the receiver local oscillator.
Subclass:
101
With filter control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Subject matter
wherein the returned signal is used to vary the center
frequency or the bandwidth of a receiver filter circuit.
Subclass:
102
Phase:
This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Subject matter
including control of the receiver phase.
Subclass:
103
Phase locked loop:
This subclass is indented under subclass 102. Subject matter
including circuit means to compare the phases of an output
signal and the return signal of a target, with any phase
differences converted into a correction voltage that causes
the phase of the output signal to change so that it tracks
the return signal.
Subclass:
104
DETERMINING VELOCITY:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein a returned radar signal is used to
measure the speed of an object.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
324 Electricity: Measuring and Testing, subclasses 160+ for
electrical speed measuring, per se.
364 Electrical Computers and Data Processing Systems,
subclass 565 for computerized speed determination, per se.
Subclass:
105
Other than doppler (e.g., range rate):
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Subject matter
including velocity determination other than by measuring the
doppler shift of the radar signal.
(1) Note. For example, the velocity may be obtained by
measuring the rate of change of the range (i.e., range rate)
of an object.
Subclass:
106
Combined with determining acceleration:
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Subject matter
including measurement of the rate of change in the velocity
of the object.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
702, Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing,
subclass 141 for acceleration, determination and subclasses
142+ for speed determination.
Subclass:
107
Combined with determining distance and direction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Subject matter
including the radar measurement of the distance and direction
of the object from a given point.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
109 for velocity and distance determination only.
113 for velocity and direction determination only.
Subclass:
108
With correlation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 107. Subject matter
including a measurement of a relationship between the
transmitted and the received radar signals.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
145 for radar distance determination with correlation.
189 for radar correlation circuitry, per se.
378 for directive radio communication utilizing correlation
techniques.
Subclass:
109
Combined with determining distance:
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Subject matter
including the radar measurement of the distance of an object
from a given point.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
107 for velocity, distance and direction determination.
118 for radar distance determination, per se.
Subclass:
110
With plural fixed range gates:
This subclass is indented under subclass 109. Subject matter
wherein the returned signal corresponding to the respective
transmitted radar pulses is applied to plural processing
channels which are sequentially activated for short
predetermined periods of time to represent range increments.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
136 for distance determination using pulse modulation with
digital processing and plural fixed range gates.
Subclass:
111
With plural receiver frequency band separation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 109. Subject matter
including the use of more than one frequency separation
filter.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
116 for velocity determination with plural received
frequency band separation.
Subclass:
112
With plural frequencies transmission:
This subclass is indented under subclass 109. Subject matter
including transmitting two or more discrete frequencies and
determining distance from changes in each of the received
frequencies.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
116 for velocity determination with plural received
frequency band separation.
Subclass:
113
Combined with determining direction (i.e., bearing):
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Subject matter
including the radar gauging of direction of an object from a
given point.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
107 for velocity, distance and direction determination by
radar systems or device.
133 139+ and 146, for radar distance and direction
determination without velocity determination.
350 for direction finding with radio wave signals other than
radar systems or devices.
Subclass:
114
Combined with determining sense of motion (i.e., approaching
or receding):
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Subject matter
including detection of whether an object is moving toward or
from a given point.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
28 for presence detection only with motion detection.
Subclass:
115
Digital:
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Subject matter
including digital processing of the returned radar signal.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
195 for radar signal digital processing, per se.
Subclass:
116
With plural received frequency band separation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Subject matter
including the use of more than one frequency separation
filter.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
111 for determining velocity combined with plural receiver
frequency band separation.
Subclass:
117
With plural beams (e.g., "Janus"):
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Subject matter
including the use of two or more radar beams in making the
velocity determination.
(1) Note. The "Janus"-type systems comprise two
"back-to-back" antennas, respectively facing forward and
rearward with nonoverlapping radiation patterns, each antenna
serving to provide transmitting and receiving functions. The
respective backscatter signal portions received by the
antennas are added and subtracted to derive sum and
difference signals from which the Doppler speed is
determined.
Subclass:
118
DETERMINING DISTANCE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein a returned radar signal is used to
measure the range of an object from a reference point.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
458 for directive radio wave communication distance
determination apparatus.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, 3 for range finding
using visible radiation signals.
702, Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing,
158 for linear distance or length determination, and
subclasses 163+ for rotary distance or length determination.
Subclass:
119
Miss distance indicator (MDI):
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter
including measuring the distance to an object at the closest
point of approach to a reference point.
Subclass:
120
Altimeter:
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter
including determining the distance an aircraft to the earth's
surface from the aircraft.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
38 for air traffic control systems with altitude
information.
Subclass:
121
With additional indicator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 120. Subject matter
including means to display information in addition to
altitude.
Subclass:
122
FM type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 120. Subject matter
wherein the radar altimeter carrier signal is frequency
modified.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
128 for radar distance determination with frequency
modulation circuitry, per se.
200 for frequency modulation radar circuitry, per se.
Subclass:
123
Height finder:
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter
including determining the distance from the earth's surface
to an aircraft from the ground.
(1) Note. Earth curvature correction (ECC) circuits are
included in this subclass.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
38 for air traffic control system with altitude
information.
Subclass:
124
Material level within container:
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter
including determining the height of a substance in a vessel.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
73, Measuring and Testing, 290 for liquid level measurement,
per se.
Subclass:
125
With remote cooperating station:
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter
including determining the distance between the radar station
and a station detached from the radar station using means on
the detached station to interact cooperatively with the radar
station's radar signal.
Subclass:
126
Triangulation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter
including distance determination be radar derived procedures
of finding the location of a third point by taking bearings
from two fixed points a known distance apart from each other
or the third point; or by determining the distance from a
third point to two known points.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
450 for position determining using triangulation by the
transmission or reception of signals from two or more points
from or to another point.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, 3.01 for triangulation
by light beam.
Subclass:
127
Phase comparison:
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter
including determining distance by comparing the phase of the
transmitted radar with the returned radar carried signal.
Subclass:
128
With frequency modulation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter
including determining distance by using a frequency modified
radar carrier signal.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
122 for radar altitude determination with FM type
altimeters.
200 for frequency modulation radar circuitry, per se.
Subclass:
129
Plural frequency transmitted:
This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Subject matter
including the transmission of two or more discrete frequency
modulated radar carrier signals.
Subclass:
130
Plural modulation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Subject matter
wherein the radar carrier signal is modified by more than one
modifying signal.
Subclass:
131
Combined with pulse modulation (e.g., frequency agile):
This subclass is indented under subclass 130. Subject matter
including the use of pulse modified radar carrier signals in
making the distance determination.
(1) Note. Frequency agile radar is a pulse radar in which
the transmitter carrier frequency is changed between pulses
in a random or pseudo-random way be an amount comparable to
the reciprocal of the pulse width, or multiple thereof.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
134 for distance determination using pulse modulation
radar.
201 for radar frequency modulation combined with pulse
modulation circuitry, per se.
202 for radar pulse modulation circuitry, per se.
Subclass:
132
Within pulse modulation (e.g., "CHIRP"):
This subclass is indented under subclass 131. Subject matter
including modulation of the frequency within the duration of
the pulse modulation.
(1) Note. "CHIRP" is a technique for pulse compression
which uses linear frequency modulation during the pulse.
Subclass:
133
Combined with determining direction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Subject matter
including determining the direction of the object from the
radar source.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
139 for distance and direction determination with pulse
modulated radar signals.
146 for distance and direction determination with radar
signals, per se.
Subclass:
134
With pulse modulation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter
including the use of pulse modified radar carrier signals in
making the distance determination.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
131 for distance determination by using frequency modulation
combined with pulse modulation radar.
201 for radar frequency modulation combined with pulse
modulation circuitry, per se.
202 for radar pulse modulation circuitry, per se.
Subclass:
135
Digital (e.g., with counter):
This subclass is indented under subclass 134. Subject matter
including digitally processing the returned radar signal.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
195 for radar signal digital processing, per se.
Subclass:
136
With plural fixed range gates:
This subclass is indented under subclass 135. Subject matter
wherein the returned signal corresponding to respective
transmitted radar pulses is applied to plural processing
channels which are sequentially activated for short
predetermined periods of time to represent range increments.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
110 for velocity determination combined with distance
determination using plural fixed range gates.
Subclass:
137
With variable pulse repetition frequency (PRF) or pulse
width:
This subclass is indented under subclass 134. Subject matter
including changing the rate of the pulse transmission or the
width of the pulse transmissions from the radar source.
Subclass:
138
With type "A" or "J" range scope:
This subclass is indented under subclass 134. Subject matter
including cathode ray tube display of the returned radar
signal as ordinates vs. time as abscissas (Type "A") or with
the time base as a circle and the returned signal appearing
as a radial deflection from it (Type "J").
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
55 for radar systems combined with television.
142 for radar distance and direction determination with CRT
display.
176 for radar display circuitry, per se.
Subclass:
139
Combined with determining direction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 134. Subject matter
including determining the direction of the object from the
radar source.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
133 for distance and direction determination with frequency
modulation radar signals.
146 for distance and direction determination with radar
signal, per se.
Subclass:
140
With azimuth and elevation determination:
This subclass is indented under subclass 139. Subject matter
including the object's angular measurement in a horizontal
plane and in a clockwise direction and its angular position
tangent to the earth's surface.
Subclass:
141
Off boresight:
This subclass is indented under subclass 139. Subject matter
including means for measuring the angle between the antenna
boresight and the line of sight to the target.
Subclass:
142
With CRT display:
This subclass is indented under subclass 139. Subject matter
including cathode ray tube (CRT) display means.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
55 for radar system combined with television.
138 for radar distance determination with pulse modulation
and with a type "A" or "J" range scope (CRT) display.
176 for radar display circuitry, per se.
Subclass:
143
Plural:
This subclass is indented under subclass 142. Subject matter
including more than one CRT.
Subclass:
144
PPI type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 142. Subject matter
wherein the display represents the signal as a bright spot,
with range indicated by the distance of the spot from the
center of the screen and the bearing by the radial angle of
the spot.
Subclass:
145
With correlation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter
including a measurement of relationship between the
transmitted and the received radar signals.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
108 for velocity, distance and direction determination with
radar signal correlation.
189 for radar correlation circuitry, per se.
378 for directive radio communication utilizing correlation
techniques.
Subclass:
146
Combined with determining direction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Subject matter
including determining the direction of the object from the
radar source.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
133 for distance and direction determination with frequency
modulated radar signals.
139 for distance and direction determination with pulse
modulated radar signals.
Subclass:
147
DETERMINING DIRECTION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein a returned radar signal is used to
indicate the direction of an object from a reference point.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
107 and 113, for radar velocity and direction
determination.
133 139 and 146, for radar distance and direction
determination.
Subclass:
148
Low angle processing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 147. Subject matter
including direction determination of an object at a low angle
elevation with respect to the radar signal source.
(1) Note. This subclass contains circuitry to eliminate
indirect radar signal returns due to reflection off the
ground.
Subclass:
149
Monopulse:
This subclass is indented under subclass 147. Subject matter
including the use of a radar technique in which the angular
location information of a source or target object is
derivable from each pulse or signals received simultaneously
in two or more antenna beams, i.e., sum and difference
channels in the receiver compare the amplitudes or phases of
the antenna outputs.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
80 for antenna physical orientation control by return signal
monopulse techniques.
427 for self-orienting antenna pattern monopulse directional
receivers.
Subclass:
150
With common if channel:
This subclass is indented under subclass 149. Subject matter
wherein the signals for comparison share an IF channel.
Subclass:
151
With channel equalization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 149. Subject matter
including means to balance the signal processing in each of
the channels.
Subclass:
152
With quadrature difference processing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 149. Subject matter
wherein the "in phase" sum signal is combined with the
"quadrature" phase difference signals.
(1) Note. "In phase" signals have the same frequency and
pass through their maximum and minimum vales of like polarity
at the same instant.
(2) Note. "Quadrature" signals exist when the phase
difference between them and the "in phase" signals is
one-fourth of a period of 90 degrees.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
194 for complex signal circuitry having means to separate
returned radar signals into "in phase" and "quadrature"
components.
Subclass:
153
With particular antenna or waveguide:
This subclass is indented under subclass 149. Subject matter
including a significant antenna apparatus or wave guide
structure.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
333, Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, appropriate
subclasses for wave guides, per se.
343, Communications: Radio Wave Antennas, appropriate
subclass for structural apparatus for the transmission or
reception of radio waves.
Subclass:
154
Combined with beam steering:
This subclass is indented under subclass 149. Subject matter
including control of which direction the signal is emanating
from the antenna by varying the phase or frequency of the
signal.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
81 for beam direction by returned signal phase or frequency
control.
Subclass:
155
Lobe switching:
This subclass is indented under subclass 147. Subject matter
including periodically and discretely shifting a directive
radiation pattern in position so as to produce a variation of
the signal at the target.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
79 for return signal control of the physical orientation of
the radar antenna by lobe switching.
Subclass:
156
Interferometer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 147. Subject matter
including a receiving antenna system which determines the
angle of arrival of the radar signal by phase comparison in
the signals at several points on the antenna system.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
424 for self-orienting antenna pattern plural antenna
tracking interferometers.
Subclass:
157
With frequency or phase steering:
This subclass is indented under subclass 147. Subject matter
including means to adjust by radar signal over the elements
of a given region.
Subclass:
158
Scanning:
This subclass is indented under subclass 147. Subject matter
including directing the radar signal over the elements of a
given region.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
78 for conical scan radar, per se.
Subclass:
159
CLUTTER ELIMINATION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein unwanted echoes are cancelled from the
returned radar signal.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
40 for elimination of unwanted transponder replies in air
traffic control systems.
Subclass:
160
MTI (moving target indicator):
This subclass is indented under subclass 159. Subject matter
including means to eliminate stationary targets from the
returned radar signal.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
28 for presence detection by motion detection.
104 for determining velocity by radar sensing of target
motion.
Subclass:
161
With vehicle movement compensation (e.g., AMTI (airborne
MTI):
This subclass is indented under subclass 160. Subject matter
including means to adjust for the movement of the craft in
which the MTI radar is located.
Subclass:
162
Digital:
This subclass is indented under subclass 160. Subject matter
including means to process the returned radar signal as
information in the form of one of a discrete number of
codes.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
195 for radar digital signal processing, per se.
Subclass:
163
With blind speed elimination:
This subclass is indented under subclass 160. Subject matter
wherein circuitry is provided to compensate for targets
having radial velocities such that the returned signals
cancel each other to produce a false indication of a
stationary target.
Subclass:
164
With storage tube:
This subclass is indented under subclass 160. Subject matter
including a CRT that stores images on a separate screen
behind the viewing screen to distinguish between target
return signals having variations indicative of motion.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
176 for radar display circuitry, per se.
Subclass:
165
TESTING OR CALIBRATING OF RADAR SYSTEMS:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein either: (1) a determination is made
how the radar apparatus is functioning, including the
existence, type and location of any trouble; or (2) a
comparison or measurement is made of the radar apparatus with
a standard in order to: (a) determine its accuracy; (b)
devise a corrected scale; (c) determine the performance level
of the equipment with regard to technical order
specification; or (d) generate a correction or compensation
signal.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
375, Pulse or Digital Communications, 224 for measuring or
testing pulse communication.
455, Telecommunications, subclass 115 for measuring, testing
or monitoring radio wave transmitters, per se, and subclasses
226.1+ for measuring or testing radio wave receivers, per
se.
Subclass:
166
Proximity fuze:
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Subject matter
wherein the radar apparatus under test includes means to
control the operation of a fuze device as it approaches its
target.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
68 for radar return signal control of proximity fuzes.
Subclass:
167
With laser:
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Subject matter
wherein the radar test apparatus includes a device for
transforming incoherent light of various frequencies of
vibration into a very narrow, intense beam of coherent
light.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
54 for radar apparatus combined with laser means.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
356, Optics: Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses
for laser radar, per se, and measuring and testing with
visible light.
Subclass:
168
With noise generation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Subject matter
including means in the test apparatus to produce random
electrical disturbances or spurious signals.
Subclass:
169
By simulation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Subject matter
wherein the test apparatus includes means to apply signals
representative of radar return signals (e.g., simulating a
radar target object) to the radar apparatus.
(1) Note. Systems for generating a simulated radar return
signal for testing a radar apparatus are classified here.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
434, Education and Demonstration.
Subclass:
170
Microwave:
This subclass is indented under subclass 169. Subject matter
wherein the radar testing apparatus utilizes radio waves in
the frequency range of 1 gigahertz and upward.
Subclass:
171
Doppler:
This subclass is indented under subclass 169. Subject matter
wherein the radar apparatus under test utilizes the change of
frequency of its transmitted signals caused by the time rate
of change of the effective distance travelled by the signals
between the source of signal transmission and the point of
observation.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
84 99 and 104+, for radar systems or devices using doppler
techniques.
Subclass:
172
With delay:
This subclass is indented under subclass 169. Subject matter
including circuit means in the simulator to retard the
passage of signals from one part of the apparatus under test
to another.
Subclass:
173
By monitoring:
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Subject matter
including means to observe the performance characteristics of
the radar apparatus under test.
Subclass:
174
Calibrating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 173. Subject matter
including means to adjust the radar apparatus utilizing a
correction or compensation signal as determined by
monitoring, or in order to devise an accurate scale.
Subclass:
175
WITH PARTICULAR CIRCUIT:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Subject matter wherein a circuit associated with the radar
system is significant.
Subclass:
176
Display:
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter
including means to present for viewing, the radar
information.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
55 for radar systems combined with television.
138 for radar distance determination pulse modulation and
with a type "A" or "J" range scope (CRT) display.
142 for radar distance and direction determination with CRT
display.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
315, Electrical Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, 1 for
CRT circuits, per se.
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, 1 for
visual display systems with selective electrical control.
Subclass:
177
Plural:
This subclass is indented under subclass 176. Subject matter
including more than one display.
Subclass:
178
Projection type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 176. Subject matter
wherein the display of the radar information is provided by
optical means causing the information to be represented on a
surface or screen.
Subclass:
179
Image production:
This subclass is indented under subclass 176. Subject matter
including means to provide a likeness of the radar target for
display.
Subclass:
180
Stereoscopies or tridimensional:
This subclass is indented under subclass 176. Subject matter
including means to produce a three-dimensional view or to
indicate distance, azimuth and elevation on a single display
surface.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, 42 for stereoscopies applied in
television.
Subclass:
181
Color:
This subclass is indented under subclass 176. Subject matter
including means to produce the display in color.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, appropriate subclasses for color or
pseudo-color television circuitry, per se.
Subclass:
182
Electronic marker generation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 176. Subject matter
including means to electronically generate symbols
representative of radar target information.
(1) Note. The marker may take the form of alphanumeric
characters or special symbols other than the usual radar
video display.
Subclass:
183
Cursor:
This subclass is indented under subclass 182. Subject matter
including the generation of a reference marking (e.g., a
line) which moves back and forth over the display surface to
enable accurate readings.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
345, Computer Graphics Processing, Operator Interface
Processing, and Selective Visual Display Systems, 145 and
157+ for visual display systems with selective electrical
control involving a cursor.
Subclass:
184
With stabilization (e.g., true motion, true north):
This subclass is indented under subclass 176. Subject matter
including means to control the orientation of the display, or
to compensate for movement to the display or target indicia
on display.
Subclass:
185
Scan conversion:
This subclass is indented under subclass 176. Subject matter
including means to transform one display format or rate into
another.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
348, Television, 441 for television format conversion
means.
Subclass:
186
With sweep expansion:
This subclass is indented under subclass 176. Subject matter
including means to enlarge part of all of the display sweep.
Subclass:
187
Augmenter:
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter
wherein an active repeater is provided for returning the
radar signal.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
15 for radar electronic countermeasures with a repeater.
30 for radar transponders used in aircraft collision
avoidance systems.
51 for radar transponders, per se.
125 for radar distance determination including an
augmenter.
Subclass:
188
With polarization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter
including means to polarize the radar signal.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
361 for directive polarized radio wave signal means.
Subclass:
189
For correlation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter
including circuitry for the measurement of the relationship
between the transmitted and the received signals.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
108 for velocity, distance and direction determination with
radar signal correction.
145 for radar distance determination with correlation.
378 for signal correlation of directive radio signals.
Subclass:
190
With recording:
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter
including circuit means for making and storing a copy of the
returned radar signal.
Subclass:
191
Mapping:
Subject matter including means to make a s:graphic
representation of radar information received in the returned
signal.
Subclass:
192
Spectrum analysis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter
including means to study the energy distribution of the
returned radar signal.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, 76.12 for complex
wave analysis of electrical signals, per se.
Subclass:
193
Harmonic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 192. Subject matter
including means to identify and evaluate harmonics that make
up the returned radar signal.
Subclass:
194
Complex signal (in phase and quadrature):
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter
including receiver circuit means to separate returned radar
signals into "in phase" and quadrature" components.
(1) Note. "In phase" signals have the same frequency and
pass through their maximum and minimum values of like
polarity at the same instant.
(2) Note. "Quadrature" signals exist when the phase
difference between them and the "in phase" signals is
one-fourth of a period or 90 degrees.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
152 for monopulse radar with quadrature processing.
Subclass:
195
Digital processing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter
including receiver circuit means to process the returned
radar signal by transforming the information contained
therein into data carrying signals wherein the information is
in the form of one of a discrete number of codes.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
115 for radar velocity determination with digital processing
of the returned signal.
135 for radar distance determination with digital processing
of the returned signal.
162 for clutter elimination in an MTI radar system with
digital processing of the returned signal.
Subclass:
196
Fast fourier transform (FFT):
This subclass is indented under subclass 195. Subject matter
including means to perform a fast fourier transform.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
708, Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and
Calculating, 403 for digital computing of Fourier transforms
and subclass 821 for analog computing of Fourier transforms.
Subclass:
197
With video quantizer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 195. Subject matter
including means to digitize the radar video signal.
Subclass:
198
For receiver protection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter
wherein circuitry such as duplexes, T-R device, or blanking
circuit is provided to prevent the transmitter signal from
entering the receiver.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
19 for electronic counter-countermeasures by varying the
gain or blocking the receiver.
Subclass:
199
Automatic frequency control (AFC):
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter
wherein the circuitry is provided to maintain the frequency
of the radar at a constant value or in a fixed relation with
respect to some other section of the radar.
Subclass:
200
For frequency modulation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter
wherein the frequency or phase of the transmitted radar
signal is variably controlled as a function of time or other
factor.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
83 for control of the radar transmitter signal phase or
frequency other than pulse repetition frequency (PRF).
122 for radar FM type altimeters.
128 for radar distance determination with frequency
modulation.
Subclass:
201
Combined with pulse modulation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 200. Subject matter
including control of the transmitted radar signal to form
discrete pulses.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
131 for radar distance determination with frequency
modulation combined with pulse modulation used in making the
determination.
134 for distance determination using pulse modulation
radar.
202 for radar pulse modulation circuitry, per se.
Subclass:
202
For pulse modulation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter
including control of the transmitted radar signal to form
discrete pulses.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
131 and 134+, for radar distance determination with pulse
modulation.
201 for radar frequency modulation combined with pulse
modulation circuitry, per se.
Subclass:
203
With noise reduction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 202. Subject matter
including circuitry to distinguish between target echoes and
noise pulses.
Subclass:
204
With pulse shaping:
This subclass is indented under subclass 202. Subject matter
including circuitry for altering the radar pulse shape,
bandwidth or spectrum.
Subclass:
205
Sensitivity time control (STC):
This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Subject matter
including means to vary the gain (sensitivity) of the radar
receiver as a function of time within each pulse repetition
interval or observation time in order to prevent overloading
of the receiver by strong echoes from targets or clutter at
close ranges.
Subclass:
350
DIRECTIVE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Devices and processes for sending or receiving radio wave
energy which is characterized by some quality that varies
according to the relative direction or position of the sender
or receiver.
(1) Note. The received wave is not the reflected or
returned transmitted wave.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
1 through 205+, for similar systems which involve "echo" or
reflected wave reception (radar systems) including directive
systems of the reflected wave type.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communications: Electrical, 22 for traffic and vehicle
direction or position indicators using electrical
communication apparatus.
343, Communications: Radio Wave Antennas, 700 for directive
antenna and antenna array structures.
370, Multiplex Communications, appropriate subclasses for
nondirective type systems or devices involving the
transmission or reception of multiplexed signals, per se.
375, Pulse or Digital Communications, appropriate subclasses
for nondirective type systems or devices involving the
transmission or reception of pulse or digital signals, per
se.
434, Education and Demonstration, 1 and 29+ for devices for
instructing or training in the characteristics or operation
of navigational apparatus including radio beacons, blind
landing systems, radio direction finders, etc.
455, Telecommunications, appropriate subclasses for
nondirective signal transmission or reception systems, per
se.
701, Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative
Location, 200 for computer navigation systems using
electrical computers or data processors.
Subclass:
351
Including a radiometer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter
including means to measure the signal strength of the radio
wave energy.
Subclass:
352
Including a satellite:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter
wherein the radio wave energy is transmitted or received by
an object in space, in orbit about the earth.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
370, Multiplex Communications, subclass 324 for
synchronization in time division multiple access satellite
communications.
455, Telecommunications, 12.1 for roulette space
satellites.
Subclass:
353
Having a signal repeater:
This subclass is indented under subclass 352. Subject matter
wherein the satellite retransmits the directive signal to a
remote receiver.
Subclass:
354
With beam steering:
This subclass is indented under subclass 352. Subject matter
wherein the position of satellite antenna beam is changed by
electrical means.
Subclass:
355
With control of satellite attitude:
This subclass is indented under subclass 352. Subject matter
wherein the attitude of the satellite is controlled by a
signal from a remote transmitter.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
358 for correction of satellite transmission signals by a
signal from a remote transmitter.
Subclass:
356
Synchronous satellite:
This subclass is indented under subclass 352. Subject matter
wherein the satellite speed in orbit is matched to the speed
of rotation of the earth on its axis.
Subclass:
357.01
With position indicating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 352. Subject matter
wherein the satellite aids in locating an object.
Subclass:
357.02
With accuracy enhancing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.01. Subject
matter including means to elevate the degree of correctness
of the position.
Subclass:
357.03
Using differential correction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.02. Subject
matter wherein the degree of correctness is determined by
comparing measured values with predetermined values.
Subclass:
357.04
With ambiguity resolving:
Subject matter under 357.02 wherein an equivocation in
possible positions are resoluted.
Subclass:
357.05
Using Doppler frequency shift:
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.01. Subject
matter wherein position is determined using the magnitude of
the change in the observed wave cycles per time when the
satellite and object are moving with respect to each other.
Subclass:
357.06
Using Global Positioning Satellites (GPS or GLONASS):
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.01. Subject
matter wherein the position is determined from the
constellation of satellites known as GPS or GLONASS.
Subclass:
357.07
Tracking or monitoring (i.e. lost or stolen devices):
Subject matter under 357.06 wherein the position is used to
trace or observe the location of a person, device or
vehicle.
Subclass:
357.08
Determining relative positions (i.e., distance or
direction):
Subject matter under 357.06 wherein the GPS position is used
to determine distances or directions between users,
locations, or receiving devices.
Subclass:
357.09
With transmission of location-indicative information to or
from a remote station:
Subject matter under 357.06 in which location information, in
raw or processed form, is sent or received from a
substantially distant location, e.g., house, motor vehicle,
mobile telephone.
Subclass:
357.1
Combined with telecommunications:
Subject matter under 357.06 wherein a location receiver is
combined with a cellular or satellite communication system.
Subclass:
357.11
Attitude determination:
Subject matter under 357.06 wherein the orientation of an
object is ascertained.
Subclass:
357.12
GPS receiver signal processing:
Subject matter under 357.06 including the details of the
hardware or software used in manipulating the received
satellite signal.
Subclass:
357.13
With storage device (i.e., map or database):
Subject matter under 357.06 wherein the position is utilized
in combination with a cartographic or topographic
representation, chart, atlas, etc. to either retrieve or
store information.
Subclass:
357.14
Combined with secondary navigation system (i.e., LORAN,
gyroscope, inertial, dead reckoning, etc.):
Subject matter under 357.06 wherein the GPS determined
position is combined or utilized in conjunction with
alternate position-determining data from e.g., LORAN,
gyroscope, inertial, and dead reckoning.
Subclass:
357.15
Satellite selection (i.e., tracking or acquisition):
Subject matter under 357.06 including hardware for choosing a
particular man-made orbiting object.
(1) Note. Included in this subclass are systems which (1)
select the most suitable satellite or (2) recaptures lost
satellite signals due to e.g., traveling through a tunnel.
Subclass:
357.16
Using low Earth orbit (telecommunications) satellites:
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.01. Subject
matter wherein the man-made object s path is in a low Earth
orbit.
(1) Note. Included in this subclass are satellites
primarily used for telecommunications.
Subclass:
357.17
With particular action taken responsive to position (i.e.,
excavating, farming, surveying, etc.)
This subclass is indented under subclass 357.01. wherein
upon the object being located, a function, such as crop
dusting, advertising, geocoding, earthmoving, or
constructing, is subsequently performed.
Subclass:
358
With satellite signal correction:
This subclass is indented under subclass 352. Subject matter
wherein the signal sent by the satellite is corrected by a
signal sent from a remote transmitter.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
355 for correction of satellite attitude by a signal from a
remote transmitter.
Subclass:
359
Including antenna orientation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter
including means to orient an antenna to a predetermined
position.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
422 for self-orienting antennas.
Subclass:
360
Including antenna pattern plotting:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter
including apparatus for providing a s:graphical
representation of the radiation properties of an antenna as a
function of space coordinates.
(1) Note. Radiation properties include power flux density,
field strength, phase and polarization.
Subclass:
361
Including polarized signal communication transmitter or
receiver:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter
including a transmitter/receiver apparatus which utilizes
radio wave energy have a quality that varies according to the
polarization of the signal.
(1) Note. Since all radio systems have a transmitted wave
which is polarized, this and indented subclasses include only
those systems whose operation depends on, or is specially
designed to produce, a particular mode of polarization.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
333, Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, subclass 21 for
polarization converters (waveguide).
343, Communications: Radio Wave Antennas, subclass 756 for
antennas with polarization converter or filter.
Subclass:
362
Receiver only:
This subclass is indented under subclass 361. Subject matter
including polarized signal receiving apparatus only.
Subclass:
363
Circular:
This subclass is indented under subclass 362. Subject matter
including the simultaneous transmission of vertically and
horizontally polarized radio waves, such that a vector
representing the waves has a constant magnitude and varies
continuously about a point.
Subclass:
364
Elliptical:
This subclass is indented under subclass 362. Subject matter
including the polarization of the signal such that the wave
vector for the signal rotates in an elliptical orbit about a
point.
Subclass:
365
Circular:
This subclass is indented under subclass 361. Subject matter
including the simultaneous transmission of vertically and
horizontally polarized radio waves, such that a vector
representing the waves has a constant magnitude and varies
continuously about a point.
Subclass:
366
Elliptical:
This subclass is indented under subclass 361. Subject matter
including the polarization of the signal such that the wave
vector for the signal rotates in an elliptical orbit about a
point.
Subclass:
367
Including directive communication system:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter
including a system for sending or receiving information for
some purpose other than direction finding.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
370, Multiplex Communications, appropriate subclasses for
nondirective type systems including the transmission of
multiplexed information signals.
375, Pulse or Digital Communications, appropriate subclasses
for nondirective type systems including the transmission or
pulse or digital information signals, per se.
455, Telecommunications, appropriate subclasses for
nondirective signal transmission/reception systems, per se.
Subclass:
368
Including a steerable array:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter
wherein an antenna array directional beam is adjusted by
electrical means.
Subclass:
369
Injection radiation type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter
wherein a receiving station includes means for emitting
signals of such character as to facilitate the alignment of
the directional pattern of the receiver with the direction of
travel of the received signal.
(1) Note. Usually, the emitted signal is received by
different antenna elements of an array along with the
received signal with which it combines to accentuate the
difference in phase or some other characteristic of the
signal as received in the different antenna elements.
Subclass:
370
Retrodirective:
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter
wherein a beam pattern is steered in the exact reverse
direction of the direction of a received wave.
Subclass:
371
With electronic scanning:
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter
wherein a beam of radio-frequency energy is directed
successively over the antenna array elements of a given
region of the corresponding process in reception.
(1) Note. For example, the phase of the
transmitted/received signals are shifted in a particular
manner.
Subclass:
372
Controlled:
This subclass is indented under subclass 371. Subject matter
including means to regulate the scanning angle of the array
antennas.
(1) Note. For example, the input to or the output from the
antenna array is used to produce various antenna scan angle
control signals.
Subclass:
373
With a matrix:
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter
including an orderly two-dimensional array of circuit
elements.
Subclass:
374
With a switch:
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter
including a connect/disconnect or circuit selector means in
the interface between the steerable array and the electrical
steering circuitry.
Subclass:
375
With a delay line (e.g., serpentine transmission line,
frequency scanning):
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter
including a transmission line or equivalent device designed
to retard a signal or wave for a predetermined length of
time.
Subclass:
376
Including a remote energy source:
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter
including a separate transmitter of radio wave energy which
is located apart from the steerable antenna array, and which
drives the array.
Subclass:
377
Including a computer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Subject matter
including a device capable of accepting electronic signal
information and performing arithmetic and logical operations
with the information to supply a signal to the steerable
antenna array circuitry.
Subclass:
378
Utilizing correlation techniques:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter
wherein the directive communication includes circuitry which
provides a relationship between the signals from two or more
antennas.
(1) Note. Generally, this subclass does not provide for
correlation between transmitted and received signals of the
radar or sonar type.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
1 through 205+, for radar devices using correlation
techniques.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
367, Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave System And
Devices, appropriate subclass for sonar devices using
correlation techniques.
708, Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and
Calculating, 422 for correlation techniques involving the
use of an electrical digital computer.
Subclass:
379
Side lobe elimination:
This subclass is indented under subclass 378. Subject matter
wherein a receiving apparatus utilizing correlation
techniques suppresses at least one portion of the beam from
an antenna other than the main lobe.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
455, Telecommunications, 283 for undesired signal or noise
control in telecommunication systems.
Subclass:
380
Sum of each antenna channel signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 379. Subject matter
wherein the receiving apparatus contains at least two antenna
channels (main and auxiliary) which are connected to a
summing circuit.
Subclass:
381
Difference of each antenna channel signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 379. Subject matter
wherein the receiving apparatus contain at least two antenna
channels (main and auxiliary) which are connected to a
subtraction circuit.
Subclass:
382
Mixing each antenna channel signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 379. Subject matter
wherein the receiving apparatus contains at least two antenna
channels (main and auxiliary) which are connected to a mixing
circuit.
Subclass:
383
Sum of each antenna channel signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 378. Subject matter
wherein the receiving apparatus contains at least two antenna
channels (main and auxiliary) which are connected to a
summing circuit.
Subclass:
384
Difference of each antenna channel signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 378. Subject matter
wherein the receiving apparatus contains at least two antenna
channels (main and auxiliary) which are connected to a
subtraction circuit.
Subclass:
385
Beacon or receiver:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter
including means for sending or receiving distinctive
directive signals.
(1) Note. By "directive" signals is meant signals which
denote course, direction, or orientation.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
450 for position indicating involving the use of signals
which have no distinctive bearing or position determinative
characteristics.
Subclass:
386
With transmission of bearing or position determinative
signals:
This subclass is indented under subclass 385. Subject matter
including one or more radiating stations whose radiated
energy when received, allows a determination of the location
of the receiving station in one or more lines or planes
having known fixed locations relative to the radiating
stations.
(1) Note. Frequently two or more bearing determinations are
used to fix the position of the receiving station by
intersection of bearing lines or planes.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
450 for position indicating involving the use of signals
which have no distinctive bearing or position determination
characteristics.
Subclass:
387
Iso-chronic type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 386. Subject matter
wherein a distinctive signal or pulse, emitted by one
radiating station, and a similar signal or pulse, emitted by
a second remote radiating station and bearing a fixed time
relationship to the first signal or pulse, are received by a
navigation receiver and compared as to their time
relationship.
(1) Note. The time difference in the signals is a measure
of the difference in distances between the receiving station
and each of the radiating stations thereby enabling the
fixing of the position of the receiving station along a
hyperbola or hyperboloid which are the loci of all points in
space having a constant difference in distance to the
radiating stations. These loci are known as "iso-chromes".
Subclass:
388
Loran:
This subclass is indented under subclass 387. Subject matter
wherein the radiating stations comprise a master and two or
more slave stations.
(1) Note. Usually they are installed along a coastline to
serve vehicles on or over the ocean.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
701, Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative
Location, subclass 219 for computerized navigation apparatus
using Loran equipment.
Subclass:
389
Loran-C:
This subclass is indented under subclass 388. Subject matter
wherein the loran system provides a coarse measurement of
time-difference through the matching of pulse envelopes, and
a fine measurement by the comparing of phase between the
carrier wave.
(1) Note. Loran-C is generally useful to distance of 1,000
to 1,500 nautical miles (1,850 to 2,800 kilometers) over
water; it uses a baseline of about 500 nautical miles and
operates at approximately 100 kilohertz.
(2) Note. A typical example of Loran-C system would include
a master station nine at a repetition rate of 10 to 25 groups
per second with a spacing of 1,000 micro sec between the
pulses of a group; a slave station which after a delay of at
least the one-way time from master to slave, plus and
additional 2,000 micro sec transmits an eight pulse group,
also spaced 1,000 micro sec and later still another slave
station which transmits a similar group, and wherein the
apparatus receiving these pulses conducts the following
operations. (1) Searching for the master signal; (2)
Identifying it by repetition rate and phase code; (3) Locking
a local reference oscillator onto the master signals; (4)
Locking onto the two or more slave signals; and (5)
Determining their time difference from the master (commonly
these differences are manually translated to hyperbolic lines
on a chart).
Subclass:
390
With cycle selection:
This subclass is indented under subclass 389. Subject matter
providing cycle tracking of received master an slave
transmissions on a predetermined cycle identified from a
predetermined Loran pulse envelope point.
Subclass:
391
Loran-A:
This subclass is indented under subclass 389. Subject matter
wherein the Loran system provides time-difference measurement
by matching the leading edges of the pulses (usually with an
oscilloscope).
(1) Note. Loran-A is generally useful to distances of 500
to 1,500 nautical miles (900 to 2,800 kilometers) over water
and it uses a baseline of about 300 nautical miles 550
kilometers) while operating at approximately 2 megahertz.
(2) Note. A typical example of a Loran-A system would
include a master station transmission of pulses which are
received and rebroadcast by the slave stations to be
ultimately received by the vehicular receiver which measures
the differential delay between reception of the master pulses
and slave pulse (usually by oscilloscope observation of the
time difference), and for each such differential time, there
is a hyperbolic line of position with master and slave as
foci, wherein the intersection of two such lines, one from
each slave, provides a fix (commonly the oscilloscope readout
is manually translated to a chart on which the hyperbolic
lines are already printed).
(3) Note. Various chains or Loran-A systems are
distinguished from each other by using three carrier
frequencies and twenty four sets of pulse repetition rates.
Subclass:
392
With automatic gain control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 387. Subject matter
including means to regulate by automatically equalizing or
otherwise compensating for differences in the received signal
strength in the navigation receiver.
Subclass:
393
Iso-frequency type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 386. Subject matter
in which similar frequency modulated signals or pulses,
simultaneously emitted by two or more remote radiating
stations, are received and compared as to their instantaneous
frequencies.
(1) Note. The difference in frequencies between the two
received signals is a measure of the difference in the times
required for the radiations to travel to the receiving
station and so is a function of the difference in distance
between each radiating station and the receiving station,
thereby enabling the fixing of the position of the receiving
station along a known hyperbola or hyperboloid which are the
loci of all points in space having a constant difference in
distances to the radiating stations.
Subclass:
394
Iso-phase type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 386. Subject matter
wherein a distinctive signal or pulse in emitted by one
radiating station and a similar signal or pulse (bearing a
know, fixed phase relationship to the first signal or pulse)
is emitted by a second remote radiating station, and wherein
both are received and compared as to their phase relationship
by a receiving station to provide a measure of the difference
in distance between each radiating station and the receiving
station, thereby enabling the fixing of the receiving station
position along a known hyperbola or hyperboloid which are the
loci of all points in space having a constant difference in
distances to the radiating stations.
Subclass:
395
With hetrodyne synchronization:
This subclass is indented under subclass 394. Subject matter
including spaced transmitting stations which are not phase
synchronized.
(1) Note. The transmitted signals are received by a fixed
reference or link station and hetrodyned. The resulting beat
frequency is transmitted to the mobile craft for phase
comparison with a beat frequency developed in the craft from
direct reception of the signals from the spaced transmitting
stations.
Subclass:
396
Omega:
This subclass is indented under subclass 394. Subject matter
wherein hyperbolic lines of position are determined by
measuring the changes in distances from the transmitters by
counting radio-frequency wavelengths in space or lanes
(iso-phase lines) as a vehicle moves from a known position,
the lanes being counted by phase comparison with a stable
oscillator aboard the vehicle.
(1) Note. Omega is a very-long-distance navigation system
which operates at approximately 10 kilohertz usually
transmitting signals in long bursts of continuous waves every
10 seconds.
Subclass:
397
Decca:
This subclass is indented under subclass 394. Subject matter
wherein sets of hyperbolic lines of position are determined
by comparison of the phase of (1) one reference continuous
wave signal from a centrally located master transmitter with
(2) each of several continuous wave signals from plural slave
transmitter located in a star pattern, each about 70 nautical
miles (130 kilometers) from the master.
(1) Note. Decca is a radio navigation system which
transmits on several frequencies near 100 kilohertz and is
generally useful to about 200 nautical miles (370
kilometers).
(2) Note. A typical decca transmitting chain comprises a
master station which is referred to by the "color" of the
phase meter associated with each at the receiver. Each
station transmits a stable continuous-wave frequency that
bears a fixed relationship to the frequencies of other three
stations, and therefore phase comparison produces a family of
hyperbolic lines of position where the phases are equal (the
spaces between the lines are called lanes).
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
701, Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative
Location, subclass 219 for computerized navigation apparatus
using decca equipment.
Subclass:
398
Rotating beacon signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 386. Subject matter
wherein the direction of the beacon radiation is continuously
changing.
Subclass:
399
TACAN:
This subclass is indented under subclass 398. Subject matter
including a complete ultra-high-frequency polar coordinate
(RHO-THETA) navigation system using pulse techniques, wherein
the distance (RHO) function operates as distance measuring
equipment (DME) and the bearing function is derived by
rotating the ground transmitter antenna so as to obtain a
rotating multiple pattern for coarse and fine bearing
information.
(1) Note. A typical TACAN system is comprised of the
following: (a) a parasitic antenna element rotating at 900
RPM, generating an amplitude-modulated pattern at 15HZ, with
phase proportional to the bearing of the receiver, (b) nine
other parasitic elements, also rotating at 900 RPM,
generating a multilobe pattern at 135 HZ, to improve the
bearing accuracy; and (c) Reference pulses at 15 and 135 HZ
to which the above variable phase signals are compared in the
receiver to establish its bearing.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
701, Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative
Location, subclass 218 forcomputer navigation apparatus
using TACAN equipment.
Subclass:
400
Receiver only:
This subclass is indented under subclass 398. Subject matter
comprising apparatus used in the reception of the rotating
beacon signal.
Subclass:
401
VOR:
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Subject matter
including receiver means operating at VHF and providing
radial lines of position in any direction as determined by
comparing the phase of the beacon signal, which is a variable
modulated signal, with that of a nondirectional reference
modulated signal, within the receiver.
(1) Note. The variable signal has a phase relative to the
reference signal which is different for each bearing point of
the receiver from the beacon station.
(2) Note. A typical VOR system operates in the following
manner: (a) The ground station (beacon) radiates a cardioid
pattern that rotates at 30 CPS, generating a 30 Hz sine wave
at the output of any airborne receiver; (b) The ground
station also radiates and omni directional signal, modulated
with a fixed 30 Hz reference tone; (c) The phase between the
two 30 Hz tones varies directly with the bearing of the
aircraft.
(3) Note. VOR us as abbreviation for VHF or omnirange.
Subclass:
402
Doppler:
This subclass is indented under subclass 401. Subject matter
wherein the variable signal has been developed by
sequentially feeding a radio-frequency signal to a
multiplicity of antennas and detecting the subsequent "Shift
in the signal frequency" by the receiver.
(1) Note. The operation of feeding the signal sequentially
to the antennas simulates the rotation of a single antenna.
(2) Note. Doppler effect is the observed change of the
frequency of a wave caused by a time rate of change of the
effective distance travelled by the wave between the source
and the point of observation.
Subclass:
403
With circular array of antennas:
This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Subject matter
wherein the antennas are arranged in a ring shaped pattern.
Subclass:
404
VOR:
This subclass is indented under subclass 398. Subject matter
including means operating at VHF and providing radial lines
of position in any direction as determined by comparing
within the receiving equipment the phase of variably
modulated beacon signal with that of a modulated
nondirectional reference signal.
(1) Note. The variable signal has a phase relative to the
reference signal which is different for watch bearing point
of the receiver from the beacon station.
Subclass:
405
Doppler:
This subclass is indented under subclass 404. Subject matter
wherein the variable signal has been developed by
sequentially feeding a radio-frequency signal to a
multiplicity of antennas and detecting the subsequent "Shift
in the signal frequency" by the receiver.
(1) Note. The operation of feeding the signal sequentially
to the antennas simulates the rotation of a single antenna.
(2) Note. Doppler effect is the observed change of the
frequency of a wave caused by a time rate of change of the
effective distance travelled by the wave between the source
and the point of observation.
Subclass:
406
With circular array of antennas:
This subclass is indented under subclass 405. Subject matter
wherein the antennas are arrayed in a ring shaped pattern.
Subclass:
407
Fixed course of bearing indicating:
This subclass is indented under subclass 386. Subject matter
wherein signals transmitted from one or more beacons are so
modulated or directed that a characteristic signal or lack of
signal is received so long as the receiver is maintained
within a fixed bearing line or plane.
(1) Note. Usually a plurality of directional radiators are
so arranged that they have overlapping directional patterns,
the signal received in the overlap region determining the
bearing or course.
Subclass:
408
Moving beam:
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter
wherein the transmitted signal changes direction.
Subclass:
409
With superimposed images:
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter
wherein superposition of two or more visual images is
presented within the field of view of an aircraft pilot as an
aid to landing or navigation.
(1) Note. Included are systems which superimpose either a
facsimile image of a landing area, or flight path marked
images, upon a screen so as to be viewed simultaneously with
the "real world" by the aircraft pilot.
Subclass:
410
Glide slope transmitter or receiver:
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter
including means to transmit or receive bearing line or plane
informating including the landing or take-off path of an
aircraft where the glide slope is the vertical guidance
portion of the path.
(1) Note. The glide slope antenna establishes a radiation
pattern is space from which a signal is derived proportional
to the vertical displacement from the glide path.
(2) Note. For example a modulated carrier signal by 90 and
150 Hz in a spatial pattern that allows the 90 Hz modulation
to be detected above the glide path at an amplitude
proportional to angular displacement from the path. Below
the glide path, the 90 Hz signals radiated by the antenna are
1805 out of phase and subtract leaving the 150 Hz signal to
be detected. Predominance of the 150 Hz signal causes a
"fly up" indication in the cross-pointer meter off light
direction; predominance of the 90 Hz signal causes a "fly
down" signal.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communications: Electrical, 945 for airport traffic
control systems including landing guidance observable
electrical signal indicators.
Subclass:
411
Receiver only:
This subclass is indented under subclass 410. Subject matter
including only the apparatus to receive the beacon signal.
Subclass:
412
Transmitter only:
This subclass is indented under subclass 410. Subject matter
including only apparatus to transmit a glide slope signal.
Subclass:
413
Localizer transmitter or receiver:
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter
including transmission or reception of signals for the
lateral guidance of aircraft with respect to the center line
of a runway.
(1) Note. The localizer course is aligned with the
projected runway center line. The carrier is modulated at 90
and 150 Hz in a spatial pattern that makes the 90 Hz
modulation predominate when the aircraft is to the left of
the course, with a difference in depth modulation
proportional to the angular displacement from the course.
The left-right cross-pointer meter or flight director show
"fly right" when it receivers 90 Hz signals. To the right of
the course the 90 Hz signals subtract, leaving the
predominant 150 Hz signal proportional to the displacement
from the course.
Subclass:
414
Distinctive frequencies equi-signal type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Subject matter
in which a beacon is caused to radiate along two fixed,
angularly disposed, directional patterns with radiations in
each pattern being given a modulation which is a distinctive
frequency.
(1) Note. The different frequencies when received in equal
or proportional strengths, given an indication that the
receiver is located on course, while predominance of one
frequency over the other indicates the sense of the deviation
from course.
Subclass:
415
Coded equi-signal (e.g., A and N type):
This subclass is indented under subclass 414. Subject matter
in which a beacon is caused to alternately radiate in
accordance with either one of two fixed angularly disposed
directional patterns with the alternations being so timed
that the radiation is each pattern is interrupted in
accordance with a code which is distinctive with that
pattern.
(1) Note. Classified here are patents on range beacons of
the "A and N" type in which one pattern radiates a dot and a
dash (A) and the other radiates a dash and a dot (N) which
when received in equal strength by a single receiver combine
to produce an uninterrupted signal indicative of the fact
that the receiver is on course, while predominance of either
the "A" or the "N" over the other indicates the sense of
the deviation from course.
Subclass:
416
Sequentially effective reflectors:
This subclass is indented under subclass 414. Subject matter
in which the alteration of the directional patterns is
produced by alternating the effectiveness of two reflecting
units.
Subclass:
417
Direction-finding receiver only:
This subclass is indented under subclass 385. Subject matter
including a receiver station which is capable of determining
the time of travel or bearing of the received signals with
respect to the station.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
147 for reflected (radar) or otherwise returned radio wave
systems which include a direction finding receiver.
386 for systems under subclass 350 which include a
directional transmitting station and a receiving station so
that the location of the receiving station in a line or plane
with respect to the transmitting station may be determined.
407 for receivers especially designed to receive a
characteristic signal or lack of signals transmitted from one
or more beacons, so long as the receiver is maintained within
a fixed bearing line or plane.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
329, Demodulators, appropriate subclasses for demodulators of
modulated wave energy.
Subclass:
418
Doppler:
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter
wherein the received signals have an apparent change in
frequency due to the doppler effect.
(1) Note. Doppler effect is the observed change of the
frequency of a wave caused by a time rate of change of the
effective distance travelled by the wave between the source
and the point of observation.
Subclass:
419
Portable:
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter
wherein the direction finding receiver is capable of being
carried or conveyed.
Subclass:
420
With error or deviation compensator or eliminator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter
including means which apply to the direction indication, a
correction for known errors of the indication or for a
desired deviation from the indication, or which are provided
with means to eliminate or reduce the effects of unwanted
signals or for deviations in the signal wave caused by
disturbing influences.
(1) Note. This subclass contains patents for systems in
which means are provided to compensate for or to eliminate
the errors caused by metallic masses. Many of the systems in
this subclass are designed for use on ships and airplanes
where large metallic masses and other disturbing devices are
located near the receiver. Included are systems where a
screen is applied between the mass and the receiving antenna,
and systems which include means so that the reading obtained
is corrected for known errors. In the indented subclass are
systems where the wave transmitted is in the form of pulses,
the system being provided with means to eliminate or
compensate for unwanted signal pulses, such as reflected sky
waves.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
358 for satellite signal correction means.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
714, Error Detection/Correction and Fault Detection/Recovery,
appropriate subclasses for electrical signal error
correction/compensation, per se.
Subclass:
421
Pulse-type noise elimination or compensation (e.g., sky
waves):
This subclass is indented under subclass 420. Subject matter
wherein the signal is in the form of pulses.
(1) Note. The systems in this subclass are usually provided
with means to eliminate or compensate for unwanted signal
pulses, such as reflected sky waves.
Subclass:
422
With self-orienting antenna pattern:
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter
wherein the receiver automatically alters its directional
characteristic to coincide with the line of travel of
selected radio waves.
Subclass:
423
Plural antennas:
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Subject matter
wherein the receiver apparatus includes more than one
antenna.
Subclass:
424
Tracking interferometer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 423. Subject matter
wherein means for the combined reception pattern of the
antennas is automatically adjusted to direction of and in
response to, an incoming signal.
(1) Note. Usually the signals received by the antenna are
compared in a phase discriminator.
Subclass:
425
Conical scan antenna type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Subject matter
wherein the antenna of the receiver is operated in a conical
pattern about a pointing axis of the tracking system.
Subclass:
426
Step track antenna type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Subject matter
wherein the antenna of the receiver is aimed at a signal
source through rotation in discrete angular steps about an
axis.
(1) Note. The direction of the antenna rotation is
controlled usually by signals developed from incoming signal
strength comparison.
Subclass:
427
Monopulse or pseudo monopulse tracking antenna type:
This subclass is indented under subclass 422. Subject matter
wherein tracking of the signal source is accomplished by
comparing overlapping pattern or lobe signals received by the
receiver antenna to determine any discrepancy between the
direction of the signal source, and any discrepancy is
reduced to pointing error signals used for correcting the
pointing direction of the antenna.
Subclass:
428
With continuously movable antenna pattern:
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter
wherein means are provided for constantly altering a
direction characteristic of the receiver.
(1) Note. The alteration of the directional characteristic
is frequently by rotation of a directional antenna for the
receiver.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
398 rotating transmitting beacons.
Subclass:
429
Including a stationery antenna:
This subclass is indented under subclass 428. Subject matter
including a separate antenna that has an antenna pattern
which does not move.
Subclass:
430
Including plural moving antennas:
This subclass is indented under subclass 428. Subject matter
including more than one antenna that changes position,
usually rotating about an axis.
Subclass:
431
Including a goniometer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 428. Subject matter
wherein means receiving energy from two or more antennas
having fixed angularly disposed directional characteristics,
sets up, adjacent an orientable pick up device, singularly
disposed fields whose resultant field bears a fixed angular
relation to the direction of the received energy.
Subclass:
432
With plural fixed antenna pattern comparing:
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter
wherein the receiving station provides for comparison of the
energy received by a plurality of fixed directional antennas
or by two antennas having dissimilar or received directional
characteristics.
Subclass:
433
Successively commutated:
This subclass is indented under subclass 432. Subject matter
wherein the receiver is periodically connected to the various
antennas in sequence.
Subclass:
434
Including more than antennas:
This subclass is indented under subclass 433. Subject matter
wherein more than two antennas are connected in sequence.
Subclass:
435
By diode switching:
This subclass is indented under subclass 433. Subject matter
wherein the receiver is periodically connected to the various
antennas by diode switching means.
Subclass:
436
By modulation:
This subclass is indented under subclass 433. Subject matter
wherein commutation is effected by varying the amplitude,
frequency, or phase of a wave by impressing one wave on
another wave of constant properties.
Subclass:
437
Including more than two antennas:
This subclass is indented under subclass 432. Subject matter
including more than two fixed directional antennas.
Subclass:
438
Including separate indicators:
This subclass is indented under subclass 432. Subject matter
wherein the comparison is made by use of two or more distinct
indicating devices.
Subclass:
439
Including combined effect indicator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 432. Subject matter
wherein comparison is made by a single indicating device
which is responsive to at least two of the quantities to be
compared.
Subclass:
440
Including a goniometer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 432. Subject matter
wherein means receiving energy from two or more antennas
having fixed angularly disposed directional characteristics,
sets up, adjacent an orientable pick up device, singularly
disposed fields whose resultant field bears a fix angular
relation to the direction of the received energy.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
336, Inductor Devices, 115 and the subclasses specified in
the Notes thereto for the structure of transformers with
relatively movable coils.
Subclass:
441
Having a goniometer:
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter
wherein means receiving energy from two or more antennas
having fixed angularly disposed directional characteristics,
sets up, adjacent an orientable pick up device, singularly
disposed fields whose resultant field bears a fixed angular
relation to the direction of the received energy.
Subclass:
442
Having a phase detector:
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter
wherein the received signals are coupled to a phase detector
to provide resultant bearing signal.
Subclass:
443
Having a direction indicator:
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter
wherein the receiver includes a direction indicating device.
Subclass:
444
Having plural receivers:
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter
wherein each received signal is connected to a separate
receiver.
Subclass:
445
Having more than two antennas:
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter
wherein the direction finding receiver is coupled to more
than two antennas.
Subclass:
446
Unequal distance between at least three antennas:
This subclass is indented under subclass 445. Subject matter
wherein the distance from the first receiving antenna to the
second receiving receiving antenna is different than the
distance from the second receiving antenna to the third
receiving antenna.
Subclass:
447
Having a spiral antenna:
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter
wherein the direction finding receiver is coupled to an
antenna which has the form of a helix.
Subclass:
448
Having a coil or loop type antenna:
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter
wherein the direction finding receiver is coupled to an
antenna which consists of one or more loops of wire.
Subclass:
449
Having a moving antenna:
This subclass is indented under subclass 417. Subject matter
wherein the direction finding receiver is coupled to an
antenna which changes position, usually around an axis and is
not classified elsewhere.
Subclass:
450
Position indicating (e.g., triangulation):
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Subject matter
including apparatus for determining the position in space of
an object, vehicle or atmospheric condition by the reception
of signals not having distinctive bearing or position
determinative characteristics.
(1) Note. Usually position is fixed by triangulation using
two or more bearing determinations.
SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
357 for position indicating means including a satellite.
358 for beacons or receivers having means for sending or
receiving distinctive directive signals which may be used to
determine the position of an object.
Subclass:
451
By computers:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Subject matter
including the use of a device capable of accepting the signal
information and applying prescribed computational processes
to this form of the information for the determination of the
position indication.
(1) Note. Subject matter classified in this subclass must
include significant details of the structure of the
directional device or apparatus.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
701, Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative
Location, subclass 301 for computerized collision avoidance
equipment.
Subclass:
452
By plotting table:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Subject matter
including apparatus for indicating the position on a map.
Subclass:
453
By reflected or repeated signal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Subject matter
wherein the receiver signals have been deflected by an object
or a surface or have been retransmitted by a repeater
station.
(1) Note. The receiver is at a remote location from the
transmitter.
Subclass:
454
Traffic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Subject matter
wherein the positions of a plurality of vehicles or objects
are continuously monitored either with respect to each other
or to a common reference point of both.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communications: Electrical, 22 for traffic and vehicle
systems having position indicators.
701, Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative
Location, 1 for computerized vehicle collision systems.
Subclass:
455
Having collision avoidance:
This subclass is indented under subclass 454. Subject matter
including means to enable vehicles to steer clear of each
other or other obstacles.
(1) Note. Airborne collision avoidance equipment may
perform, for example, one or more of the following functions:
(a) Detecting all potentially dangerous aircraft in the
surrounding airspace; (b) Evaluating the actual occurrance or
miss distance of a collision hazard; (c) Determining the
precise maneuver needed, if any, to avoid a collision; (d)
Specifying when the maneuver should be initiated in order to
ensure safe clearance.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
701, Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative
Location, subclass 301 for computerized collision avoidance
systems.
Subclass:
456
Having traffic control:
This subclass is indented under subclass 454. Subject matter
including means to regulate the positions of the vehicles or
objects.
(1) Note. For example, air-traffic control would provide
for the safe, orderly and expeditious flow of aircraft to an
from the airspace around an airport.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
340, Communications: Electrical, 22 for traffic and vehicle
control systems having an indicator.
701, Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative
Location, 1 for computerized systems to control vehicles.
Subclass:
457
Land vehicle location (e.g., bus police car):
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Subject matter
wherein the position of a means of conveyance over dry
terrain is determined.
Subclass:
458
Distance:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Subject matter
including means to determine the extent of a space between
two points.
Subclass:
459
Underground object location:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Subject matter
wherein the position of an atmosphere disturbance or nuclear
detonation is determined.
Subclass:
460
Storm or atomic explosion location:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Subject matter
wherein the position of an atmospheric disturbance or nuclear
detonation is determined.
Subclass:
461
With speed determination:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Subject matter
including means to determine the velocity of an object.
SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, 160 for speed
measurement using electrical means, per se.
Subclass:
462
With altitude determination:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Subject matter
including means to determine the height above sea level of
air object.
Subclass:
463
Having plural transmitters or receivers:
This subclass is indented under subclass 450. Subject matter
wherein the position indicating device includes more than one
transmitter or receiver.
Subclass:
464
Plural transmitters only:
This subclass is indented under subclass 463. Subject matter
including more than one transmitter.
Subclass:
465
Plural receivers only:
This subclass is indented under subclass 463. Subject matter
including more than one receiver.
Information Products Division -- Contacts
Questions regarding this report should be directed to:
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
Information Products Division
PK3- Suite 441
Washington, DC 20231
tel: (703) 306-2600
FAX: (703) 306-2737
email: oeip@uspto.gov
Last Modified: 6 October 2000