GENERAL STATEMENT OF CLASS SUBJECT MATTER
This is the generic class for subject matter relating to working the earth in situ. Earth working involves physical treatment of the earth and includes beating, compacting, crushing, cultivating, cutting, digging, furrowing, harrowing, leveling, mixing, plowing, pulverizing, rolling, scraping, scratching, smoothing, and tilling.
The earth is usually worked by an earth working element carried on an apparatus traversing the ground but hand held tools such as hoes are also included.
This class also takes subject matter, not otherwise classified relating to the cutting and removal of sod or turf from the ground.
Apparatus comprising means other than earth working means supported on or attached to a vehicle for manipulation in a manner consistent with the use of the means as an earth working means is classifiable in this class if the means is identified in a claim by name only and the claim contains no feature otherwise inconsistent with classification in Class 172. However, lines with other classes have in many cases not
been cleared so that where the bulk of the existing art has been classified on a basis other than indicated above such classification is continued.
(1) Note. CLAIMS NOT CONTROLLING IN PATENTS PRIOR TO 1930. Patents prior to 1930 have not necessarily been classified by claims so that the placement of these old patents does not necessarily indicate lines of classification. In view of the large numbers of old patents in this class many of these patents have been classified in accordance with their total disclosure. This is especially true of the patents in subclasses 332+. Most of the patents, however, regardless of their age have been placed in accordance with their claimed subject matter.

LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
SUBJECT MATTER RELATING TO SNOW REMOVAL, TO WORKING THE EARTH FOR INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES, TO COMPACTING EARTH FOR ROADS OR PAVEMENT AND TO WORKING HARD MATERIAL IN SITU
Class 37, Excavating, generally relates to removing snow or to working the earth for industrial purposes as by making a ditch or moving earth by a conveyor or scoop. In many cases the devices found in Class 37 for these purposes are indistinguishable structurally from devices found in Class 172. Classification turns on emphasis for a certain use, such as snow removal or ditch digging. Class 37 formerly contained subclasses 143 through 181 entitled "Scrapers" which included subject matter relating to scraping the earth by means of a blade or such subject matter in combination with other earth working means such as harrows or rollers. The devices in these subclasses were typically road graders or bulldozers for working or moving the earth for industrial purposes. These subclasses were abolished and the art found in them was for the most part incorporated into Class 172 and is to be found in subclasses 4.5, 26.5, 26.6, 777-809 and other appropriate subclasses. Some of the art was specialized to ditch filling and was placed in Class 37 subclass 142.5. The remaining patents were not drawn to scraping blades or such blades combined with simple earth working means and were transferred to appropriate subclasses in Class 37 or other classes. Class 37, subclasses 104+, Railway Graders, and subclasses 381+, Road-Grader Type, were not cleared. Patents in these subclasses should be drawn to devices more specialized than the general utility scrapers or "road graders" which were classified in abolished subclasses 143-181.
Class 299, Mining or In Situ Disintegration of Hard Material, as the title indicates, generally provides for the working of hard earth material such as rock and also the working of ice in situ. However, a tool which is actually of general utility in earth working, such as a ripper tooth or scraper and traverses the earth without relative movement with respect to its support (as by rolling or cyclical driving) is classifiable in Class 172 even if solely disclosed for
disintegrating rock.
Class 404, Road Structure, Process, or Apparatus, subclasses 117, 121, and 122+, for a roller device which performs a simple compacting function on the earth. See the note to Class 172, under the class definition of Class 404.
JOINTS
Many of the patents relating to earth working devices claim joints between parts of the device. A claim to a joint between two disclosed earth working portions of an earth working apparatus, e.g., a claim to a joint between a plow share and moldboard, is classifiable in Class 172, subclasses 681+. Also, a claim to an overload release joint between implement parts, e.g., between a tractor and a device solely disclosed as an earth working type of implement, is classifiable in Class 172, subclasses 261+ and a claim to a spring biased joint for biasing an earth working tool is classifiable in Class 172, subclasses 705+. However, other claims to joints, per se, are classifiable in the various classes relating to joints. Thus, joints of general application are classifiable in Class 403, Joints and Connections. An articulated joint between a tractor and a trailing vehicle, as long as that vehicle is not solely disclosed as an implement, is classifiable in Class 280, Land Vehicles, subclasses 400+.
The Search Notes below also contain lines with other classes.

REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
7, Compound Tools, appropriate subclasses for miscellaneous compound tools, especially subclass 115 for a cutter combined with a pitch fork and subclass 116 for a cutter combined with a spade or shovel (e.g., a bayonet and a shovel). Hand tools comprising combinations of various earth working portions are classifiable in Class 172, Earth Working.
15, Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning, appropriate subclasses for cleaners, including scrapers. Class 172 takes cleaners for cleaning earth working parts, which cleaners are intended to be attached to the earth working apparatus.
16, Miscellaneous Hardware, subclasses 110+ for handles for earth working devices, such as plows or hoes.
29, Metal Working, subclass 14 for machines and processes of making plow and cultivator irons, subclasses 891+ for processes of making agricultural devices, and see the subclasses there cited.
30, Cutlery, appropriate subclasses, for cutters of general
utility and cutters for merely making a slit in sod. A cutter for earth working purposes such as making a slit in the soil (e.g., a colter) is classifiable in Class 172. Thus a patent to a cutter with a claim restricted to earth working or a sole disclosure of earth working is classifiable in Class 172, except that a patent to a hand device with the cutting edge extending generally in the direction of the handle is classifiable in Class 30 even though it is restricted to earth working. Also a tool for merely cutting a plant below the surface of the earth is classifiable in Class 30.
37, Excavating, subclasses 196+ for snow- removing apparatus which may be identical with earth working apparatus except that it is disclosed as principally for snow removal, subclasses 307+ for dredging apparatus, subclasses 347+ especially subclasses 366+ for ditchers which may be very similar to earth working apparatus for Class 172 except that they are disclosed as making an industrial ditch or trench rather than a furrow, by more than mere scraping operation, subclasses 104+ for apparatus specialized to forming the bed or slopes of a railway, subclasses 381+ for apparatus specialized to working on roads and involving something more than mere scraping or earth working apparatus of general utility, subclasses 394+ for cable operated apparatus including cable operated scrapers involving more than the scraper, per se, and a cable attached to the scraper, subclasses 403+ for a scraper convertible to or combined with a scoop, shovel or other material pick up means, subclasses 411+ for scoops which are distinguishable from scrapers classified in Class 172 in that they have a bottom for transporting material, and appropriate subclasses for digging or moving earth in general.
47, Plant Husbandry, appropriate subclasses, especially subclass 1.01 and 58.1 for subject matter relating to earth working combined with other functions relating to plant husbandry such as heating the earth or spraying a plant. However, a moldboard type plow with heating means for the plow is classifiable in Class 172 subclass 755.
56, Harvesters, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to severing or chopping of crop material without disturbing the soil and also subject matter relating to gathering or raking crop material without substantially disturbing the soil. The line is essentially one of disclosed use. If a device is described as a nonearth disturbing harvesting device the patent is placed in Class 56 rather than Class 172 even if the structure claimed is the same as that which may be found in Class 172. An exception is that if a harvester is claimed by name only and the claim is otherwise drawn to merely a mounting or manipulating means which is consistent with the functioning of the named harvester as an earth working device then the patent may be classifiable in Class 172.
With respect to the stalk chopper art, if the chopper is disclosed as one which operates by the action of a cutter
member against the ground, without a ledger plate it is assumed that the soil is disturbed and classification in Class 172 results. Choppers operating above the ground level are classifiable in Class 56.
Generally Class 172 takes the combination of or the conversion between a Class 56 apparatus and a Class 172 apparatus, or an apparatus disclosed as having either an earth working or a harvesting function without change. Thus a Class 172 type lawn edger combined with or convertible to a harvester is found in Class 172, subclass 14, the combination of other types of Class 172 devices with a harvester is in Class 172, subclasses 27+ and the combination of a Class 172 device with a rake is in Class 172, subclasses 29+. An exception to the above is that a hand rake combined with or convertible to an earth working means is classifiable in Class 56, subclasses 400.04+.
60, Power Plants, subclasses 325+, especially subclass 427 for hydraulic-type power plants operated by liquid supplied from a pump. Many such power plants are used in earth working apparatus. A claim to a power plant for an earth working apparatus reciting only a tractor mounting for the plant and a rockshaft actuated by the power plant is classifiable in Class 60. If the claim goes beyond this and claims some detail of the apparatus which may be only a lift arm on the rockshaft or a draft sensing means it is classifiable in Class 172.
72, Metal Deforming, subclasses 462+ for dies for forming plow and cultivator irons.
74, Machine Element or Mechanism, appropriate subclasses for machine elements and mechanical movements, especially subclasses 11+ for power take-offs.
76, Metal Tools and Implements, Making, subclass 85 for attachments other than abrading attachments for sharpening earth working tools. An earth working apparatus combined with a sharpening device is in Class 172, subclass 437. However, when the earth working apparatus as claimed is only a support for the attachment the claim is classifiable in Class 76.
91, Motors: Expansible Chamber Type, appropriate subclasses for servomotors, per se. Many such servomotors are used in earth working apparatus. A claim to a servomotor for an earth working apparatus reciting only a tractor mounting and rockshaft operated by the motor is classifiable in Class 91. However, further detail such as a lift arm on the rockshaft or a draft sensing means causes classification in Class 172.
104, Railways, subclass 169 for apparatus for reciprocating an earth working device, claimed by name only, over the ground and subclass 244.1 for a vehicle or earth working device claimed by name only guided along a field by a furrow feeler. Class 172, subclass 23+ has significantly claimed earth working apparatus driven from or guided by a stationary
object or previously formed furrow.
111, Planting, appropriate subclasses for earth working means combined with planting means, especially subclasses 118+ for earth working means combined with means for inserting liquid or gas into the soil, subclasses 25+ for planting means with earth marking means, subclass 33 for earth marking means comprising means to make an intermittent mark in the earth to indicate the points where material should be planted, subclasses 52+ for frame arrangements, subclass 82 for hand propelled planters, and subclass 99 for dibbles. A Class 172 device generally may comprise the earth working subcombination of a planting device. A planter may be recited by name only as a support for an earth marker or an earth working tool in a claim classifiable in Class 172. A support for an earth working portion identified as a planting boot in a claim is not considered too much for Class 172.
152, Resilient Tires and Wheels, appropriate subclasses for tires and wheels which may be structurally similar to earth working apparatus but are not intended to have an earth working function.
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to unearthing and separating an object from the earth (e.g., a potato digger). A Class 172 device may cut plant roots as it traverses the ground or may turn a furrow which has objects in it such as potatoes but devices in Class 172 do not separate an object from the adjacent earth. A Class 172 device may be a subcombination of a Class 171 device; for example, a plow for Class 172 may lift earth with potatoes in it, the potatoes then being separated from the earth, the complete device being classifiable in Class 171.
173, Tool Driving or Impacting, appropriate subclass for subject matter directed to driving or impacting a tool, when such subject matter includes combined features peculiar to tool driving, but which does not include features limiting the subject matter to a specific tool art, such as specific shape of the work contacting portion of a tool, related tools, or an opposed work support, and see particularly subclasses 184+ driving or impacting means mounted on a wheeled vehicle. Class 172 has not been cleared as to subject matter in conflict with this line.
175, Boring or Penetrating the Earth, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to forming elongated holes in the earth. Apparatus for forming a plurality of small holes in the earth for aerating the soil or for like purposes is classifiable in Class 172, subclasses 21+.
180, Motor Vehicles, subclass 14.1 for vehicle trains comprising a tractor and a trailing vehicle which may be an implement claimed by name only, subclasses 53.1+ for devices in which the motor of the motor vehicle is used as a source of external power for a device which may be an implement
claimed by name only, and subclass 401 for power steering devices which may be controlled by a feeler element running in a furrow. An implement described in a claim as comprising a frame and an earth working means carried thereby is considered to be claimed by more than name only so that the claim would be classifiable in Class 172. The line between Class 172 and subclasses 53.1+ of Class 180 is set out in the Search Class Note of subclass 35 in class 172.
192, Clutches and Power-Stop Control, subclass 62 for plow-lifting type clutches, per se.
241, Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to comminuting or disintegrating material other than the earth in situ.
254, Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force, appropriate subclasses for lifting means of general utility for lifting a load, which means may be structurally similar to a means for manipulating an implement.
280, Land Vehicles, appropriate subclasses for the running gear or other feature of a general utility land vehicle, not restricted by disclosure to an earth working or harvesting implement. Attention is directed to subclass 1.5 for a vehicle with a means for engaging the body of a walking attendant; subclasses 6.15+ for a vehicle including means, interposed between the vehicle body, chassis, or frame and running gear thereof, for altering height or levelness of the vehicle body, chassis, or frame; subclasses 32.5+ for a vehicle with a worker's support or shade; subclass 32.7 for a vehicle including a riding attachment; subclasses 43+ for a vehicle including a wheel vertically movable relative to the running gear for the purpose of altering a dimension of the vehicle or a part thereof; subclass 47.11 for a vehicle including steering of other than a mere swinging axle by an attendant positioned about, rather than upon, the vehicle; subclasses 47.131+ for a tiltable vehicle stabilized by an article or an attendant; subclasses 47.34+ for handle-propelled vehicles; subclasses 82+ for tongue trucks; subclasses 98+ for vehicles having running gear specifically constructed to enable execution of arcuate travel within a reduced radius of curvature (i.e., short turn); subclass 108 for general utility vehicles including tongue antivibrators; subclasses 124.1+ for general utility vehicle running gear including suspension means; subclasses 137.5+ for general utility vehicle running gear including a turnable axle lacking suspension means; subclasses 160+ for means for fending obstacles from contact with the wheels of a vehicle; subclasses 400+ for an articulated vehicle or plural interconnected vehicles (i.e., vehicle train); subclasses 763.1+ for a vehicle with a retractable ground support; subclasses 771+ for vehicles including occupant controlled steering; subclasses 847+ for vehicle dust or mud guards; or subclasses 855+ for wheel scrapers and cleaners. Further, regarding an articulated vehicle or vehicle train as provided
in subclasses 400+ of this class (Class 280), particular attention is directed to subclasses 405.1+ for a load distribution connection between sections of the articulated vehicle or the plural vehicles, subclasses 411.1+ for multiple trailing vehicles, subclass 414.5 for a trailing vehicle having a vertically adjustable wheel, subclasses 415.1+ for a convertible interconnection between the articulated vehicles, subclass 419 for a steering connection between articulated vehicles, subclasses 420+ for articulated vehicles with service connections therebetween, subclasses 442+ for a wheel on a trailing vehicle steered by articulative movement between the vehicles, subclasses 446.1+ for condition responsive draft connections, subclasses 449+ for overload releasing draft connections, subclasses 456.1+ for plural laterally adjustable draft connections, subclass 476.1 for a wheel draft connection, subclasses 477+ for connection facilitating means in a draft connection, and subclass 490.1 for a vertically adjustable draft member, the adjustment being merely for the purpose of placing the draft member at a proper height for facilitating the connection between the articulated vehicles.
294, Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, subclasses 49+ for hand forks and shovels. Hand forks and shovels are distinguished from Class 172 apparatus such as a hand hoe in that the row of tines or blade extends in the general direction of the handle from an end thereof and is designed to engage and lift a load.
299, Mining or In Situ Disintegration of Hard Material, appropriate subclass for subject matter relating to recovering valuable material from the earth or breaking up hard, solid material in situ. In working the earth surface, the line between Class 172 and Class 299 turns on described hardness of material worked, Class 299 taking a cutter or device for working hard solid material in situ. Clay type earth or loose gravel is considered soft material whereas solid rock, coal or road pavement is considered hard material. However, a device for merely drawing a cutter back and forth like a plow even in a hard surface is classified in Class 172 if specific cutter structure is not recited.
301, Land Vehicles: Wheels and Axles, appropriate subclasses, especially subclass 41.1 for wheels which may be structurally indistinguishable from earth working tools but which are not intended to work the earth.
384, Bearings, subclass 157 for a plain bearing and 460 for an antifraction bearing for plow or colter disks which may include the bearing support.
403, Joints and Connections, appropriate subclasses for a joint between two members which does not involve any structure of the members other than that which cooperates to effect the joint.
404, Road Structure, Process, or Apparatus, subclass 117, for
an earth compacting roller with vibrating or impact means, subclass 121, for a sheep's foot roller, subclasses 122+, for a rotating drum, roller or tire to compact earth and subclasses 133.05+, for earth tamping means.
414, Material or Article Handling, appropriate subclasses.
418, Rotary Expansible Chamber Devices, for rotary expansible chamber-type pumps or motors, per se.
451, Abrading, subclasses 415+ for an abrasive attachment for sharpening earth working tools. An earth working apparatus combined with a sharpening device is in Class 172, subclass 437. However, where the earth working apparatus, as claimed, is only a support for the attachment, then classification is in Class 451.
492, Roll or Roller, for a nonearth working roll, per se, not elsewhere provided for, and see the notes thereunder.
D8, Tools and Hardware, subclasses 1+ for tools and implements for agriculture, forestry and horticulture.
D15, Machines Not Elsewhere Specified, subclasses 10+ for agricultural or construction machinery.

GLOSSARY:
ACTUATOR
A device comprising both a means for imparting movement to an element and a means for holding the moved element against returning to a position from which it has been moved. Thus, an actuator may comprise a servomotor, a mechanical power take-off from a motor or rolling wheel, a hand operated lever and ratchet or merely a handle and a bracket for holding the element moved by the handle in position. In the case of a mere handle actuator, however, the handle must be intended to be used merely to move an element to an adjusted position where it is held in place by a holding means. If the handle is intended to be used by an attendant so as to hold an element in intermediate positions by continued application of force by the attendant then the handle is not considered an actuator. See subclasses 329+ for devices with such handles. If the handle is disclosed as usable as an actuator to merely move and hold and, alternatively, also as a guiding means to move and hold by force exerted by the attendant then the handle is considered to be both an actuator and an attendant hold means and is classified accordingly in the first appropriate subclass and cross referenced down if necessary.
A device comprising merely a means for moving by direct application of draft force is not considered an actuator. For example, an implement hitched to a tractor and provided with a latch and a movable hitch whereby the draft force of the tractor on the movable hitch moves an earth working element with respect to the implement frame and the latch holds the
element in different positions is not considered to be provided with an actuator, as the term is used in this class. See subclass 605 for such devices.
Also, a device comprising merely a screw bolt or the like is not considered an actuator, being merely a clamping or an adjusting means.
ADJUSTABLE
An adjective describing the capability of two parts of being selectively held in different positions with respect to one another by some means other than an attendant. A mere clamp which cooperates with a member such that by loosening the clamp the member could be set in any desired position and reclamped (e.g., clamp and spike tooth) is not considered to be an adjusting means. However, any specific structure such as selectively usable apertures, teeth, slots, etc., for the purpose of permitting the selective change of the relative positions of two parts is included under this definition.
Despite the above limitation on the meaning of "adjustable" if a claim emphasizes the feature of adjustability it is classifiable in an "adjustable" subclass even if structurally the feature comprises a mere clamp.
EARTH WORKING ELEMENT
Synonymous with "tool".
IMPLEMENT
A combination of parts comprising an earth working device. It may mean merely an earth working portion or a complex combination of parts including a tractor. Usually it indicates a complete device which as an entity may be readily attached to a tractor in the field.
LATERAL
A direction which is transverse of the line of draft of a tool over the earth unless some other meaning is clearly indicated by the context.
LONGITUDINAL
A direction which is parallel to the line of draft of a tool over the earth unless some other meaning is clearly indicated.
TOOL
That portion of the apparatus which actually works the earth.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Methods.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
37, Excavating, subclass 195 for methods of excavating.
47, Plant Husbandry, subclass 58.1 for methods of earth working combined with an additional nonearth working step such as adding fertilizer or treating the soil.
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 1 for methods of earth working combined with an additional step of removing or separating a plant or buried object from the earth.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising an earth working element and a means for sensing a condition or change of condition, which condition or change of condition may or may not occur, a separate control means and a separate power means for changing a condition of operation of the apparatus, said three means being so related that the sensing means controls operation of the controlling means and the control means controls operation of the power means, all without the intervention of a human operator.
(1) Note. The "power means" of the definition comprises a motor or a mechanical power take-off. For purposes of this definition a spring is not considered a power actuating means.
(2) Note. Apparatus in which a movement of the sensing means develops power which directly moves the power means is not included (e.g., a sensing means connected to a piston in a hydraulic transmission to directly cause movement of a piston in the power lift cylinder). See subclass 239 for such apparatus.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
465 for an actuator for lifting a tool for transport comprising a servo-motor with a follow up control.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 9 for unearthing devices having automatic control.
180, Motor Vehicles, subclass 14.5 for a connection between a motor vehicle and a trailer (including a broadly claimed implement) effective to automatically control the vehicle on occurrence of an overload on the connection, and subclasses 282+ for a motor vehicle provided with a safety-promoting means which is responsive to the sensing of acceleration, deceleration, or tilt of the vehicle.
414, Material or Article Handling, subclasses 699+, for material moving devices with a vertically swinging load support of the tilting shovel or fork type with automatic control for effecting an operation of the device.

This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Apparatus in which the power means controlled is for propelling the apparatus over the ground.
(1) Note. This subclass includes brake or clutch control for the propelling means.
(2) Note. The mere recitation of an implement by name only in combination with a power driven propelling means therefor having a mechanism for controlling the propulsion means in response to a condition of the implement, as for example, a mechanism for disengaging the clutch of a tractor when a pulled implement strikes an obstruction, is not enough for classification under this definition. See Class 180, Motor Vehicles, subclass 14.5 for such devices.
(3) Note. The mere recitation of an implement in combination with a power driven propelling means therefor including a means for adjusting the implement and a mechanism for con trolling both the propelling means and the adjusting means for the implement is included in this definition.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
180, Motor Vehicles, subclass 14.5 for vehicle trains with automatically responsive means for controlling the propelling means. A broadly named implement is considered a vehicle for Class 180.
901, Robots, subcollection 1 for a mobile robot device.

This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Apparatus in which the sensing means contacts or senses the surface of the ground and acts to maintain the earthworking element at a preselected depth therein.

This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Apparatus in which the earth working element is a ground leveling tool, (e.g., a scraper, etc.) which is so controlled that the contour of the finished portion of the earth which is being worked will be substantially straight in a longitudinal direction regardless of the irregularities of the original surface of said portion.

This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Apparatus wherein the condition sensed is the location of an obstruction or plant.
(1) Note. A stake or other object which has been previously placed in position for the purpose of controlling an earth working implement which is intended to approach such object is not considered to be an obstruction within this definition since its sensing is not considered to be a condition which may or may not occur. See search notes below for such apparatus.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 23+ for a stake or other object which has been previously placed in position for the purpose of controlling an earth working implement which is intended to approach an object
38 for driven tools having an obstruction feeling device which moves the implement.
subclasses 233+ for apparatus having an obstruction feeler for moving an implement to avoid the obstruction, the obstruction feeler providing the power necessary to move the
implement or merely unlatching the implement so that it may move.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
56, Harvesters, subclass 121.4 for harvester cutters with plant or crop contacting gauges.
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 8 for drive triggered by desired object.

This subclass is indented under subclass 5. Apparatus in which at least one of the sensing, controlling or power means is electrical.

This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Apparatus in which the condition change which is sensed is a change in the force required to move the earth working element along the ground.
(1) Note. For classification under this definition a patent must claim the automatic control feature in some detail. A mere broad reference in a claim to an automatic control as, for example, a mere broad reference in a claim to a top link in a three point hitch broadly described as a link for automatically controlling a power lift is not enough. See Search Notes below.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3 for apparatus including means to automatically control the power means of a vehicle for propelling a tool which may be responsive to the draft force on the earth working tool.
subclasses 239+ for draft or pitch responsive depth control for implements, the control being other than of the automatic power control type.
subclasses 439+ for patents with claims of the nature described in (1) Note above.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 446.1 for articulated vehicles with a hitch responsive to changes in the draft load, there being no disclosure of an earth working element being the cause of the change in draft load, and subclasses 405.1+ for articulated vehicles with an adjustment to distribute the load between the vehicles or from one vehicle to another.

This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Apparatus in which the rate of movement of the power means varies with the magnitude of the sensed force in such a manner that the rate of movement increases or decreases when the magnitude of the sensed force increases or decreases respectively.
(1) Note. This subclass includes, for example, those devices in which a plurality of pumps, a variable capacity pump, or a plurality of successively operated valves are used to operate a fluid servomotor.
(2) Note. A system which has a mere single valve for directing fluid to a servomotor which would provide less restriction to fluid flow upon greater opening of the valve in response to the increased magnitude of the sensed force is not included in this subclass.

With manual actuator to select type of condition sensed:
This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Apparatus including means having a manually actuated element which may be set in a plurality of positions, wherein changing the position of the element results in a change in the type of condition (e.g., position of tool, amount of draft force, depth of tool) which causes a change in operation of the apparatus.
(1) Note. This subclass includes those devices having means to operate the power means to raise or lower the earth working means upon the occurrence of an excess draft force (e.g., excess draft release or overload lift type).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
465 for an actuator adapted to lift a tool for transport on a wheeled frame or broadly claimed implement and comprising a servomotor with a follow-up control, or for a device wherein an automatic draft responsive control is converted to a
position control so that the automatic draft control is effective only if the device is disassembled.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
91, Motors: Expansible Chamber Type, subclasses 358+ for expansible chamber motors having working member position responsive feedback control.

This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Apparatus having means to selectively adjust the relationship between the power means and the sensing means to change the magnitude of sensed force required to produce a given movement of the power means.
(1) Note. The sensed force in this definition is the force applied directly to the sensing means, for example, in the three-point mast type hitch it is the force applied to the end of the top link and not the force acting directly on the earth working element.

This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Apparatus in which the earthworking element is normally raised by the power means in response to an increase in the sensed force and having means which is operative when the magnitude of the force exceeds a predetermined amount to release the earth-working element from control by the power means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 7. Apparatus in which the condition sensed is an abnormal increase in the magnitude of the draft force, the sensing means initiating operation of the power means to cause raising of the earth working element to an inoperative position.
(1) Note. The earth working element may be returned to its previous working condition as part of the cycle of operation.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 261+ for overload responsive devices which are not automatic in their operation.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising means other than a scraper specially intended for working the earth adjacent a fixed structure on the surface of the earth (e.g., a paved walk to edge a lawn) or working the earth adjacent a turf surface (e.g., grooving a plant bed adjacent a lawn).
(1) Note. This definition is intended to provide an art collection of lawn edgers or trimmers. Usually such devices comprise a means for guiding the device along the edge of the pavement. However no special structure need be claimed for classification in this subclass. Patents whose sole specific disclosure or whose claims relate to the described use are considered to come under this definition.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
30, Cutlery, appropriate subclasses for hand manipulable implements for merely cutting or slitting grass or sod. Devices which cut so as to form a groove in the soil, however, are classified in Class 172.
56, Harvesters, subclass 10.1, for a motor-driven harvester, particularly subclass 13.7, wherein two or more cutters are provided, e.g., for mowing and for trimming, and subclass 16.9 wherein the motor may drive a mower or a trimmer; subclasses 229+, for a lawn and hedge cutter, and subclass 251, for a lawn edge trimmer combined with a lawn mower. The lawn edge trimmer or cutter of Class 56 merely cuts grass. If a groove is cut in the soil, or the ground is otherwise disturbed, classification is in an appropriate subclass in Class 172.

This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Apparatus in combination with or convertible to an element for performing some work operation other than earth working.
(1) Note. Devices classified here include lawn edgers combined with mowers, brushes or snow removers.

This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Apparatus comprising an earth working element which cuts into the ground and has a rolling motion as it is pulled over the ground or is positively moved with respect to its support with a continuous or cyclic motion.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
30, Cutlery, subclass 292 and 319 for rotary blade cutters.

This subclass is indented under subclass 15. Apparatus comprising in addition an earth working element for cutting into or furrowing the earth which does not move relative to its support while working the earth.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 63+ for other driven and nondriven earth working elements.
subclasses 174+ for other rolling and nonrolling earth working elements.

This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Apparatus in combination with a ground wheel or ground roller.

This subclass is indented under subclass 13. Apparatus comprising (1) an earth working element adapted to be driven
generally vertically downwardly in the earth or (2) jaw members for grasping and lifting a portion of earth.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
294, Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, subclasses 49+ for hand forks and shovels for digging or grappling earth and not limited to use as lawn edgers.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising means for cutting the earth (1) horizontally and vertically or (2) annularly for the purpose of enabling a portion of sod to be removed in an undisturbed condition.
(1) Note. This definition is intended to provide an art collection of sod or plug cutters. Other devices such as subsoilers, or the like, which cut soil and have structure similar to that of a sod cutter but are not used for the purpose of removing a strip of earth in an undisturbed condition are not included. Patents are considered to come under this definition if claims refer to sod cutting or the sole specific disclosure relates to this use.
(2) Note. Patents relating to the handling and/or cutting of sod after it has been cut from the ground are classified under this definition if not otherwise classifiable.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
22 for earth perforating devices which have means for removing the earth from a hole made in the earth, there being no intention to remove a piece of sod in an undisturbed condition so that it can be replanted. The earth perforating devices characteristically either disturb the earth or take out a very small diameter core of earth and sod, not intended for replanting.
376 for hand tools of the loop type.
698 for a tool with laterally spaced standards.
699 for subsoilers.
720 for subsurface blades.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
30, Cutlery, for merely cutting turf in a vertical plane.
37, Excavating, subclass 302 and 303 for devices for
excavating stumps and stones, and subclass 3 for peat excavators.
47, Plant Husbandry, subclasses 73+ for plant receptacles of the transplanting type.
111, Planting, subclasses 100+ for plant setting devices.
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, appropriate subclasses for separating plants from the soil.
175, Boring or Penetrating the Earth, subclasses 249+ for a core-forming type earth boring bit provided with means to sever the core and subclasses 403+ for a core-forming type earth boring bit.
294, Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, subclasses 49+ for forks or shovels for lifting plugs of earth or sod and subclass 50.6 for shovels of the grappling type, the grapple having no means to cut the earth in a horizontal plane.
299, Mining or In Situ Disintegration of Hard Material, appropriate subclass for cutting hard, solid earth material in situ, particularly subclass 36.1 for a floor working machine.

This subclass is indented under subclass 19. Apparatus comprising means for making a transverse vertically extending cut in the earth while the apparatus is being propelled over the surface of the earth.
(1) Note. The apparatus may momentarily halt its forward motion while the transverse cut is being made.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
101 for driven earth working elements which are guided for rectilinear reciprocation, which reciprocation may be in a vertical transverse plane.

LAWN AERATOR OR PERFORATION, OR PLUG REMOVER:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus for treating earth covered with grass by making a slit or small hole therein so as to either aerate the earth, remove a plug of grass and soil, or merely pierce sod, with a minimum of disturbance of the adjacent earth.
(1) Note. The apparatus found in this subclass is not limited to any specific type of structure but is usually disclosed as being intended to perform the aforementioned aerating and/or plug-removing function.
(2) Note. Apparatus which could incidently be used to perform this function is not included herein, unless the aerating and/or plug-removal of lawns is disclosed as an intended use of the apparatus.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 91+ for cyclically driven carriers which have, movably mounted thereon, hole forming earth-working teeth, blades, or like projections, but which teeth, blades, or projections tear at and snag the soil in working it.
subclasses 118+ for devices, other than lawn aerators or plug-removers, driven about a horizontal transverse axis.
subclasses 540+ for roller devices, other than lawn aerators or plug removers, with teeth which make holes in the ground.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
56, Harvesters, subclass 226 for standing grain gatherers with bat members having a vertical movement similar to aerator projections; and subclass 249 for mowers with rollers having aerating devices.
111, Planting, subclasses 89+ for devices for making a cavity in the earth and depositing material in the cavity; and subclass 99 for hand implements for forming a cavity other than a furrow in the ground to receive material.
175, Boring or Penetrating the Earth, appropriate subclasses for devices for boring holes in the earth.

This subclass is indented under subclass 21. Apparatus in which there are means for making a hole in the earth by removing earth from below the surface of the ground to a location above the surface.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
47, Plant Husbandry, subclasses 73+ for plant receptacles of the transplanting type.
175, Boring or Penetrating the Earth, subclasses 403+ for a core-forming type earth boring bit.
294, Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, subclass 50.7 for annularly arranged grappling-type hand forks or shovels.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising an earth working means adapted (1) to coact with some fixed manmade structure so as to be driven relative to or guided by said structure, (2) to be anchored to some fixed structure such as a tree or stake to be guided thereby, (3) to be operated while anchored to or supported on the earth so as to prevent the apparatus as a whole from having any translatory movement during the earth working operation, or (4) to be guided by a guide means contacting a channel or shoulder previously made in the ground.
(1) Note. The fixed man-made structure may be portable. For example, a tractor carrying a winch intended to pull an earth working element relative to the tractor to work the earth is considered a "fixed installation", provided the earth working element is not carried by the tractor.
(2) Note. A means for feeling an obstruction and merely guiding or directing an implement to avoid such obstruction is not included in this definition. Such means are found in subclass 233. Also, an apparatus comprising merely a tool which shifts on meeting an obstruction is not included.
(3) Note. In connection with section (3) of the above definition the device must have some anchor, ground supporting feet or earth penetrating pilot in addition to the earth working means. However, the pilot may itself have some earth working function.
(4) Note. In connection with section (4) of the definition, in order to come within the definition an apparatus must have an element which does not support any substantial weight and which does not have an earth working function and is disclosed as intended to contact a channel or shoulder made on a previous pass of the apparatus or some other apparatus. A landslide of a plow or the like is not classified under this definition unless it is disclosed as specially intended to be used to guide the apparatus along a previously made shoulder since a landslide which inherently could be used to guide an apparatus along a shoulder is very common in this
art.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
104, Railways, subclass 169 for railroad rolling stock or track type apparatus claiming an earth working implement by name only and concerned with means for reciprocating the implement across a field, and subclass 244.1 for means coacting with a furrow for guiding a vehicle or implement claimed by name only.
180, Motor Vehicles, subclasses 400+ for a motor vehicle steered by means extending from a post fixed in a field.
254, Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force, subclasses 264+ for apparatus for hauling or hoisting a load including a driven device which contacts and pulls on a cable when the load is moved.
901, Robots, subcollection 14+ for the movement in space of a robot arm about its base.

This subclass is indented under subclass 23. Apparatus in which the earth working means is guided in a rotary path by a fixed vertical member not forming a part of the apparatus (e.g., tree or stake).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
25 for an implement rotatable about a vertical axis and carrying an anchor or feet to prevent translational movement of the apparatus.

This subclass is indented under subclass 23. Apparatus in which the earth working means is rotated about an upright axis while the apparatus is anchored to or supported on the ground so as to prevent translational movement.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
24 for an implement attached to or guided in a rotary path by a fixed vertical member (e.g., tree or stake).

This subclass is indented under subclass 23. Apparatus comprising a means which is adapted to contact an elongated shoulder or channel on or in the ground in order to guide the apparatus.
(1) Note. See (4) Note of subclass 23 for limitations applicable to this definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
13 for a lawn edger which may be guided by the edge of a pavement.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
37, Excavating, for railway grading apparatus guided by a surface truck.
104, Railways, subclass 244.1 for a vehicle guided by a furrow feeler. The vehicle may be an implement claimed by name only.
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 47 for a surface object or ground contour engaging guide means which shifts the unearthing unit bodily with respect to the frame in a generally horizontal plane.
180, Motor Vehicles, subclass 401 for a motor vehicle provided with steering gear which includes a land based steering datum and means on the vehicle for sensing the datum, which means cooperates with a steering motor on the vehicle for the purpose of controlling the course of the vehicle.
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 87.2 for a land vehicle of the wheeled type provided with means whereby one or more of its wheels may be steered by an occupant and wherein the steering means controls also a wheel offset from the principal supporting wheels of the vehicle but which, by its own turning (i.e., pivotable) movement, is able to effect turning movement of certain of the principal wheels; and subclass 776 for a wheeled vehicle of the occupant steered type wherein bias means is provided for maintaining a steerable wheel in engagement with an elongate, more or less vertical surface (e.g., a curb) for a vehicle-steering purpose.

This subclass is indented under subclass 23. Apparatus
comprising a scraper that is adapted to be connected by a cable or the like flexible means to a fixed structure so as to be driven relative to said structure.
(1) Note. The scraper in this definition comprises an approximately vertically disposed blade for smoothing the earth or for cutting into the earth and pushing earth ahead of it in order to move the material from one location to another. The disclosed use may be for scraping earth beneath a body of water or scraping material from a vertical wall. The blade may have spaced teeth, though usually it has a straight edge.
(2) Note. Patents are considered to come under this definition if they are disclosed as intended to be used with a fixed structure, no special limitation being required in the claims. Use with a fixed structure is considered to be established if it is clear from the disclosure that the scraper is dragged back as well as forward by a cable or the like and there is nothing in the disclosure inconsistent with the cable or the like for forward motion being a drag line.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
37, Excavating, subclasses 394+, for cable- operated excavating apparatus comprising more than a scraper, per se, and nominally recited hauling cables or like flexible means connected thereto, subclasses 398+ for cable operated wheeled scoops and subclasses 398+ for cable operated scoops. A scoop differs from a scraper in that it has a bottom wall which carries material to be transported, whereas a scraper relies on the surface over which it is moving to support material which it is transporting.

This subclass is indented under subclass 26.5. Apparatus in which the scraper is adapted to be pulled in opposite directions by the cable or flexible means and in which some portion of the scraper apparatus is caused to move to and remain at a different position relative to some other portion when the direction of pull is reversed.
(1) Note. The relative movable portion of the scraper apparatus must comprise more than a mere continuation of the flexible means, such as a bail.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising an earth working means in combination with an independent spaced means for severing or shredding crops without disturbing the soil, said independent means being used simultaneously with said earth working means.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
39 for a driven earth working element with a cleaner spaced from the ground surface.
66 for earth working elements with a cooperating driven cleaner which may act to sever vines or vegetation collected on the implement.
subclasses 606+ and the subclasses there noted, for earth working elements with relatively movable cutting or cleaning means to remove vegetation or debris that has collected on the implement.
subclasses 681+ especially subclass 752 for earth working elements having sharpened edges or portions which may serve to sever crops or vegetation coming in contact with the elements.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
56, Harvesters, appropriate subclasses for plant severing or shredding means, per se, which do not disturb the earth.
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 5 for unearthing devices with additional vertical cutter for vegetation.

This subclass is indented under subclass 27. Apparatus in which the plant severing or shredding means is driven with a regular cyclic motion relative to its support or frame by a power means in addition to the motion imparted directly to the means by the translation of the device as a whole as it is moved across the surface of the ground being treated.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 35+ for driven earth working elements or cleaners.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising an earth working means combined with means (e.g., a rack) for shifting material lying on the surface of the soil which has not been disturbed by the earthworking means without disturbing the soil, said shifting means being used simultaneously with said earth working means.
(1) Note. Living plants, e.g., vines, are not included. Also dead plants which are still standing, e.g., corn stalks, are not included. See subclasses 514+ and 517 for plant deflectors for handling such material. Also, devices which merely clean or remove material from earth working elements are not included, see subclasses 39 and 66 for driven cleaners and subclasses 606+ and the subclasses there noted for non driven cleaners.
(2) Note. For patents to be classified under this definition the means to shift surface material must be disclosed as solely for such purpose. An earth working implement which may be adjusted to travel above the surface of the ground to shift surface material is not included.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
56, Harvesters, appropriate subclasses for rakes or gatherers, per se, or combined with harvesting means, and subclass 400.04 for hand rakes combined with earth working elements.
111, Planting, subclass 139 for a trash control accessory claimed in combination with a planting machine.
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 19 for unearthing devices with rake or lateral deflector for ground contacting recovered objects.

This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Apparatus in which the means for shifting surface material is driven with a regular cyclic motion relative to its support or frame by a power means in addition to the motion imparted directly to the means by the translation of the device as a whole as it is moved across the surface of the ground being treated.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 35+ for driven earth working elements or cleaners.

This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Apparatus in which the earth working means includes at least one earth engaging blade extending laterally of the direction of travel and being either reciprocable vertically to perform a cutting function or being attached to a rotary carrier which is rotated due to the resistance of the earth as the apparatus is moved over the earth.
(1) Note. The earth engaging blade need not extend the 90 deg. with respect to the line of travel, but may be oblique with respect thereto.
(2) Note. Most of these devices are stalk choppers and the function of the blade is mainly to cut stalks.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising an earth working means and a means for acting on the earth severed from the ground or loosened by the earth working means to classify, separate or assort it according to its physical characteristics and return at least a portion of such earth to the ground.
(1) Note. The classifying, assorting, or separating means must be in addition to and distinct from the earth working means which severs the material from the ground.
(2) Note. The classifying, assorting, or separating means is generally of the type found, per se, in Class 209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids.
(3) Note. A mere pulverizing or comminuting is not considered separating.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
511 for fenders for preventing soil thrown about by the apparatus from contacting plants, the fender being of the perforated or screening type to permit fine soil to pass.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, appropriate subclasses for means for unearthing plants or objects from the ground and separating them from the earth. The subject matter of Class 171 is characterized by means which discriminate between an object and the earth. In Class 172 the discrimination is between different portions of the earth itself, as between large clods or granules and small clods or granules. For example, a Class 172 device may separate large granules of earth mixed with stones from small granules of earth, while a Class 171 device would separate stones from earth.
299, Mining or In Situ Disintegration of Hard Material, subclasses 7+ for apparatus for mining material followed by separation.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising an earth working means combined with a power driven means for handling the earth after it has been severed from the ground or loosened by the earth working means.
(1) Note. Where the power driven means not only handles the earth but performs a substantial earth working function the apparatus is classifiable in subclasses 35+.
(2) Note. The power driven handling means may comprise for example a conveyer for moving the earth or a means for turning a furrow slice.
(3) Note. A power driven cleaner or comminutor which merely separates earth from an implement without conveying it to a distance is not considered to come within this definition. Such devices may be found in subclass 66.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
37, Excavating, appropriate subclasses for apparatus for working earth or snow and conveying it away for the purpose of making an excavation or the like.

This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Apparatus, other than hand held devices, so arranged that the whole apparatus may be turned upside down so as to work the earth in that position in addition to its ability to work the earth in its original right side up position.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
136 for diverse tools useable alternately only.
241 for an apparatus inverted to engage a ground support with the ground.
subclasses 371+ for hand tools which may be used in an inverted position.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus in which a power means is provided to move an earth working element with a regular cyclic motion relative to its support independently of or in addition to the motion imparted directly to said element by the translation of the device as a whole as it is moved across the surface of the ground being treated.
(1) Note. The moving means may employ a resilient element or gravity return arrangement during a portion of the movement.
(2) Note. The power means may comprise (1) a prime mover such as an engine or motor (2) a drive from a supporting wheel (other than where there is an integral wheel and earth working element or direct coupling therebetween) or (3) a manual means to continuously rotate the earth working element.
(3) Note. Where no more of the driving means for a driven earth working element is claimed than the driven shaft which supports said element the patent has been construed as a rotary implement subcombination, equally useful as a driven or a rolling earth working element and has been classified in subclasses 518+ unless (1) the claimed structure, attitude, or relation of the element to the ground or to an adjacent, cooperating implement would require a drive means to operate it in the manner disclosed or (2) unless a disclosed drive means (more than a shaft) is claimed either broadly or specifically.
(4) Note. Driven earth working elements as contemplated by this definition usually engage earth which is either undisturbed or which rests on undisturbed earth immediately after it has been treated by another implement. As an
exception to the above, driven elements which (1) are contiguous to a ground treating implement to clean it or (2) which are disposed in the path of the furrow slice or earth stream leaving the implement to pulverize said earth have been classified as driven earth engaging elements in subclasses 39, 50+, 66, and 67.
(5) Note. Provision of power means to shift an otherwise undriven earth working element at the option of the operator has not been considered to result in a driven earth working element for this definition in the absence of a regular and cyclic motion. For actuators for shifting earth working elements see subclass 663 and the subclasses there noted.
(6) Note. Some drive connections to an earth working element actually retard the element and constrain it to rotate at a speed slower than that at which it would roll on the ground. Patents claiming such drives have been classified in this and indented subclasses provided that the drive is capable of positively rotating the element if it were not in contact with the earth.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 2+ for driven implements with automatic power control, especially subclass 5 for such implements with obstruction sensing means.
subclasses 15+ for a lawn edger with a driven cutter.
subclasses 19+ for driven sod cutters.
21 for driven lawn aerators.
28 for an earth working implement with adriven means for cutting or shredding plants without soil disturbance.
30 for an earth working implement with a driven means for shifting surface material without soil disturbance.
32 for an implement comprising a driven tool with means for separating earth after earth working.
33 for a power driven moldboard, conveyer, or handler.
subclasses 236+ for an implement with a ground engageable draft responsive lever.
292 for specific propelling means for traversing an
implement over the ground.
subclasses 518+ for rolling, rotating or orbitally moving tools, no detail of a drive for the tool being claimed. See (3) Note of this definition (35).
subclasses 663+ and the subclasses there noted for power driven actuators for tools.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
15, Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning, appropriate subclasses for analogous apparatus used for cleaning.
30, Cutlery, appropriate subclasses for general utility cutting implements which may be power operated.
56, Harvesters, subclass 10.1 for motor driven harvesters and subclasses 500+ for stalk choppers for cutting dead crop material.
74, Machine Element or Mechanism, subclasses 11+ for power take-offs and subclass 16 for portable assemblies for driving auxiliary attachments.
111, Planting, subclass 113, 122, and 158+ for power-operated rotary furrow openers claimed in combination with planting or soil treating devices.
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, appropriate subclasses, for analogous apparatus used for unearthing plants or buried objects.
173, Tool Driving or Impacting, appropriate subclass for a means to drive or impact a tool, and particularly subclasses 184+ for such means mounted on a wheeled vehicle. Class 172 has not been cleared as to conflicting subject matter with Class 173, therefor a disclosed use as a drive for an agricultural earth working tool will cause classification in Class 172.
175, Boring or Penetrating the Earth, appropriate subclasses for analogous apparatus used for boring small diameter holes in the earth, for example, for artesian wells, oil wells, post holes, or the like.
180, Motor Vehicles, especially subclass 20 for motor vehicles with rollers, and subclasses 53.1+ for a motor vehicle in which the motor is used as a source of external power to drive an external device. The line between Classes 172 and 180 as to this subject matter is that Class 172 will take a patent in which (1) the external device is claimed as being an earth working implement or (2) the claim includes an
external device and the sole specific disclosure relates to an earth working implement, or (3) the external device is claimed by name only and there is also claimed a means for manipulating the device relative to the motor vehicle in a manner consistent with the manner in which an earth working implement would be manipulated.
299, Mining or In Situ Disintegration of Hard Material, subclasses 29+ for a hard material disintegrating machine having a driven cutter and particularly subclasses 36.1+ for such a machine described as working on a hard, solid floor or road surface.
404, Road Structure, Process, or Apparatus, subclasses 122+, for a rotating drum, roller, or tire means to compact the earth and drive means therefore. See search notes thereunder for similar devices.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which plural earth working elements or parts thereof are located below the surface of the ground and are relatively moved by a power means in such fashion that they periodically engage each other and then separate in order to cut or pinch subsurface material or growths.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which an earth working element is mounted for motion in a circular path and is disclosed as being moved in said path by an attendant, in normal use, through an arc of over 360 degrees.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 329+ for implements which are supported, propelled, guided or held in position by an attendant but are not otherwise driven.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which a driven earth working element is secured to or carried by a supporting member movably mounted on a main vehicular frame, there being a means on said member or said earth working element adapted to engage a plant, tree, post, or like obstruction in the normal path of traverse of the driven earth working element over the ground to thereby shift or permit a shifting of the driven earth working element out of the path of traverse to clear the obstruction.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 5+ for earth working apparatus in which the operation of the device is controlled automatically by sensing an obstruction or plant.
subclasses 23+ for earth working apparatus which is controlled by a prepositioned stake, cable, etc.
subclasses 233+ for nondriven implements with obstruction feelers for moving or releasing the implement to avoid the obstruction.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which the driven earth working element is mounted on a support which is provided with a means which is spaced from the original surface of the undisturbed ground and which means is disposed and adapted either (1) to remove earth from an element to be cleaned, or (2) to engage and chop up a slice of earth proceeding from the driven earth working element.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
30 for earth working means combined with driven means for shifting material lying on the surface of the earth without disturbing the soil, the driven means working on material which has not collected on the earth working means rather than on material which is on parts or portions of said earth working means.
49 for a plurality of driven rotary ground engaging tools which cooperate or intermesh one with the other.
66 for driven members which engage a nondriven earth working
tool to clean the same or to comminute a furrow slice turned thereby, and 558+ and 606 for nondriven cleaners for non drive tools.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 24 for unearthing devices with comminuting or multiple cutting of recovered plant.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which an earth working element, or a portion thereof, is driven so that it has a motion of small amplitude (i.e., it vibrates).
(1) Note. Generally, the implement is driven by reaction forces produced by the rapid rotation of an off-center or unbalanced mass.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 61+ for intermittent drives for tools.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which a power driven earth working element is adapted to be entirely supported and manipulated by an attendant.
(1) Note. The power supplying means may be supported in any manner desired as on a vehicle, on the ground or carried by the operator.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
37 for a tool which is continuously manually rotated by an attendant.
370 for nondriven tools with attendant attaching means.
subclasses 371+ for hand held nondriven tools.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which a driven earth working element is mounted on a frame which element or frame is provided with a means to enable a walking attendant to steer, guide or otherwise manipulate the element or frame, such frame being propelled over the earth by the attendant, by the earth working element or by a traction member driven from a prime mover supported on the frame.
(1) Note. This definition is intended to take those implements commonly referred to as "garden tillers", "rotary cultivators" and like devices which traverse the earth and are guided or manipulated as a unit by a walking attendant, there being disclosed a means, generally a handle, for affecting such guiding or manipulation. Devices which are coupled to a horse or tractor propelling means have been excluded and will be found in the subclasses hereinbelow based on the particular tool features or particular manipulative features of the driven tools.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 21+ for earth perforator tools of the lawn aerator type which may be hand guided by a walking attendant, such devices generally being self propelled over the earth.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
56, Harvesters, subclass 16.7, for a motor-driven lawn mower that is steered by a walking attendant.
180, Motor Vehicles, subclass 19.1 for a motor vehicle steered by a walking attendant.

This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Apparatus comprising a frame, a driven tool supported by said frame and ground support means vertically adjustable relative to the frame.
(1) Note. For the meaning of adjustable see "adjustable" in the class definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
78 and 80, for other driven earth working elements combined with wheel substitutes.
subclasses 387+ for nondriven earth working elements combined with wheel substitutes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which a driven earth working element in the form of a narrow elongated shaft or bar is disposed transversely to the line of draft and is rotatably supported wholly below the surface of the earth.
(1) Note. The usual purpose of the subsurface rotary shafts of this subclass is to stir up the soil usually to loosen weeds.
(2) Note. The elongated rod may be articulated or provided with projecting elements such as teeth.
(3) Note. The rod is generally rotatably supported at the lower end of "gooseneck" type standards and there may be a number of such standards some rotatably supporting the rod and others disposed forwardly of or to the rear of the rod and carrying at the lower ends thereof earth working teeth such as plows, chisels, etc.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which a tooth, tine or like earth working part is so freely pivotally mounted on a driven rotary carrier that during carrier rotation centrifugal forces cause the free end of said tooth, tine, or like to swing to a radial position relative to the axis of rotation of such carrier.
(1) Note. This definition includes teeth or tines which are freely pivotally connected to a rotary carrier by means of a flexible chain.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 91+ for other teeth, tines or like earth working parts which are movably mounted on a driven carrier, the
movement being caused (1) by a drive means or (2) by flexure of a resilient tooth, tine or like earth working part on encountering an overload or (3) by the turning of a rolling blade when the same contacts the ground.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which two or more earth working elements are journaled in a frame for movement in circular paths about a common axis of rotation, the drive means for such earth working elements being so arranged that said elements rotate in reverse directions relative to each other.

With specific relationship of mast type hitch (i.e., three point hitch) to implement:
This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which the driven earth-working element is part of an implement associated with a three point hitch (mast-type hitch) wherein significance is attributed to the cooperation of the implement with the hitch, or the implement includes a mounting for an additional three point hitch at the rear thereof for connection to another implement.
(1) Note. See this class, subclass 439, the definition and notes thereunder for a definition of a mast-type hitch.

Plural driven tools:
This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus employing a plurality of separate earth working elements or groups of elements, each of which is driven so as to move with respect to one another during operation, and each of which is connected, through a linkage, to a drive means that drives the tool in a predetermined manner.
(1) Note. Included herein are patents wherein the tools are driven by a common driving element such as a drive chain or camshaft, and those wherein the tools are mounted on shafts connected to individual gears of a row of intermeshing gears.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 84+ for plural earth working elements which are alternately raised from and lowered into the ground in a "hoeing" or "spading" type movement.
subclasses 91+ for an earth working implement comprising a carrier means such as a chain or wheel which forms the support for earth-engaging teeth and has an orbital movement while the teeth supported by it also move with respect to it.
subclasses 96+ for a tool having multiple earth-engaging elements (e.g., elongated teeth) which are mounted on a single support and (a) are pivoted freely thereon, (b) have a spring connection thereto, or (c) consist of spring elements so that they are movable with respect to each other, but not in a predetermined manner.
100 for an earth working implement in which a plurality of teeth or like earth working parts or portions are mounted on a flexible or articulated member which is driven in a closed path or circuit relative to a frame upon which said teeth, parts, or portions and member are supported.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
173, Tool Driving or Impacting, subclass 52, and see the search notes therein for a single advance causing or controlling means or manipulating means for plural tool drives.

This subclass is indented under subclass 48. Apparatus in which separate earth working elements travel in circular paths in contact with the earth and in which (1) said paths intersect and overlap or (2) said earth working elements are disposed immediately adjacent each other to cooperate in treating the intermediate earth.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
36 for driven earth working elements which cooperate in the manner of shears or nippers under the surface of the earth.

Rotating about vertical axes:
This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Apparatus in which the axes, about which the earth working elements travel, are disposed in a generally vertical direction.
(1) Note. This subclass includes patents whose sole specific disclosure is to an implement in which the elements cooperate to work a continuous strip of soil.

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59 for patents in which the tools, as disclosed, are laterally spaced so as to leave a strip of unworked soil between the tools.
111 for patents wherein a single tool, rotating about a vertical axis, is disclosed and claimed.

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111, Planting, subclass 160 for a power- driven earth working tool, rotatable about a vertical axis, which is claimed in combination with a planting machine.

This subclass is indented under subclass 48. Apparatus which include a plurality of driven earth working elements which are not identical.
(1) Note. Differences in size or shape constitute matter for this definition but mere differences in rotary displacement (phase), position or attitude are excluded and are classified in a pertinent subclass herebelow on the basis of the features of each individual earth working element. For example, mirror images are not considered to be differences of shape.

This subclass is indented under subclass 50. Apparatus in which each of the diverse driven earth working elements moves through at least a complete turn in a circular path about an axis.

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69 for similar arrangements wherein a rotary tool is driven by a diverse rolling tool.

This subclass is indented under subclass 51. Apparatus in which the axes of rotation of the diverse earth working elements are parallel to each other.

This subclass is indented under subclass 50. Apparatus in which at least one of the driven, diverse earth working elements is moved back and forth in a straight line path.

This subclass is indented under subclass 50. Apparatus in which at least one of the driven, diverse earth working elements is moved back and forth through an arcuate path.

Tool reciprocates or oscillates within a generally horizontal plane:
This subclass is indented under subclass 48. Apparatus in which the earth working elements are moved back and forth either in a generally straight-line path, or in a generally arcuate path, or both, within a generally horizontal plane.

This subclass is indented under subclass 48. Apparatus in which the plural driven earth working elements consist of two or more groups of earth working elements, each group comprising a plurality of generally circular platelike members handled as a unit.

This subclass is indented under subclass 48. Apparatus in which the plural driven earth working elements are individually spaced both laterally and in the direction of draft or travel.

This subclass is indented under subclass 48. Apparatus in which the plural driven earth working elements individually spaced transversely of the direction of travel.

This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Apparatus in which the axes of cyclic movement of the spaced earth working elements are parallel to each other and to the direction of draft.

This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Apparatus in which the axes of cyclic movement of the spaced earth working elements are parallel to each other and are disposed perpendicular to the earth's surface.

This subclass is indented under subclass 57. Apparatus in which the axes of cyclic movement of the spaced earth working elements are coaxial or parallel to each other and are diposed perpendicular to the direction of draft.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which a power drive to an earth working element is periodically interrupted.
(1) Note. Such intermittent drives generally employ mutilated or interrupted gears or cam operated drive clutches.

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36 for subsurface shears or nippers which comprise earth working portions which are periodically brought into engagement one with the other and then separated in order to cut or pinch subsurface material or growth, the means for imparting such movement generally being a power drive which is periodically interrupted.
40 for a vibrating earth working element.
90 for an apparatus supported by an irregular or off center ground wheel or support which gives an intermittent motion to an earth working element.

This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Apparatus in which movement of the earth working element through the power drive portion of its cycle effects a loading of a resilient means which means then effects movement of the earth working element to its initial position.

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36 for subsurface shear or nipper-type tools wherein plural earth working elements or parts thereof are moved toward or away from each other by a positive drive means having a spring device as part thereof.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus which have a plurality of earth working elements, one of said elements being driven by a power driven means while another of said elements is not connected to said drive.
(1) Note. The nondriven earth working element may be fixed
relative to the driven element (such as a plow, harrow, drag, scraper or knife) or may be a rolling earth working element such as a disk or roller.
(2) Note. The nondriven earth working element may be a ground contacting part or portion of a hood or shield for a driven earth working element provided such part or portion is specifically designed to work the earth; e.g., hoods with scraping, leveling, or smoothing blades or edges and hoods with depending crust breaking teeth are included under this definition.

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33 for the combination of a nondriven plow with a power operated moldboard adapted to remove the furrow turned by the plow.
80 for driven earth working elements combined with wheel substitutes, i.e., runners or other ground contacting supporting means other than wheels, which perform no substantial earth working function.
subclasses 133+ for a plurality of nondriven earth working elements which are different one from the other.

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171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 24 for unearthing devices with comminuting or multiple cutting of recovered plant.

This subclass is indented under subclass 63. Apparatus in which the nondriven earth working element is provided for forming a furrow or irrigation ditch and the driven earth working element is provided for disposing earth across said furrow or ditch to thereby block or interrupt the same in order to form therein a series of basins spaced from each other by interposed dams.

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143 for nondriven furrow openers followed by intermittently rolling ditch blockers.

This subclass is indented under subclass 63. Apparatus in which earth working portions of the non driven earth working elements intermesh or interdigitate with earth working portions of the driven earth working elements.

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49 for a plurality of driven, rotary earth working elements which are disposed in intermeshing relation to each other.

This subclass is indented under subclass 63. Apparatus in which the driven earth working element is disposed in contact with or along side of and within the confines of a fixed or rolling earth working element in order, for example, to clean the latter or to treat a furrow slice passing between the two earth working elements.

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30 for earth working means combined with driven means for shifting material lying on the surface of the earth without disturbing the soil, the driven means working on material which has not collected on the earth working means rather than on material which has already collected on parts or portions of said earth working means.
39 for cleaners or comminutors which are spaced above the original surface of the undisturbed ground and which cooperate with driven earth working elements.
558 and 606, for devices or machines for scraping the soil from earth working elements.

This subclass is indented under subclass 63. Apparatus in which the nondriven earth working element is in the form of a surface adapted to pick up earth and guide it to a driven earth working element which pulverizes said earth.
(1) Note. The guide surface may be in the form of a trough, grate, ramp, or tube.

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33 (and see the Notes thereunder) for power driven conveyers which handle severed earth materials after they leave the earth working elements.

This subclass is indented under subclass 63. Apparatus in which the driven earth working element is associated with a nondriven earth working element which is freely journaled on a support in a manner to contact the ground and to be rotated by the resistance thereof as the latter element traverses a field.
(1) Note. Said nondriven earth working element may be a disk, roller or toothed drum but a rolling member disclosed as a mere support is excluded.

This subclass is indented under subclass 68. Apparatus in which the driven earth working element is actuated by a power transmission means other than a mere rigid or articulated shaft which means is interposed between the driven earth working element and the rolling earth working element in such manner that in the disclosed use of the device the flow of power is always from the rolling earth working element to the driven earth working element.

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520 for rolling tools which are on different axes and in mutual driving relationship.

This subclass is indented under subclass 63. Apparatus in which the driven earth working element is disposed between a first forwardly positioned nondriven earth working element and a second rearwardly positioned nondriven earth working element.

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subclasses 145+ for three or more diverse tools following the same path, all of such tools being nondriven earth working tools.

This subclass is indented under subclass 63. Apparatus in which the nondriven earth working element follows the path of the driven earth working element.

This subclass is indented under subclass 71. Apparatus in which the nondriven earth working element comprises a ground-engaging forming member having a lower surface shape which is substantially flat or horizontal or which is upwardly concave to form a cross sectional configuration which is desired to be imparted to the disturbed earth behind the driven earth working element.

This subclass is indented under subclass 63. Apparatus in which the driven earth working element is positioned to engage the earth in an area laterally and longitudinally of the area in which a nondriven earth working element engages the earth.
(1) Note. The driven earth working element generally works a plant row which row is undisturbed in the sense of not being broken, pulverized, tilled, or the like, however, the nondriven earth working element or elements may hill earth onto or scrape earth from the plant row before the driven earth working element engages the same.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which the means for transmitting power from a power source to the driven earth working element is provided with a power take-off for adjusting the position of the earth working
element relative to the earth.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "adjustable" see the class definition.

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subclasses 315+ 317+, 321, 322+, 324+, 395+, 439+, and especially 452+, for power driven means to shift an implement which is otherwise undriven in order to lift it or move it for adjustment purposes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which a means is provided to interrupt a power drive to a driven earth working element simultaneously with a bodily movement of the element to a different vertical position with respect to the ground.
(1) Note. The usual purpose of these devices is to stop or arrest the cyclic motion of the earth working element when it is lifted to an inoperative position out of contact with the earth.

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83 for devices in which the power drive to an earth working element is interrupted by shifting of said element back or forth along the line of travel of the device.
103 for overload relief or clutch means for interrupting the drive to a driven earth working element upon engagement of such element with an obstruction or as desired by an attendant.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which a driven implement is connected to a vehicle for vertical movement with respect thereto and is provided with a ground-contacting supporting member which member moves over the earth's surface and imparts to said implement a vertical movement corresponding to the contour of the earth's surface to thereby maintain the earth working element of the driven implement at a predetermined working depth.

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117 for driven earth working elements which are freely or yieldably mounted on supporting frames whereby they may move vertically or laterally relative to said frames, there being provided no ground supports other than the support afforded by ground contact of the elements themselves.

This subclass is indented under subclass 76. Apparatus in which the driven implement is provided with a resilient means for normally biasing said implement in a vertical plane.

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117 for driven tools which are provided with a resilient means for yieldably biasing the same on a chassis.
497 for nondriven tools which are spring biased in a vertical plane and which are provided with ground support means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 76. Apparatus in which the ground contacting supporting member is adapted to be vertically adjustably connected to the driven implement whereby the normal working depth of the earth working element may be altered by moving said ground-contacting supporting members from one vertical position to another.
(1) Note. See the class definition for the meaning of "adjustable".

This subclass is indented under subclass 76. Apparatus in which the earth working element of the driven implement is drivingly connected by a transmission means to a power source on the vehicle.
(1) Note. The power source of this definition may be a self-contained prime mover for propelling the vehicle or an auxiliary self-contained power means; for example, an
auxiliary gasoline or Diesel engine, an electric motor, etc. The power source does not include a mere power take-off from a driven or rolling ground wheel of the propelling vehicle. For such devices see subclasses 76 and 105+.

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125 for drive details in the transmission means from a power source on a vehicle to a driven earth working element carried thereby.

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171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 45 for a tractor powered trailing unearthing unit.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus comprising a runner or other ground contacting supporting means other than a wheel.

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subclasses 42+ for driven earth working elements which are mounted on a frame, the frame being provided with (1) a ground support means and (2) a means for guiding the same over the earth by a walking attendant.
76 for driven implements with ground supports and articulated connections to vehicles.
subclasses 240+ for ground supports for nondriven earth working tools, which supports only engage the ground while transporting said tools.
subclasses 387+ for wheel substitutes which are combined with nondriven earth working elements.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which (1) means are provided to move the above ground
portions of plants and to direct them either towards or away from a driven earth working element in order to assure that they are destroyed or preserved, respectively, or (2) means are provided for protecting the plant against earth moved by the earth working element.

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29 for earth working elements combined with means for shifting material, such as trash, dead plants, reclining stalks, etc., lying on the surface of the soil without disturbing such soil.
517 for plant deflectors, per se.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which a driven earth working element which normally travels in a given path or orbit with respect to a frame which supports said element is shiftable at the will of the operator back or forth in the direction in which the frame is moved across the ground to correspondingly shift the path or orbit.
(1) Note. The usual purpose of such shifting is to contact or to avoid contact with certain plants in a row while "chopping" out excess plants.
(2) Note. The shifting motion must be a rectilinear one substantially exactly in or parallel to the line of travel to come under this definition.

This subclass is indented under subclass 82. Apparatus in which the back or forth shifting movement of the earth working element is operative to effect a disengagement or declutching of the drive means to said earth working element to thereby arrest the cyclic motion of the element while in said back or forth position.
(1) Note. The usual purpose of these devices is to stop the cyclic motion of the tool when it has been shifted to a fore or after position to avoid chopping out or otherwise injuring a plant.

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75 for driven earth working elements which are mounted for vertical shifting on a frame, the vertical shifting causing an interruption of the drive to the elements.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which the earth working element comprises at least one tooth which has an earth-engaging portion and an elongated shank portion said earth-engaging portion having an oscillating motion about a point and the point itself having a component of motion generally parallel to or coinciding with the longitudinal axis of the shank in addition to the motion imparted to it by the traverse of the apparatus over the ground whereby the motion of the earth-engaging portion may be analyzed as a reciprocation in directions generally longitudinally of the shank and also an oscillation in directions generally transversely of the shank.
(1) Note. The earth-engaging portion is usually either perpendicular to the shank to provide a hoeing action or else aligned with the shank to provide a spading motion.
(2) Note. An earth working element comprising a carrier means such as a chain or wheel, for example, which carrier forms the support for earth-engaging teeth and has an orbital movement while the teeth supported by it also move with respect to it is not included. See subclasses 91+ for such devices.
(3) Note. An earth working element comprising a driven wheel or like carrier means having movably mounted on the periphery thereof a blade or like earth working portion, there being provided a means to swing such blade or portion back and forth through an arc the center of which arc moves through a circular path concentric with the circular path of the driven carrier is not included. See subclass 94 for such elements.

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171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 99 for a digger supported and guided for motion in a rectilinear or curvilinear path.
180, Motor Vehicles, subclass 8.1 for a motor vehicle having reciprocating or oscillating leg propulsion means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 84. Apparatus in which the driven earth working element is driven in an endless path or orbit which lies in a plane which is generally vertical and disposed perpendicularly to the direction of travel of a frame on which the earth working element is mounted.
(1) Note. The patents in this and the indented subclasses are generally directed to devices which hoe transversely across a row of plants to chop out certain of the plants.

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70 and 73, for transverse choppers combined with nondriven earth working elements.

This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Apparatus in which the elongated shank portion is driven by plural cranks or eccentric pins or cams which engage the earth working element at points which are spaced along said shank portion.

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88 for other earth working elements having elongated shank portions driven by plural spaced cranks or eccentric pins or cams.

This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Apparatus in which means are provided to vary the shape or contour of the path or orbit through which the earth working element is driven.
(1) Note. A mere incidental change in the shape or contour of the path or orbit of the element due to the raising or lowering of the same to vary the working depth thereof or to raise the same for transport is not included herein. The claim must set forth means for varying the shape or contour of the path, which means is independent of the raising and lowering means.

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89 for other earth working elements having elongated shank portions which are provided with means for varying the shape or contour of the path or orbit through which said earth
working elements are driven.

This subclass is indented under subclass 84. Apparatus in which the elongated shank portion is driven by plural cranks or eccentric pins or cams which engage the earth working element at points which are spaced along said shank portion.

This subclass is indented under subclass 84. Apparatus in which means are provided to vary the shape or contour of the path or orbit through which the earth working element is driven.
(1) Note. A mere incidental change in the shape or contour of the path or orbit of the element due to the raising or lowering of the same to vary the working depth thereof or to raise the same for transport is not included herein. The claim must set forth means for varying the shape or contour of the path, which means is independent of the raising and lowering means.

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87 for transverse chopper-type earth working elements which are provided with means for varying the shape or contour of the path or orbit through which the earth working elements are driven.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which an earth working element which is supported on a frame is moved towards and away from the earth by a lifting member which is rotatably or pivotally supported on an axis on said frame and has circumferential portions which extend radially to varying distances from said axis in such fashion that said lifting member engages the earth and periodically lifts the frame and the earth working element.
(1) Note. The frame may be a vehicle chassis, all or part of which is lifted to move the earth working element.
(2) Note. The lifting member may roll on the earth or may be driven with respect to the frame.

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subclasses 236+ for irregular ground-engaging wheels or levers which engage the earth to resist motion of the apparatus thereover, whereby upon a predetermined resistance relative motion between the wheels or levers and the apparatus causes a manipulation of the apparatus or a part thereof, the lever or wheel passing through only a portion of a cycle i.e., passing through a cycle of less than 360 deg..

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which a tooth or like earth working part or portion is movably supported on a carrier which carrier is driven in a definite closed path or orbit whereby said tooth, part or portion moves with respect to said carrier as said carrier moves through its path or orbit.
(1) Note. A vehicle upon which the tooth or like earth working part or portion is mounted would not be a "carrier" for this subclass even if it were steered to travel in a closed circular path.
(2) Note. A tooth or like earth working part or portion which can be moved from one position of adjustment to another on its carrier is not considered "movably mounted" for this definition.

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109 for a tooth or like earth working part or portion which can be moved from one position of adjustment to another on a rotary driven carrier.
541 for rolling carriers having movably mounted thereon teeth or like earth working parts or portions which can be moved with respect to the rolling carrier from an earth working position to a position in which the teeth are prevented from engaging the ground.
545 for rolling carriers having projections on the periphery thereof which projections move relative to he carriers as said carriers rotate.
550 for a tooth or like earth working part or portion which can be selectively moved from one position of adjustment to another on a rolling carrier means.

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175, Boring or Penetrating the Earth, subclasses 89+ for an earth boring device including a tool element on a continuously driven flexible or articulated endless member.

This subclass is indented under subclass 91. Apparatus in which a means is provided for positively causing the movement of the tooth or like earth working part or portion relative to the carrier as said carrier moves through its path or orbit.
(1) Note. This subclass includes those earth working elements having earth working parts or portions which rotate or move in orbital paths relative to the cyclically driven carriers on which said parts or portions are mounted.
(2) Note. A mere spring connection between the blade and carrier for causing movement is not included in this definition. See subclass 96 for such apparatus.

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subclasses 48+ for a carrier which is itself a separate earth working element.
546 for rolling carriers having earth working teeth, parts, or projections on the periphery thereof, there being provided a means to cause movement of said teeth, parts, or projections relative to the rolling carriers.

This subclass is indented under subclass 92. Apparatus in which the tooth or like earth working part or portion is driven in such a fashion that it reciprocates in a straight line path with respect to the driven carrier upon which it is mounted.

This subclass is indented under subclass 92. Apparatus in which the tooth or like earth working part or portion is mounted on a rotating carrier, there being provided a means for moving said tooth, part, or portion back and forth in an arcuate path relative to said carrier.

This subclass is indented under subclass 92. Apparatus in which the tooth or like earth working part or portion is driven with respect to the driven carrier by a cam or crank.
(1) Note. The cam or crank is usually but not necessarily actuated in response to motion of the carrier.

This subclass is indented under subclass 91. Apparatus in which the tooth or like earth working part or portion is supported on the driven carrier by means which include a member which bends or distorts to allow said tooth or like earth working part or portion to move relative to said carrier.
(1) Note. The support may comprise a freely bendable connection or a resilient means adapted to bias the tooth or like earth working part or portion to a given position and which means may be employed either with or in lieu of a hinge connection between the carrier and said tooth, part, or portion.
(2) Note. The support may be a mere continuation of a spring formed or flexible blade or blade shank.

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45 for "flail type" tools wherein a tooth or like earth working part or portion is so pivotally mounted on a driven rotary carrier that during rotation of said carrier centrifugal forces cause the free end of said tooth or like earth working part or portion to swing to a radial position relative to the axis of rotation of said carrier.
subclasses 261+ for nondriven earth working elements provided with means permitting the elements to shift with respect to the earth or a supporting frame when said elements
encounter an overload.
543 for rolling nondriven tools having the teeth or like earth working parts or portions thereof formed of resilient material.
subclasses 544+ for rolling nondriven tools in which the teeth or like earth working parts or portion thereof are mounted on a spring or are so related to a spring that relative movement between such teeth, parts or portions and the rolling supporting structure stresses the spring.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which the earth working element or an earth-engaging portion thereof has different, distinct kinds of motions (such as reciprocating and rotating) with respect to the earth, these motions either occurring simultaneously or successively during the cyclical operation of the earth working element.

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subclasses 91+ for blades or teeth which are movably mounted on carriers which are also movably mounted so that said blades or teeth travel in paths determined by the superposed motions caused by the respective movable mountings.
101 for earth working elements which move in a guide means only in a reciprocating path.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which a movably supported earth working element which is driven in a given path or orbit is provided with an actuating or manipulating means whereby during operation said element may be shifted at the will of an operator to positions in which said path or orbit is spaced from its initial position transversely of the line of travel of the element across the ground.
(1) Note. The usual purpose of the lateral shifting is to follow a crooked row of plants or to chop or avoid cutting
out certain plants in a row.
(2) Note. The lateral shifting means may be a handle or foot lever type attendant operated actuating means which may be selectively moved from one latched position to another, or a handle or foot lever type attendant operated manipulating means which may be moved from one position and held in the position to which it is moved by continued application of force on the manipulating means by the attendant.

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117 for driven earth working elements which are mounted for free or yielding movement laterally of the path of travel, there being provided no attendant operated actuating or manipulating means for effecting such movement.
subclasses 332+ for nondriven tools which are manipulated by an attendant to vary their position relative to a supporting frame.

This subclass is indented under subclass 98. Apparatus in which the earth working element is swingable on a fixed radius about a fixed vertical axis in a generally horizontal plane transversely across the line of travel of said element.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which a tooth or like earth working part or portion is mounted on a flexible or articulated member which is driven in a closed path or circuit relative to a frame upon which said tooth, part, or portion and member are supported.
(1) Note. The flexible or articulated member is generally a chain or endless belt type carrier to which the tooth, part, or portion is immovably fixed while said tooth, part, or portion is actually in ground engagement, but said tooth, part, or portion may move slightly as said carrier moves around gears, pulleys, or otherwise changes its direction in its closed path.

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23 for earth working elements towed across a field from a fixed traction point by a flexible member.
subclasses 91+ for blades which are movably mounted on belts or chains.
542 for rolling, rotating, or orbitally moving nondriven endless belts or chains having teeth or blades thereon.

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171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 94 for unearthing unit carried by an endless flexible member.
175, Boring or Penetrating the Earth, subclasses 89+ for an earth boring device including a tool element on a continuously driven flexible or articulated endless member.
305, Wheel Substitutes for Land Vehicles, subclasses 187+ for an endless flexible track for a land vehicle, said track having detachable cleats for penetrating the ground to secure better traction for the track.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which a guide means is provided for constraining an earth working element to move back and forth in a straight line path.

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20 and 22, for vertically reciprocating sod cutters.
21 for vertically reciprocating turf perforators which pierce the soil to aerate the same.
subclasses 61+ for tools which are guided for rectilinear reciprocation but which are intermittently driven through their cycle of operation.

This subclass is indented under subclass 101. Apparatus in which the guide means limits the movement of the earth
working elements to a path transverse to the direction of draft and lying in a horizontal plane.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which the drive transmission means between a driven earth working element and its motivating means is provided with a power transmitting member which (1) slips, bends, breaks, distorts, or in some other manner allows a relative displacement between said earth working element and its motivating means, or (2) can be selectively moved from one position in which the drive transmission means is interrupted between the driven earth working element and its motivating means to another position in which said drive transmission means is again operative to transmit power directly from the motivating means to the driven earth working element.
(1) Note. Generally the function of the overload relief means is to protect the earth working element whenever it encounters an obstruction, while the clutch functions to interrupt the power drive to the earth working element whenever desirable.

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75 for driven earth working elements which are provided with means to interrupt the power drive to said element upon a bodily shifting of the same from one vertical position to another.
83 for driven earth working elements which are provided with means to interrupt the power drive to said element upon a bodily shifting of the same back or forth in the direction of draft.
96 for teeth or like earth working parts or portions which are yieldably mounted on a power driven cyclic carrier for motion with respect thereto upon contact by a resisting member.
117 for means to yieldably support an earth working element which means may permit the earth working element to rise up out of contact with an obstruction.
533 for a clutch between a shaft and a rolling, rotating, or orbitally moving nondriven tool mounted thereon.

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171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 9 for unearthing devices with drive overload release.

This subclass is indented under subclass 103. Apparatus in which an overrunning clutch or its equivalent is interposed between a ground wheel and an earth working element driven thereby in such a manner that the wheel may drive the earth working element when said wheel is turning in one direction but not in the other.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which a driven earth working element is mounted in a frame which is provided with a claimed ground- engaging supporting wheel and details of a power transmitting means from the wheel to the earth working element are set out in the claims.
(1) Note. Mere mention of a transmission between the wheel and the earth working element or a broad statement of the type of transmission (e.g., gearing) have not been considered to involve detailed structure which would require classification under this definition since traction drives of this type are very common in the art.
(2) Note. The wheel may itself be driven by power applied to it or may be a freely rolling wheel. In the case of a driven wheel the wheel must be interposed in the path of power from the source to the earth working element to come under this definition.

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44 for "rod weeder" type implements which may be positively driven from a ground wheel on the weeder supporting frame.
subclasses 61+ for earth working elements which may be intermittently driven from a rolling or driven ground wheel, such intermittent drive generally being from several pins or other projections which are spaced about the periphery of the wheel or from mutilated gears or cam operated drive clutches which are operatively associated with the wheel.
69 and the Note thereunder for earth working elements which are driven by nondriven earth working elements as the latter roll over the ground.
subclasses 103+ for earth working elements which may be driven from a rolling or driven ground wheel and which include in the drive transmission from such wheel an overload relief or clutch means.

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171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 108 for traction wheel drive for an unearthing unit part.
180, Motor Vehicles, subclasses 337+ for transmission mechanisms for driven ground wheels.
414, Material or Article Handling, subclasses 439+ for a wheel operated motion or draft responsive load handler.

This subclass is indented under subclass 105. Apparatus in which the drive interposed between the earth working element and a wheel includes an endless flexible force transmitting member.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which an earth working element is driven about an axis which is parallel to the ground and is additionally located in a plane which is generally parallel to the direction of travel of the earth working element over the ground.
(1) Note. This subclass includes those earth working elements which oscillate about a longitudinal axis generally back and forth across a crop row, for example, for thinning out or chopping cotton plants.

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subclasses 5+ for "cotton chopper" type tools which may be driven to oscillate or rotate about a horizontal longitudinal axis and in which the operation of said tool is further under the control of a sensing means.
58 for a plurality of laterally spaced tools each driven about a longitudinal axis.
subclasses 63+ especially subclasses 70 and 73 for driven tools which may move about a longitudinal axis and which in addition, are combined with one or more non-driven tools.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 97 for a rotary digger driven about a horizontal longitudinal axis.
299, Mining or In Situ Disintegration of Hard Material, subclass 39.1 for a floor working hard material disintegrating machine having a driven rotary cutter.

This subclass is indented under subclass 107. Apparatus in which the driven earth working element rotates about an axis.

This subclass is indented under subclass 108. Apparatus in which the rotary earth working element includes a tooth or like earth working part or portion whose relative position on the hub or supporting portion of said element may be adjusted.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "adjustable", see the class definition.
(2) Note. This definition is intended to embrace those rotary earth working elements in which a tooth or like earth working part or portion thereof may be changed from one position of adjustment to another, such tooth, part, or portion being locked in each selected position of adjustment.

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96 for earth working elements wherein the tooth or like earth working parts or portions thereof are flexibly or yieldably moved from one position to another on the supporting hub or carrier of said elements.
550 for rolling earth working elements having peripherally spaced thereon and adjustably secured thereto a plurality of
teeth, blades, or the like earth working parts or portions.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which an earth working element is driven about an axis which is generally perpendicularly disposed relative to the ground.
(1) Note. This subclass includes those earth working elements which oscillate about a vertical axis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 48+ especially subclass 59, for a plurality of tools each of which is provided with a separate individual drive means for causing the same to move about a vertical axis.
subclasses 522+ for nondriven tools of the rolling, rotating, or orbitally moving type which move about a vertical axis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
299, Mining or In Situ Disintegration of Hard Material, subclass 41.1 for a floor working hard material disintegrating machine driving a substantially vertical axis cutter.

This subclass is indented under subclass 110. Apparatus in which an earth working element is rotatably driven about a vertical axis.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
111, Planting, subclass 160 for a power driven earth working tool, rotatable about a vertical axis, which is claimed in combination with a planting machine.
175, Boring or Penetrating the Earth, subclasses 170+ for a drive for an earth boring tool, and including a drive for a vertical axis rotary-type earth boring tool which may be
manipulatively mounted on a wheeled vehicle.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which the driven earth working element is provided with a guard or baffle means disposed in the path of material thrown from said element generally to intercept said material and alter the course or path of flow thereof to thereby cause said material to be deposited in a position or location other than that which said material would have assumed without said baffle means.
(1) Note. This definition includes hoods or like housings or enclosures against the inner surfaces of which unearthed material from a driven earth working element is impinged to break up clods or lumps of said material.
(2) Note. This definition is intended to take those patents in which the shield or deflector is disposed on or above the original ground surface and performs no earth working function except that incidental to shielding or deflecting the driven earth working element.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
32 for screens and the like, placed in the path along which unearthed material emerges from an earth working element to separate constituent portions of said material.
subclasses 63+ for nondriven tools combined with driven earth working elements which tools may be in the form of hoods or shields provided with ground contacting parts or portions designed to perform an earth working function such, for example, as leveling or further pulverizing the earth proceeding from the driven implement, or breaking or scratching the earth's crust prior to working thereof by said driven earth working elements.
72 for leveling drags or plates which follow the driven earth working element and level or shape the soil redeposited on the earth by said element.
subclasses 508+ for guards or shields for nondriven earth working elements.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 112 for
an unearthing unit provided with a protective guard or casing.

This subclass is indented under subclass 112. Apparatus in which the baffle or guard means acts on the material flowing from the driven earth working element to deflect said material laterally of the direction of draft of said element.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus comprising a motor or motor actuated means for traversing a driven earth working element over the ground.
(1) Note. Self-propelled or tractor-propelled implements are common in this art. Hence for a patent to be classified under this definition, the propulsion means must be recited in some detail, and the mere recitation of a motor is not enough. However, a broad reference to a wheel substitute such as a tracklaying means on a tractor is sufficient. Also a recitation of a relationship with a propulsion means such as the statement that an implement hitch arm is connected to a differential housing (as distinct from merely a "rear axle housing") is enough.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
105 for self-propelled or tractor-propelled devices wherein the earth working element is driven from a rolling or a driven ground wheel of said device.
292 for specific propulsion means for non-driven earth working elements, and see the Search Class Notes thereunder for appropriate fields of search in Class 74, Machine Element or Mechanism, Class 180, Motor Vehicles, and Class 305, Wheel Substitutes for Land Vehicles.
352 for manually driven stepper-type propulsion means.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
180, Motor Vehicles, appropriate subclasses for specific propelling means for motor vehicles.

This subclass is indented under subclass 114. Apparatus in which the driven earth working element is used to steer the apparatus in the desired direction as it traverses the ground.

This subclass is indented under subclass 114. Apparatus in which (1) the sole means disclosed for traversing the apparatus over the ground is the driven earth working element and the apparatus is not disclosed as being guided by a walking attendant or (2) the driven earth working element aids in traversing the apparatus over the ground or is the sole means for traversing the apparatus over the ground and there is a significant recitation in a claim indicating this fact.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which the driven earth working element is so mounted on a supporting frame that during normal operation said earth working element can (1) move freely relative to said frame, or (2) can move against the action of a biasing member which generally urges said earth working element into a predetermined position.
(1) Note. This definition includes lateral as well as vertical movement, and the tool need not be capable of universal movement but such tool may move in a guide way or the like even though the amplitude of the movement may be limited by stop means.
(2) Note. The movement of the tool relative to the frame as contemplated by this definition is a shifting or movement of the tool from one position to another in the frame, which movement is above and beyond the motion of the tool as it is driven through its path or orbit. Such shifting or movement may be either a translation of the tool as a unit or simply a pivotal movement of the tool about a fixed axis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
77 for a driven implement having a ground support and being jointedly connected to a vehicle there being additionally
provided a resilient means for normally biasing the implement in a vertical plane.
96 for teeth or like earth working parts or portions which are yieldably mounted on a power driven carrier for motion with respect thereto.
subclasses 98+ for earth working elements which are provided with a means whereby an attendant can selectively vary the lateral position of said elements during normal operation.
subclasses 497+ for an actuator adapted to lift a nondriven tool for transport on a wheeled vehicle, there being provided a resilient means for biasing the tool to a predetermined position but permitting the same to yield on overload or the like.
subclasses 501+ for an actuator adapted to lift a nondriven tool for transport on a wheeled frame, there being provided a lost motion connection between the actuator and tool whereby during earth working said tool is free to move relative to said actuator or frame.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which an earth working element is driven about an axis which is parallel to the ground or disposed at an angle relative to the ground and is additionally located in a plane which is transverse to the direction of travel of the earth working element.
(1) Note. This subclass includes those earth working elements which are driven to and fro in an arcuate path about an axis extending transversely to the direction of draft; e.g., oscillating hoes and choppers.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 61+ for earth working elements which are intermittently driven back and forth in an oscillatory path about an axis that is disposed transversely to the direction.
124 for earth working elements which are disposed at an angle other than 90 deg. to the direction of draft as viewed in plan.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 98 for a rotary digger driven about a longitudinal transverse axis.
299, Mining or In Situ Disintegration of Hard Material, subclasses 25+ for an ice working device having a driven cutter, and subclasses 39.1+ for a floor working hard material disintegrating machine having a rotary cutter.

This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Apparatus in which an earth working element which is driven about an axis transverse to the direction of travel is provided either with (1) a radially protruding ridge or sharpened plate or (2) a row of radially projecting prongs, which ridge, plate or row lies along a line which exends both longitudinally and circumferentially of a surface of revolution, such as a cylinder or cone.

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532 for nondriven earth working elements which are provided with screw or spiral arranged teeth, or like earth working parts or portions.

This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Apparatus in which an earth working element which is driven about an axis extending transversely to the direction of travel is in the form of a generally circular member which may be either flat or dished.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
55 for plural groups of driven disks.
subclasses 518+ for rolling, rotating, or orbitally moving disc or planar cutter-type tools.

This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Apparatus in which the driven earth working element includes a laterally extending bar or earth working part or portion held on a rotatable support by openwork or by spaced supporting means.
(1) Note. The overall appearance of these earth working elements is very similar to that of a conventional lawn mower.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
552 for nondriven earth working elements having laterally extending blades on skeleton supports.

This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Apparatus which comprises a relatively large diameter drum or roller-like member having spaced about the periphery thereof a plurality of teeth, blades, or like earth working parts or portions.
(1) Note. The peripheral surface of the drum should be in ground contact as distinguished from a small diameter supporting shaft for teeth, blades, cutters, or like earth working portions, which shaft would be spaced above the ground.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
554 for rolling nondriven tools comprising drums having axially spaced teeth or blades thereon.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
492, Roll or Roller, subclasses 30+ for a roll, per se, not elsewhere provided for, having surface projections, indentations or slits.

This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Apparatus in which the earth working element is rotatably driven about an axis extending transversely to the direction of travel.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which the driven earth working element is driven about an axis which as viewed in plan is disposed at an angle other than 90 deg. to the direction of draft.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
118 for earth working elements which are driven about axes which are disposed at 90 deg. to the direction of draft.

This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Apparatus in which a mechanical drive feature is significantly claimed, such as a gearing, universal coupling, bearing, lubrication means or details of a drive motor.
(1) Note. For classification under this definition a patent must have a claim which contains some detailed description of a particular mechanical drive feature. Thus, the mere nominal inclusion of "a gear", "a universal coupling", "a bearing", etc., will not suffice, while a more specific identification of the drive feature such as "a worm gear", "a double clevis type universal coupling", "a floating roller bearing", etc., will suffice.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
103 for a clutch or overload release coupling interposed between an earth working element and a driving means therefor.
105 for mechanical drive features forming part of a specialized drive interposed between an earth working element and a traction and supporting wheel driving the same.
533 for a clutch interposed between a shaft and a rolling nondriven earth working element.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 142 for details of a drive for a driven unearthing device.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising an earth working device in combination with means for making a mark or on the earth, which mark is to be used as a sight line for the earth working means on a subsequent pass over the field.
(1) Note. This subclass is intended to include marking devices disclosed as mounted on some earth working means (e.g., a planter) even if the earth working means is claimed only as a support. However, devices for making a mark in the earth disclosed as independent instrumentalities not mounted on some principal earth working means are treated as if they themselves were earth working devices (which they are since they mark the earth) and are classified in appropriate subclasses below.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 133+ for diverse earth working elements.
subclasses 204+ for earth working elements alternating for right or left hand operation.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, subclass 18.1 for scribers of general utility comprising mechanically guided relatively traveling means for scratching or scoring lines.
104, Railways, subclass 244.1 for furrow followers for guiding a vehicle along the furrow.
111, Planting, subclasses 25+ for means, combined with or disclosed in combination with a planter, for intermittently marking the earth to indicate seed depositories and subclass 33 for means for intermittently impressing on the ground a mark, or combinations of such means with means for marking an unbroken line on a field. A planter claimed by name only, combined with a marker is classifiable in Class 172.
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 6 for unearthing device with an earth marker.

This subclass is indented under subclass 126. Apparatus
wherein the marker means is designed to make a mark to one side of the earth working device while the apparatus proceeds in one direction, and to shift to mark at the other side of the implement in response to the turning of the apparatus.

This subclass is indented under subclass 126. Apparatus comprising means for raising the earth working device to a transport position and means interconnected therewith to shift the earth marking means with respect to the earth working device responsive to the raising movement of the earth working device.
(1) Note. This subclass does not include those devices in which the earth working device and marker are raised as a unit without relative movement.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 209+ for apparatus comprising tools alternating for right or left hand operation, lifting of the apparatus being interrelated with shifting of the tools.

This subclass is indented under subclass 126. Apparatus in which the earth working device includes ground-engaging wheels and the marker means is moved relative to the earth working device by power derived from rotation of the wheels.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
492 and 493, for actuators adapted to lift a tool for transport wherein power for said actuators is derived from a continuous source of power.

This subclass is indented under subclass 126. Apparatus wherein plural markers are provided and interconnected such that when one marker is adjusted to operative position, the other marker is simultaneously moved to inoperative
position.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
127 for interconnected markers shiftable on turning.
128 for interconnected markers shiftable on lifting the earth working device.
subclasses 204+ for apparatus comprising earth working tools alternating for right or left hand operation.

This subclass is indented under subclass 130. Apparatus in which the markers are mounted at opposite ends of a common carrying member, the carrying member being movable laterally to place the markers into alternate operative and inoperative positions.
(1) Note. The lateral shifting is more than a mere pivoting movement. The common carrying member is usually moved bodily in a lateral direction and also pivoted on a longitudinal axis.

This subclass is indented under subclass 126. Apparatus having marker means mounted to pivot through approximately 180 deg. about an axis which extends in the direction of travel of the implement and centrally thereof so as to be alternately usable on opposite sides of the implements.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 224+ for implements alternating for right or left hand operation which are rotated about a longitudinal axis from one operative position to the other.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
104, Railways, subclass 244.1 for furrow followers for a vehicle to guide it along a furrow, such followers being mounted in a manner similar to that of a marker mounting.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising the combination of earth working elements of different size or shape each working the earth at the same time or adjustable into earth working position.
(1) Note. The diverse earth working elements must each be present in the apparatus at the same time, though one may be removable leaving another.
(2) Note. The diverse earth working elements must be distinct entities as distinguished from a single unit having portions of different shape to perform different functions. For such unitary elements see for example, subclasses 540+. A single disk is considered a unit. Where one tool or soil working element (e.g., sweep) is directly mounted upon another tool or soil contacting element (e.g., cultivator shovel) or on a common support or frame and for any given adjusted position (if the two are adjustably connected) could be made integral and the second element in effect forms a continuation of the first, for continuous soil contact, this is considered to be a single tool and is excluded from this definition.
(3) Note. The combination of a plow and an element for merely cutting or breaking a furrow slice raised by the plow is not classified under this definition. For subject matter of this type see subclass 758.
(4) Note. Where one implement is claimed so broadly that it can be considered merely a named support for the other, not distinguishable from a general utility support such as a vehicle, the device is classified on the basis of the other implement. See (2) Note in the definition of subclass 452 and (5) Note in the definition of subclass 669.
(5) Note. Earth working elements which differ merely by being for right or left hand operation or being mirror images of one another are not included. See subclasses 204+, 642, and 686 for such apparatus.
(6) Note. A device comprising an earth working element mounted on a frame which frame may incidentally contact the earth and act as an earth leveling member and so be considered a diverse earth working element is not included under this definition unless the frame is specifically shaped or modified to perform said function.
(7) Note. The combination of an implement or implements having a part rotated by engagement with the soil and a nonrotating part are included under this definition even though the parts may be contiguous or form a continuation of
one another if both of said parts perform a substantial earth working, cutting, or turning function. A plow having a moldboard which includes rollers or a belt to reduce friction is not included since the rollers or belts are not considered to have any substantial earth working function. (See subclasses 717 and 718). However, a plow having a disk moldboard is included. (See subclass 167). Also a rotating tool having a mere scraping element for removing earth from the tool is not included while a rotating tool having an adjacent moldboard for turning a slice raised by the tool is included. (See subclasses 168 and 558+).
(8) Note. A runner or landside directly connected to or forming a direct rearward continuation of a tool is considered to be a part of the tool. Thus, if an earth working blade, sweep, or the like is connected to such a runner or landside the resultant device is considered to be a single tool having multiple earth working portions and is not classified under this definition. See subclasses 728 and 746, for example. However, if a runner or landside is spaced rearwardly from a tool and does not form a direct continuation thereof and has an earth working blade, sweep, or the like mounted thereon, this is considered to be two separate tools and classification under this definition results.
(9) Note. A runner which is not attached to the rear of or does not form a rearward continuation of a tool and has a plurality of different type or shape blades or earth working portions attached thereto rearwardly of its forward end is considered to be a mere common support for diverse tools and the resultant apparatus is classified under this definition. (See subclass 188).
(10) Note. A pair of laterally spaced runners or landsides with unlike tools mounted thereon and spanning the same is included under this definition.
(11) Note. Where a nonearth working mounting member for one tool is directly connected to or carried by the earth working portion of a diverse tool, patents will be classified under this definition even if the claims do not recite the tool by which the member is carried.
(12) Note. This definition includes those devices in which one of the tools may be solely disclosed as cutting a vertical slit in the earth merely to prevent side sway or counterbalance side thrust. (See subclasses 190+).
(13) Note. Where there is combined with an earth working implement, such as a plow, a separate and distinct member which receives soil elevated by the implement and acts to deflect the soil to the side, invert it, etc., the member in this combination will be considered an earth working tool and be classified under this definition.
(14) Note. Hand held tools having diverse earth working
portions or elements are not included. See subclasses 371+, especially subclasses 375 and 378+ for such devices.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
16 for a lawn edger with a rolling or driven cutter and a fixed cutter or furrower.
20 for a sod cutter with a means for transverse cutting while moving.
34 for an earth working apparatus adapted for use upside down.
subclasses 50+ for plural driven diverse tools.
subclasses 63+ for a driven tool combined with a nondriven tool.
subclasses 126+ for an earth working device combined with an earth marking means.
subclasses 204+ for alternating tools which differ merely by being for right or left hand operation.
subclasses 245+ for apparatus comprising a tool convertible or changeable to a diverse tool, and specially subclasses 251+ for a tool changeable to a diverse tool by assembly or disassembly.
subclasses 452+ for a broadly claimed implement with an actuator adapted to lift a tool on said implement for transport.
subclasses 540+ for a rolling tool with circumferentially spaced tines, blades or the like of different shape or size.
subclasses 558+ for a disk with disk cleaning means. See (7) Note.
642 for a pair of relatively movable tools cooperating to
move earth to and from a plant row, the tools differing merely by being for right or left hand operation.
subclasses 669+ for a broadly claimed implement supporting an earth working element.
684.5 and 799.5, for implements comprising plural scraping blades which are of different size or shape, or mounted in different angular relationship with respect to a reference line.
686 for right and left hand tools.
subclasses 714+ for plural earth-engaging parts of an earth working element, the parts being movable during operation. See (7) Note.
728 for a symmetrical-type tool with an attached runner and additional blades attached to the runner. See (8) Note.
746 for an earth working tool with a portion extended beyond the landside.
758 for a moldboard-type earth working element with a furrow slice cutter or breaker.
subclasses 777+ for a scraper supporting a narrow depending tool.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
30, Cutlery, especially subclasses 123+ for knives and cutters of general application combined with other devices.
37, Excavating, subclasses 403+ for a scraper combined with a scoop, shovel, or the like.
56, Harvesters, subclass 400.04 for hand rakes combined with other tools.
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 4 for unearthing devices with additional earth or plant rolling implement, subclass 6 for unearthing devices with additional earth marker or earth conditioner, subclass 10 for unearthing devices having preliminary removal of earth.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus in which the diverse earth working elements are supported or propelled by a wheeled frame and at least one of the earth working elements operates on the soil traversed or to be traversed by the wheel or wheels.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 175+ for rolling and nonrolling implements operating along the same path.
subclasses 297+ for a tool located forward of the rear of a motor vehicle.
671 for a wheel and tool mounted on a single longitudinal beam and traveling in the same path.
676 for a tool mounted on a wheeled frame and traveling in the same path as the wheel.
subclasses 810+ for a tool located forward of a motor vehicle.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus in which an implement has earth working portions which operate on all four sides of an implement having a diverse earth working element.
(1) Note. The surrounding implement may comprise a plurality of like separate tools.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus comprising earth working elements arranged adjustably in the apparatus so that when an element of one type is in ground-working position an element of another type must be out of ground working position.
(1) Note. Hand held tools having alternately usable unlike
earth working portions or elements are excluded from the definition. See subclass 375.
(2) Note. This definition includes apparatus in which two integral diverse tools must be removed and reversed to bring the diverse tool into operation. The diverse tools must always be present in the apparatus when the apparatus is working the earth.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
34 for apparatus adapted to be inverted in its entirely to provide an earth working operation in either position.
subclasses 204+ for alternately usable tools which differ merely by being for right or left hand operation.
subclasses 251+ for a tool which is changeable to a diverse tool by an assembly or disassembly operation.
375 for hand cultivating tools having diverse alternately usable earth working portions. See (1) Note above.
subclasses 777+ for an alternately usable scraper and narrow depending tool attached thereto.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 2 for alternately usable unearthing units.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus including means to alter the spacial relationship of the diverse earth working elements incident to a change in the direction of movement.
(1) Note. Tool mountings which merely permit relative movement between the tools in the absence of means to change the relationship upon turning are not classified in this and indented subclasses, but are classified below on other bases.
(2) Note. The variation in the spacing of the tools may be in a horizontal direction or may be a variation in the relative elevations of the tools.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
255 for apparatus in which a tool is lifted out of or lowered into ground engagement incident to a change of direction of movement.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 456.1 for articulated vehicles having plural connections therebetween.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus in which the diverse earth working elements are independently mounted so as to be elevatable about separate axes or along different paths and lifting means are connected to each of the earth working elements the lifting means being so interrelated that vertical movement of one earth working element is accompanied by vertical movement of the other.
(1) Note. The tools may move in opposite directions, i.e., one move up while the other moves down.
(2) Note. The lifting means may comprise an actuator or an attendant manipulated handle.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 488+ for a single-lift actuator for plural relatively movable like tools.

This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Apparatus in which the diverse earth working elements comprise a moldboard-type tool for turning a furrow slice and a cutting knife to cut a vertical slit in the earth in advance of the moldboard-type tool.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
144 for the combination of a colter, jointer and plow.
subclasses 165+ for diverse tools one of which is a colter.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus including a frame on which the diverse earth working elements are mounted and separate means are provided to selectively vertically move the diverse earth working elements with respect to the frame.
(1) Note. The moving means may be an actuator or an attendant manipulated handle.
(2) Note. This definition includes apparatus in which both tools are lifted by a single manipulating means and the second tool is lifted with respect to the first by a second manipulating means.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
301 for plural tools mounted ahead of the rear and to the rear of a motor vehicle and being actuatable by independent power units.
468 for plural tools liftable for transport on a wheeled frame and being independently actuatable.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus in which one of the earth working elements is of the rolling or rotating type, the axis of rotation thereof being adjustable in a substantially horizontal plane and a diverse earth working element adjustable about a separate point or along a different path, the adjustment of one earth working element resulting in an adjustment of the other earth working element.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus in which one of the diverse earth working elements comprises an earth working element which is formed of or supported directly upon a member formed of resilient material.
(1) Note. A pivoted tool having means to bias the tool about the pivot is not included under this definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 389+ for spring-tooth type implements having runners or other wheel substitutes.
643 for plural spring teeth in a single implement.
subclasses 707+ for spring teeth, per se.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus in which one of the earth working elements is of the rolling or rotating type and including brake or stop means for slowing down or stopping the rotation or rolling thereof.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 528+ for rolling or rotating tools having means for stopping or retarding the rotation thereof.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus in which the diverse earth working elements comprise a plow or earth turning element having a moldboard to turn a furrow slice, a smaller plow or element to throw a strip of soil into the far side of the furrow in advance of the main plow, and a cutting knife to cut a slit in the ground forward of the plow, the plow operating in the slit.
(1) Note. The colter and jointer must be separate from one another and from the plow.
(2) Note. Patents claiming the combination of a separate colter and jointer disclosed for use with a plow will be classified as originals under this definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 163+ for the combination of a jointer and plow.
subclasses 165+ for the combination of a colter and diverse tool operating in the slit formed by the colter.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 3 for unearthing devices with a stabilizing colter or fin.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus comprising at least three diverse implements in succession, the second implement following in or overlapping the path of the first and the third following in or overlapping the path of the second, the implements being longitudinally spaced and having diverse earth working elements.
(1) Note. Two of the implements may be the same if a different implement intervenes.
(2) Note. If an implement follows in or overlaps the path of travel of a diverse implement the implements are considered to be traveling in the same path. Thus it may be seen that three implements may be following overlapping paths under this definition and yet the third implement be laterally spaced with respect to the first. It should be particularly noted, that the word "implement" covers either a group of like earth working elements or a single earth working element.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
144 for the combination of a plow with a separate colter and jointer.
subclasses 175+ for two rolling and nonrolling implements following the same path.
subclasses 195+ for two diverse implements following the same path.

This subclass is indented under subclass 145. Apparatus in which at least four diverse implements follow the same or overlapping paths.

This subclass is indented under subclass 146. Apparatus in which the implements are alternately alike, but successively unlike.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
148 for three implements following the same or overlapping paths, the first and third implements being alike and the intermediate implement being of a different type.
subclasses 152+ for at least four laterally spaced implements which are alternately alike, but successively unlike.

This subclass is indented under subclass 145. Apparatus in which the first and third implements in the direction of travel are alike and the intermediate or second implement is of a different type.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
147 for four or more implements following the same path which are alternately alike, but successively unlike.
subclasses 155+ for laterally spaced like implements with an intermediate unlike implement.

This subclass is indented under subclass 145. Apparatus in which one of the diverse implements includes an earth working element which is given a rotating motion by the resistance of the earth as it is drawn thereover.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
143 for diverse tools one of which is a tool which has an intermittent rolling motion imparted thereto.
subclasses 146+ for four or more diverse implements following the same path and including a rolling implement.
148 for longitudinally spaced like implements with an intermediate diverse implement including a rolling implement.
subclasses 175+ for two rolling and nonrolling implements following the same path.
subclasses 184+ for two diverse rolling implements following the same path.
subclasses 518+ for rolling implements, per se.

This subclass is indented under subclass 149. Apparatus in which the rolling earth working element comprises a smooth surface compaction roller of uniform diameter and free from protuberances or depressions.

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subclasses 170+ for other diverse tools one of which is a smooth leveling roller.

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404, Road Structure, Process, or Apparatus, subclasses 122+, for compacting rollers, per se.

This subclass is indented under subclass 149. Apparatus including two implements having rolling earth working elements of unlike types.

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150 and 172, for diverse rolling tools one of which is a smooth leveling roller.
154 for four or more laterally spaced rolling tools which are alternately alike, but successively unlike.
158 for laterally spaced like rolling tools with an intermediate diverse rolling tool.
subclasses 184+ for other diverse rolling tools.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus comprising four or more earth working elements spaced laterally of the direction of travel, the elements being alternately alike, but successively unlike.
(1) Note. The alternate earth working elements may consist of a group of like tools.

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subclasses 155+ for laterally spaced like tools with an intermediate diverse tool.

This subclass is indented under subclass 152. Apparatus in which one set of alternate earth working elements is of the rolling type while the other set of alternate earth working elements is of the nonrolling type thus providing a laterally spaced group of earth working elements which are successively
of the rolling and nonrolling type.
(1) Note. This definition includes a single rolling tool having a plurality of laterally spaced sets of tines, teeth or the like with nonrolling tools operating in paths between the sets of teeth.

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65 for a plurality of laterally spaced interdigitating driven and nondriven tools.
156 and 157, for laterally spaced like tools and an intermediate diverse tool of the rolling and nonrolling type.

This subclass is indented under subclass 152. Apparatus in which the diverse earth working elements are all of the rolling type.
(1) Note. This definition includes two rolling tools having laterally spaced sets of teeth, tines, or the like with the sets of one tool operating in paths between the sets of the other tool.
(2) Note. This definition includes apparatus having relatively rotatable earth working elements of different shape or contour even if the members axially abut or one element carries the other.

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65 for a plurality of laterally spaced interdigitating driven and nondriven tools.
158 for laterally spaced like rolling tools with an intermediate diverse rolling tool.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus comprising a pair of like earth working elements spaced laterally of the direction of travel and a diverse earth working element which operates along a path intermediate the paths of the like elements.
(1) Note. Laterally spaced right and left hand tools are
considered to be like earth working elements under this definition.

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subclasses 152+ for four laterally spaced tools which are alternately alike, but successively unlike.
subclasses 193+ for a tool with a rearwardly spaced sweep or earth working blade, etc., which is attached to the tool standard or mounted on a member attached to the tool or its standard.

This subclass is indented under subclass 155. Apparatus in which the spaced like earth working elements are of the rolling or rotating type and the intermediate earth working element is of the nonrolling type.

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153 for four laterally spaced tools which are successively of the rolling and nonrolling type and are alternately alike.

This subclass is indented under subclass 155. Apparatus in which the spaced like earth working elements are of the nonrolling type and the intermediate earth working element is of the rolling or rotating type.

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153 for four laterally spaced tools which are successively of the rolling and nonrolling type and are alternately alike.

This subclass is indented under subclass 155. Apparatus in which the laterally spaced like earth working elements and the intermediate diverse earth working element are all of the rolling or rotating type.

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154 for four laterally spaced tools which are successively unlike and alternately alike, all of the tools being of the rolling type.

This subclass is indented under subclass 155. Apparatus in which the laterally spaced earth working elements are nonidentical or positioned in a nonidentical way so as to function in a right and left handed manner and so located and constructed as to be mirror images of each other, and the intermediate earth working element comprises an element of symmetrical shape.
(1) Note. For the definition of a symmetrical tool see subclass 721.

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subclasses 193+ for a tool with a rearwardly spaced sweep or earth working blade, etc., which is attached to the tool standard or mounted on a member attached to the tool or its standard.
642 for relatively movable right and left hand tools for throwing soil to or from a crop row.
686 for right and left hand tools.
subclasses 721+ for symmetrical tools.

This subclass is indented under subclass 155. Apparatus in which one of the earth working elements comprises a straight tooth of uniform or decreasing diameter in a downward direction.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus in which one of the earth working elements comprises earth working means (other than a scraper) adapted to be adjusted so as to shift the earth in alternate lateral directions with respect to the direction of draft at different times.

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subclasses 204+ for tools alternating for right or left hand operation.

This subclass is indented under subclass 161. Apparatus in which adjustment of the earth working means for alternate operation is accompanied by an adjustment of the diverse earth working element.
(1) Note. The adjustment of the diverse tool may comprise merely the operation of a latch or lock which holds the tool in adjusted position or may comprise the adjustment of the diverse tool in response to operation of a latch or lock to permit adjustment of the alternating implement.
(2) Note. This definition does not include apparatus in which the alternating implement and diverse tool are rigidly connected and adjusted as a unit. Nor does this definition include apparatus in which the diverse tool is freely mounted and may assume a different position upon reversal of the alternating implement due to altered ground resistance, gravity, etc.
(3) Note. The diverse tool is usually a jointer or colter.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus comprising the combination of an earth working element having a moldboard for raising and inverting a furrow slice and a second earth working element operating in advance of the first and operative to raise and turn a smaller furrow slice
and deposit it in the far side of a previously formed furrow so as to be covered by the furrow slice of the moldboard-type earth working element.

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144 for the combination of a plow, colter, and jointer.
382 for a plurality of like earth working elements (e.g., plows) which operate at different depths in the soil.

This subclass is indented under subclass 163. Apparatus comprising a jointer and plow the jointer being of the rolling or rotating type.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus comprising a colter for cutting a vertical slit in the ground in advance of at least a portion of an earth working element and an earth working element following the colter and having a vertically extending portion operating in the slit.

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subclasses 19+ for sod cutters having means for cutting a strip of earth vertically and horizontally.
139 for a plow and colter mounted so as to be vertically movable along different paths or about different axes and lifting means connected to the tools such that vertical movement of one is accompanied by vertical movement of the other.
144 for the combination of a colter, jointer, and plow.

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111, Planting, subclass 140 for a coulter claimed in combination with a planting machine.
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 3 for unearthing devices with stabilizing colter or fin.

This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Apparatus in which the colter is of the rolling or rotating type.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus comprising a nonrolling earth working element adapted to cut a slice of earth and an adjacent rotary earth working element, usually in the form of a disk, for receiving said slice and inverting it.
(1) Note. A moldboard merely having friction reducing rollers or being in the form of a belt to reduce friction is not included under this definition.

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33 for implements having power driven moldboards.
717 for implements having a moldboard in the form of a belt.
718 for implements having a moldboard with friction reducing rollers.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus comprising a rolling or rotating earth working element for cutting or raising a furrow slice and a nonrolling adjacent member for receiving the furrow slice and inverting or completing the inversion of the same.

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166 for a rolling colter which acts to cut a vertical slit in the earth and a tool which operates in the slit.
subclasses 558+ for disk-type tools with scrapers which merely act to scrape the disks to clean same.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus in which one of the earth working elements is of the rolling or rotating type and rotates about an axis which is substantially vertical.
(1) Note. The axis may deviate from the vertical by as much as 45 deg..

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subclasses 522+ for tools which rotate about a substantially vertical axis.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus in which one of the earth working elements comprises a smooth surface compaction roller of uniform diameter and free of projections or depressions.

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150 for three or more diverse implements following the same path one of which is a smooth leveling roller.
176 for a nonrolling tool for forming a furrow or ridge and a following rolling tool which conforms to the shape of the furrow or ridge.

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404, Road Structure, Process, or Apparatus, subclasses 122+, for compacting rollers, per se.

This subclass is indented under subclass 170. Apparatus including an earth working element having a moldboard to turn a furrow slice in one direction, the roller being spaced laterally from the turning or moldboard side of the moldboard-type earth working element.

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subclasses 202+ for a plow and tool laterally spaced from the moldboard side of the plow.

This subclass is indented under subclass 170. Apparatus in which the second earth working element is also of the rolling or rotating type and other than a smooth leveling roller.

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subclasses 184+ for diverse rolling implements not including a smooth leveling roller.

This subclass is indented under subclass 170. Apparatus in which the roller has combined therewith a plurality of nonrolling earth working teeth.
(1) Note. For the definition of "tooth" see subclass 713.

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160 for laterally spaced like tools with an intermediate diverse tool and including spike teeth.
197 and 198, for diverse nonrolling tools following the same path and including teeth.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus in which one of the earth working elements is given a rotating motion by the resistance of the earth as it is drawn thereover and another earth working element is of a nonrolling type.

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143 for diverse tools including an intermittently rolling tool.
subclasses 149+ for three or more diverse implements following the same path, at least one of which is of the rolling type.
153 for at least four laterally spaced diverse tools alternate tools being of the rolling type.
156 and 157, for laterally spaced like tools with an intermediate diverse tool of the rolling and nonrolling type.
164 for a rolling jointer and plow.
166 for a rolling colter combined with a diverse tool.
169 for diverse tools one of which is rotatable about a vertical axis.
170 for diverse tools including a smooth leveling roller.

This subclass is indented under subclass 174. Apparatus in which the rolling and nonrolling earth working elements are included in implements which travel in the same or overlapping paths and are longitudinally spaced from one another.
(1) Note. If an implement follows in or overlaps the path of travel of a diverse implement the implements are considered to be traveling in the same path. It should be particularly noted that the work "implement" covers either a group of like earth working elements or a single earth working element.

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71 for a driven tool and nondriven tool traveling in the same path.
subclasses 149+ for three or more diverse implements following the same path at least one of which is the rolling type.
subclasses 195+ for diverse implements of the nonrolling type following the same path.

This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Apparatus in which the non-rolling implement opens a furrow in or forms a ridge on the ground and the rolling implement operates in the furrow or on the ridge and conforms to the shape thereof.

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143 for diverse tools wherein one of the tools is of the intermittent rolling or rotating type.

This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Apparatus in which the rolling earth working element of the rolling implement has teeth, tines, blades, projections or other configurations so the circumferential portion of the element located in a plane generally at right angles to the axis of rotation engages the earth intermittently or with a varying effect as the element turns.

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subclasses 540+ for rolling earth working elements, per se, with circumferentially spaced blades, tines, or the like.

This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Apparatus in which the rolling implement comprises a group of earth working elements of generally circular platelike members each having the same axis of rotation.
(1) Note. The disks may be planar or concavo-convex.

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subclasses 518+ for disk gangs, per se.

This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Apparatus comprising a group of earth working elements of the nonrolling type spaced from one another transversely of the direction of travel and a rolling earth working element or elements having the same lateral extent as, and traveling the same path traversed by, the nonrolling earth working element group.

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173 for a smooth leveling roller combined with a plurality of earth working teeth.
177 for a plurality of laterally spaced nonrolling tools following the same path as a rolling tool having circumferentially spaced blades, tines, or the like.
178 for a plurality of laterally spaced nonrolling tools following the same path as a plurality of disks rotatable about a common axis.

This subclass is indented under subclass 175. Apparatus in which the rolling implement is located ahead of the nonrolling implement.

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164 for a rolling jointer and plow.
166 for a rolling colter and diverse tool.

This subclass is indented under subclass 180. Apparatus in which the earth working element of the rolling implement comprises a generally circular platelike member concave in a generally forward direction to form a furrow and the nonrolling implement includes an earth working element of the nonrolling type operating in said furrow.
(1) Note. The nonrolling tool may act to square off or undercut, etc., the furrow formed by the rolling tool.

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164 for a rolling or rotating jointer followed by a moldboard-type tool.

This subclass is indented under subclass 174. Apparatus in which the rolling and nonrolling earth working elements are spaced laterally of the direction of travel and operate along different paths.

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153 for at least four laterally spaced rolling and nonrolling tools which are alternately alike and successively unlike.
156 and 157, for laterally spaced like tools and an intermediate diverse tool, the tools being of the rolling and nonrolling type.
subclasses 201+ for laterally spaced diverse tools of the nonrolling type.

This subclass is indented under subclass 182. Apparatus in which the rolling and nonrolling earth working elements have juxtaposed sides which contact or nearly contact during operation to perform a cutting or shearing operation.
(1) Note. The cutting or shearing action is usually for stalks or vines.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus in which each of the earth working elements is given a rotating
motion by the resistance of the earth as it is drawn thereover.

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subclasses 51+ for diverse rotary driven tools.
151 for three or more diverse implements traveling in the same or overlapping paths and including diverse rolling tools.
154 for four or more laterally spaced tools which are alternately alike, but successively unlike and being all of the rolling type.
158 for laterally spaced like rolling tools with an intermediate diverse rolling tool.
172 for diverse rolling tools one of which is a smooth compaction roller.
subclasses 518+ for rolling or rotating tools, per se.

This subclass is indented under subclass 184. Apparatus in which the diverse earth working elements have their working portions axially spaced from one another and are mounted to rotate about the same axis.
(1) Note. A rolling tool having circumferentially spaced unlike tines, blades, or the like which lie in substantially a single plane is not considered to be diverse tools. However, unlike earth working portions spaced on the same axis of rotation and having an intervening space with no earth working or earth contacting portion comes within this definition.
(2) Note. This definition includes apparatus having relatively rotatable earth working elements of different shape or contour even if the elements axially abut or one element carries the other.

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154 for four or more laterally spaced diverse tools which are alternately alike, but successively unlike and rotatable about a common axis.

This subclass is indented under subclass 184. Apparatus in which the earth working elements comprise circular platelike members at least one of which has all the parts thereof in a single plane and another of which is of concavo-convex shape.

This subclass is indented under subclass 184. Apparatus in which the earth working elements are of substantially similar shape, but differ in size.

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185 for similarly shaped different size rolling earth working elements which rotate about the same axis.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus comprising a longitudinal runner adapted to support at least a portion of the weight of the apparatus and a plurality of diverse earth working elements attached to the runner at points rearwardly of the forward end thereof.
(1) Note. An earth working element having a rearwardly extending runner or landside with earth working members attached thereto is considered to be a single tool having plural earth working portions and is excluded from this definition. See subclasses 681+.

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subclasses 387+ for apparatus having a wheel substitute such as a runner and see the Notes thereto for other related art.
subclasses 681+ see (1) Note above.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus in which one of the earth working elements comprises a flexible fabric, chain, cable, strand, rope, or wire.

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612 for fabric or flexible tools, per se, and see the Note thereto.

Including vertical, longitudinally oriented disc or blade (e.g., as stabilizer):
This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus wherein an upright, generally planar disc or blade is disposed in the direction of travel.
(1) Note. The blade or disc often works the earth only to provide lateral stability to the implement as it moves in its intended direction of travel.

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144 and 165+, for a colter which cuts a vertical slit in the earth and a tool which follows the colter and operates in the slit cut thereby.
752 for a unitary earthworking element having a separable vertical planar lognitudinal cutter including apparatus in which the cutter is mounted on a runner or landside which forms a direct rearward continuation of the shovel, moldboard, or the like.

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171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 3 for unearthing devices with stabilizing colter or fin.

This subclass is indented under subclass 190. Apparatus comprising a plurality of separate planar longitudinal blades.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus in which one of the earth working elements comprises a substantially flat blade disposed in a horizontal plane in the working position and adapted to cut through the soil at or below the surface thereof.

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720 for subsurface blades, per se, which operate in substantially a horizontal position.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus comprising an earth working element (e.g., shovel or moldboard) for moving soil transverse to the line of travel and mounted upon a standard and an earth working blade or sweep following the earth working element and operating upon the moved soil and mounted on the standard behind the earth working element or on a rearwardly extending member connected to the earth working element or standard.

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722 for symmetrical tools having separately attached wings or moldboards.
728 for symmetrical tools having an attached rearwardly extending runner on depth gauge and additional blades attached directly to the runner.

This subclass is indented under subclass 193. Apparatus in which the working position of the sweep can be selectively adjusted with respect to the earth working element.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus in which the diverse implements travel in the same or overlapping paths and are longitudinally spaced in the direction of travel, the implements having diverse earth working elements.
(1) Note. If an implement follows in or overlaps the path of travel of a diverse implement the implements are considered to be traveling in the same path. It should be particlarly noted that the word implement covers either a group of like earth working elements or a single earth working element.

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subclasses 71+ for a driven tool and a nondriven tool traveling in the same path.
144 for a colter, jointer and plow.
subclasses 145+ for three or more diverse implements following the same or overlapping paths.
subclasses 163+ for a colter and jointer, or a jointer and plow, or a colter and diverse tool.
subclasses 175+ for rolling and nonrolling implements following the same path.

This subclass is indented under subclass 195. Apparatus in which the earth working element of one of the implements comprises a subsoiler which acts on the soil at a greater depth than the earth working element of the other implement.
(1) Note. For the definition of subsoiler see subclass 699.

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subclasses 699+ for subsoilers, per se.

This subclass is indented under subclass 195. Apparatus in which the diverse earth working elements comprise a plurality of earth working teeth, and a substantially vertical blade disposed generally transversely of the direction of travel or a horizontal bar or plate having a continuous ground engaging edge or horizontal surface which acts to scrape or level the surface of the soil.
(1) Note. A vertical blade which is disposed at an angle to the direction of movement of the apparatus of substantially other than 90 deg. so as to provide substantial lateral soil movement is excluded from this definition unless such blade is a scraper for producing a level surface.
(2) Note. See the definition of subclass 713 of this class for the definition of teeth. However, ripper or scarifier teeth are included under this definition even if they do not meet the definition of subclass 713.

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189 for diverse tools one of which is a fabric or flexible tool.
subclasses 199+ for other diverse tools following the same path and including a drag, scraper, or leveling blade.
785 for a scraper between front and rear vehicle ground supports combined with teeth preceding the scraper.

This subclass is indented under subclass 195. Apparatus in which earth working elements of one of the implements comprise a plurality of teeth.
(1) Note. See the definition of subclass 713 of this class for the definition of teeth.

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160 for laterally spaced like tools with an intermediate diverse tool and including a spike tooth.
173 for the combination of a smooth leveling roller and teeth.
197 for teeth combined with a drag, scraper, or leveling blade.
713 for teeth, per se.

This subclass is indented under subclass 195. Apparatus in which the earth working element of one of the implements comprises a substantially vertical blade disposed transversely of the direction of travel or a horizontal bar or plate having a continuous ground engaging edge or horizontal surface which acts to scrape or level the surface of the soil.
(1) Note. A vertical blade which is disposed at an angle to the direction of movement of the apparatus of substantially other than 90 deg. so as to provide substantial lateral soil movement is excluded from this definition unless such blade is a scraper for producing a level surface.

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189 for diverse tools one of which is a fabric or flexible tool.
197 for teeth combined with a drag, scraper, or leveling blade.
subclasses 784+ for a scraper between front and rear vehicle ground supports combined with a diverse tool.

This subclass is indented under subclass 199. Apparatus in which the drag, scraper, or leveling blade follows behind an implement having an earth working element of a different type.

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72 for a driven tool followed by a leveling drag or furrow shaper.
197 for teeth combined with a drag, scraper, or leveling blade.
785 for a scraper between front and rear vehicle ground supports combined with a tool of a different type ahead and spaced from the scraper.

This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Apparatus in which the diverse earth working elements are spaced laterally of the direction of travel and operate along different paths.
(1) Note. Two implements which travel in overlapping paths are considered to be following the same path and are thus not classified under this definition. Thus, where one implement comprises a plurality of like laterally spaced earth working elements only some of which follow in the path of the diverse implement classification under this definition does not result. See subclasses 195+.

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subclasses 152+ for four laterally spaced tools which are alternately alike, but successively unlike.
subclasses 155+ for laterally spaced like tools and an intermediate diverse tool.
182 for laterally spaced rolling and nonrolling tools.

This subclass is indented under subclass 201. Apparatus in which one of the earth working elements is a plow having a moldboard for turning a furrow slice in one direction and a land side and the diverse earth working element disposed to travel in a path spaced outwardly from the moldboard side.

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171 for a smooth roller spaced from the moldboard side of a plow.

This subclass is indented under subclass 202. Apparatus in which the diverse earth working element has a connection directly to the moldboard or to the handles of the plow.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising earth working means adapted to be adjusted so as to shift the earth in alternate lateral directions, with respect to the line of draft at different times.
(1) Note. Devices in which an earth working element is adjustable about a vertical axis for right or left hand operation, there being no actuating means for such adjustment or the actuating means comprising no more than a handle directly connected to the earth working element, are not included. See subclasses 577, 600, 603, and 735.
(2) Note. Devices in which an earth working element is swung laterally (e.g., a cultivator shovel moved toward or away from a plant row) are not included if the purpose of the device is merely to provide for lateral adjustment and any moving of the earth to the right or left is merely incidental and not claimed.
(3) Note. A disk, scraper, or drag which is adjustable about a vertical axis to throw soil in opposite directions is not included. See subclasses 600 and 603 for such disks and subclasses 781+ and other appropriate subclasses for such scrapers or drags.

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34 for an apparatus which may include right and left hand tools in which the complete apparatus is adapted for use in an upside down position.
subclasses 126+ for earth marking means mounted on an earth working device, said marking means being alternately engageable with the ground.
subclasses 161+ for apparatus comprising diverse tools, at least one of which is alternated for right or left hand operation.
662 for an apparatus comprising plural relatively movable tools, at least one of which may be moved to nonuse position.

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171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 2 for alternately usable unearthing units.

This subclass is indented under subclass 204. Apparatus in which the earth working means comprises separate earth working elements which are rotatable about a horizontal axis traverse to the direction of draft in order to alternately place the earth working elements in operation, the rotation being effected as a result of torque developed due to resistance of the ground to the forward motion of the earth working elements or some other ground contacting part of the earth working element carrier.

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37, Excavating, subclass 436, 440, and 441 for scoops adapted to be rotated due to forward movement.

This subclass is indented under subclass 204. Apparatus in which the apparatus has a draft beam or tongue which may be adjusted laterally with respect to the earth working means and in which adjustment of the earth working means for alternate operation is accompanied by lateral adjustment of the draft member.
(1) Note. Lateral adjustment of the draft member or adjustment of the earth working means for alternate operation may be accompanied merely by the operation of a latch to permit earth working means adjustment or draft member lateral adjustment, respectively.

This subclass is indented under subclass 206. Apparatus in which the draft tongue or beam is swung through an angle of
substantially 180 deg. with respect to the frame on which the earth working means is mounted so as to draw the apparatus alternately in opposite directions.

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214 for oppositely directed tools having a reversible draft tongue, the reversal of the draft tongue not causing any adjustment of the tools.

This subclass is indented under subclass 206. Apparatus in which the adjustment of the earth working means is accompanied by the operation of means which lock the draft member against lateral displacement.

This subclass is indented under subclass 204. Apparatus having earth working means other than parallel separate tools and means to raise the earth working means from the ground and in which the adjustment of the earth working means for alternate operation results from the operation of the raising means or the lowering of the earth working means to the ground after being raised.
(1) Note. The "parallel separate tools" of the definition are defined in subclass 228. For interrelated lifting and shifting of such tools see subclasses 228+.
(2) Note. The adjustment of the earth working means may be no more than unlocking or unlatching of the same to permit reversal.

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128 for an apparatus comprising an earth working device and earth marking means, the earth marking means being adjusted upon lifting the implement.
162 for diverse tools including an implement alternating for right or left hand operation where reversal of the implement adjusts a diverse tool.
subclasses 228+ for parallel separate tools which may be raised or lowered to place them in alternate operation.

This subclass is indented under subclass 209. Apparatus in which the means for raising the earth working means is a mast-type hitch.
(1) Note. See this class, subclass 439 for the definition of mast-type hitch.

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445 for tools carried by a mast-type hitch including an auxiliary means which is operated by the vertical movement of the hitch.

This subclass is indented under subclass 209. Apparatus in which the means for raising the earth working means comprises a wheel or wheel substitute which is depressed with respect to the frame on which the earth working means is mounted.

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398 for implements including an actuator adjusted ground support and means interconnecting the actuating means and the earth working tool.

This subclass is indented under subclass 204. Apparatus having a wheel or wheel substitute which automatically assumes a new supporting position with respect to its former supporting position, and also with respect to the earth working means, in response to adjustment of the earth working means to alternate positions.

This subclass is indented under subclass 204. Apparatus
having separate earth working elements so directed as to be alternately usable when the frame on which they are mounted is moved in opposite directions without reversal of the frame.

This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Apparatus in which the earth working elements are carried by a wheeled frame having a draft member shiftable from one end of the frame to the opposite end through substantially 180 deg. to draw the device in either direction.

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207 for tools adapted for alternate use having a reversible draft member, the reversal of the draft member adjusting the tools for alternate use.

This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Apparatus in which the oppositely oriented earth working elements are rigidly mounted at spaced points upon a longitudinally extending beam or frame which may be tilted about a horizontal transverse axis to alternately place the earth working elements in operative position.

This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Apparatus in which the earth working elements may be placed into and out of operative position by (1) movement about separate axes which are transverse to and spaced in the direction of travel or (2) movement in vertical planes in which the earth working elements maintain substantially the same angular position with respect to the ground.

This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Apparatus
having shiftable earth deflector means (e.g., moldboard) alternately cooperating with the earth working elements as the frame is moved in opposite directions.

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218 for tools having a single earth breaking portion with an earth deflector means which is adjustable to move soil toward either side of the device.

This subclass is indented under subclass 204. Apparatus comprising an earth working means having one portion which operates in and acts to break the soil in the same position for both directions of earth movement and an earth deflector or deflectors connected therewith and adjustable to different positions to move the soil toward either side of the device.

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217 for tools having oppositely directed earth breaking points with a movable deflector for moving the soil in alternate directions on movement of the tool in opposite directions.

This subclass is indented under subclass 204. Apparatus in which the same earth working element is utilized to move the soil in alternate lateral directions.
(1) Note. An earth working means having opposite ends or sides, one being used to move the soil in one direction and the other side or end being used to move soil in the other direction, is considered to be plural tools and is excluded from this and indented subclasses, except when the ends or sides are connected by a common moldboard or soil deflector portion which is utilized to deflect soil in both phases of operation.

This subclass is indented under subclass 219. Apparatus in which the earth working element is of the rolling-disk type
having cleaning means to remove soil therefrom, the cleaning means being movable relative to the disk upon reversal of the disk so as to perform the cleaning operation for either direction of earth movement.
(1) Note. A scraper which merely moves as a unit with a reversible disk is not considered to be a reversible cleaning means for this subclass.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 558+ for cleaning means for disks.

This subclass is indented under subclass 219. Apparatus including a plurality of earth working elements, each operative to move soil in opposite directions, the earth working elements being adjustable about spaced vertical axes to reverse the direction of soil movement.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
569 for a plurality of disks which are pivoted on vertical axes with interconnected means for moving them identically without shifting them for opposite throw.
647 for plural relatively movable tools which are simultaneously adjusted about their individual vertical axes without being shifted for opposite throw.

This subclass is indented under subclass 221. Apparatus wherein, in addition to the movement of the earth working elements about their vertical axes, at least one of the axes is also moved horizontally at the same time.

This subclass is indented under subclass 219. Apparatus in which the earth working element is of the type having a point, share and moldboard and in which the earth working
element is adjustable about an axis extending substantially in the direction of travel to reverse the direction of soil movement.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 224+ for alternately usable separate tools which are adjusted about a longitudinal axis.

This subclass is indented under subclass 204. Apparatus in which the earth working means comprises earth working elements which are alternately placed into operative position by rotation about an axis which is horizontal and longitudinal (i.e., in the direction of travel).

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34 for earth working apparatus in which the complete apparatus is adapted for use upside down.
232 for tools alternated for right or left hand operation by rotation about an axis lying in a vertical longitudinal plane and at an angle to the horizontal.

This subclass is indented under subclass 224. Apparatus in which an actuator is provided to rotate the earth working elements with respect to a frame or support.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class definition.

This subclass is indented under subclass 225. Apparatus in which the actuator comprises gearing.
(1) Note. For the definition of gearing, see Class 74, Machine Element or Mechanism, subclass 640.

This subclass is indented under subclass 226. Apparatus in which the gearing comprises a flexible member (e.g., chain or cable) cooperating with a sprocket or drum, rotation of the sprocket or drum effecting rotation of the earth working elements.

This subclass is indented under subclass 204. Apparatus employing separate earth working elements oriented for movement in the same direction which are alternately placed into operation by movement in substantially longitudinal vertical, parallel planes.
(1) Note. The tools may deviate slightly from the vertical planes during alternation so as, for example, to clear one another.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
472 for plural tools simultaneously raised by an actuator for transport on a wheeled frame and which are individually lowered.
481 for tools raised by an actuator for transport on a wheeled frame and held in one position by a latch means separate from the actuating means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 228. Apparatus having means connecting the earth working elements such that movement of one element in one direction (i.e., raising or lowering) is accompanied by movement of the other element in the opposite direction.
(1) Note. The connecting means may be temporarily disabled to allow both tools to be raised or lowered.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 130+ for apparatus comprising an earth working device and plural earth marking means, the plural earth marking means being interconnected so that adjustment of one causes movement of another.

This subclass is indented under subclass 228. Apparatus having separate operating means for each earth working element such that each element is movable to operative and inoperative positions independently of the other element.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
304 for plural tools carried forward of the rear of a motor vehicle which are independently actuatable.
subclasses 468+ for plural tools having independently operable actuator means to lift the tools for transport on a wheeled frame.

This subclass is indented under subclass 230. Apparatus in which each of the operating means is actuated by power derived from a separate wheel engaging the ground and turned as an incident to the travel of the machine over the ground.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
399 for vertically adjustable ground supports with a power take-off from plural wheels.
subclasses 408+ for vertically adjustable ground wheels in which the wheel actuates its own crank axle mount.
subclasses 492+ for tools lifted for transport on a wheeled frame by means of an actuator operated by a power take-off, the power take-off usually being from a ground wheel.

This subclass is indented under subclass 204. Apparatus in which the earth working means is alternately placed into operative position by movement about an axis which lies in a vertical plane extending in the direction of travel and is at an angle to the horizontal.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 224+ for tools alternated for right and left hand operation by rotation about a horizontal, longitudinal axis.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus adapted to be moved over the surface of the earth comprising a feeler means adapted to sense the presence of an obstruction in or on the ground (e.g., a rock, tree, or mound of earth) and to cause or permit movement of the apparatus or a part thereof to avoid the obstruction.
(1) Note. The feeler means must constitute an element specifically provided for that purpose and not be a mere part of the tool supporting structure. A mere pivoted tool which may move because of direct contact of the tool or its supporting means with an obstruction is not included under this definition.

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subclasses 5+ for apparatus in which an obstruction sensing means is operative to control a power means to adjust the apparatus or some part thereof to avoid the obstruction.
38 for an implement including a driven tool and obstruction feeling means for moving or releasing the implement.
236 for apparatus comprising a ground engageable lever means (including a segment of a wheel) which is engageable merely with the ground rather than an obstruction and which causes a manipulation due to its resistance to forward motion.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
293, Vehicle Fenders, subclasses 102+ for protective structure attached to vehicles comprising barrier structures
for fending off blows from other vehicles or objects.

This subclass is indented under subclass 233. Apparatus in which the feeler means is movable relative to the implement part to be moved.

This subclass is indented under subclass 234. Apparatus in which the feeler means operates a lock or latch to release the implement part so as to be free to move to another position to avoid the obstruction.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising an earth working element adapted to be propelled over the earth and a lever adapted to be lowered into engagement with the earth so as to resist motion of the apparatus whereby when the lever is engaged with the earth and the apparatus moved thereover relative motion between the lever and apparatus occurs due to the resistance of the lever, which results in some manipulation of the apparatus or a part thereof.
(1) Note. A ground wheel adapted to supply a force for manipulation of the apparatus due to its rolling over the ground is not included. See subclasses 407+, particularly subclass 409 for such devices. However, a lever arrangement including an arc, which may be a portion of a wheel, for rolling contact with the ground to manipulate the device is included, if said lever does not pass through a complete cycle of 360 deg. by contact with the ground to again be in position to repeat the cycle. The lever is not considered to pass through a cycle of 360 deg. by contact with the ground when the initial movement of the lever through a portion of the cycle is effected by earth contact movement of an earth working tool connected therewith, and such devices would be included under this definition. See subclass 90 for an earth working element driven by an irregular ground- engaging wheel or support.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
90 for ground-engaging levers or irregularly shaped wheels used to give a regular or intermittent cyclical motion to an implement as it is drawn over the ground without any manipulation from the operator, i.e., a device in which a latch is released by the operator and the ground-engageable lever or irregular wheel moves through a cycle of at least 360 deg. would be classified in subclass 90, while other latch-release type devices which must be manually advanced through part of their cycle of operation or which must be manually reset and which are not free to complete a cycle of 360 deg. once having been unlatched are included under this definition (236).
205 for implements alternating for right or left hand operation and draft revoluble about a transverse axis by means of a ground-engageable draft responsive lever.
subclasses 233+ for apparatus comprising a feeler means which senses some special obstruction and which causes manipulation of a part due to a movement or tendency to movement of the apparatus past the obstruction, resistance to movement being not necessarily present.
238 for apparatus including a ground wheel or wheel substitute which is moved relative to the frame by the draft force.
239 for apparatus including ground wheels and linkages for providing a constant depth of operation.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
254, Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force, subclasses 418+ for attached vehicle jacks, including jacks comprising a leg which engages the ground and lifts the vehicle by moving the vehicle with respect to the ground.
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 43 for devices for rendering an apparatus transportable by movement of the apparatus with respect to a leg lowered to engage the ground.
414, Material or Article Handling, subclass 438 for a ground-engaging lever for manipulating a part of a load handler or transporter.

This subclass is indented under subclass 236. Apparatus having an earth working element mounted to rotate through 360
deg. about a horizontal transverse axis, the draft responsive lever being operative to rotate the tool on said axis over an arc of less than 360 deg. being caused by a force other than from the lever, usually from earth resistance to the earth working element.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
205 for earth working tools alternating for right or left hand operation and draft revoluble about a transverse axis by means of a lever engaging the ground.
subclasses 528+ for rolling or rotating tools having means to stop or retard the rotation thereof.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
37, Excavating, subclass 441 for a scoop with a dumping runner.
56, Harvesters, 379+ for roll-over type rakes.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising a framework, a ground wheel or wheel substitute carried thereby, an earth working element associated with the framework, a means for applying a draft force to the framework and means connecting the ground wheel or wheel substitute to the draft-force applying means whereby the ground wheel or wheel substitute may be moved vertically with respect to the framework by the draft-force applying means due to a force resulting from resistance of the apparatus to being moved over the earth by the draft force applying means.
(1) Note. Apparatus in which the vertical movement of the ground wheel is only the result of the draft force causing a ground wheel to rotate so that power from the rotating ground wheel causes the vertical movement is not included under this definition. See subclasses 407+, especially subclasses 408+ for apparatus in which a wheel is vertically adjusted by power from a wheel.
(2) Note. Apparatus comprising a ground wheel or wheel substitute which moves relatively to the framework due to irregularities in the surface of the ground and is connected to a draft means so as to move it correspondingly is not included. See subclass 239 for such apparatus.
(3) Note. Apparatus in which the draft- force applying means
causes the ground wheel or wheel substitute to move only when a turn is being made is not included. See subclass 255 for such apparatus.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
236 for apparatus including a ground-engageable draft responsive lever.
239 for apparatus comprising a ground level responsive depth control of the type comprising a wheel and a linkage associated with an articulated hitch to a propelling vehicle.
255 for apparatus in which a turning movement causes an earth working element to be lifted off or lowered into the ground.
subclasses 407+ especially subclasses 408+ for apparatus in which a wheel is vertically adjusted relative to its running gear by power derived from the rolling motion of a wheel.
467 for an apparatus comprising an actuator adapted to lift a tool for transport on a wheeled frame or broadly claimed implement and also comprising a shiftable hitch for causing vertical movement of the tool.
588 for apparatus comprising a hitch shiftable on a tongue for angling gangs of disks.
605 for an apparatus comprising a shiftable hitch for moving a tool relative to the frame.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising an earth working element and a propelling device therefor, such as a tractor, the connection between the earth working element and its propelling device being such that (1) the earth working element tends to sink lower into the earth from a median working position when the draft force necessary to propel the element decreases and tends to raise out of the earth when the draft force increases or (2) the earth working element tends to move up and down from a median position relative to its propelling device as its propelling device pitches down and up, respectively, over uneven ground so as to maintain an approximately constant depth in the ground, (3) the earth working element tends to rise from a median position when the downward component or suck of the soil pressure increases and tends to sink from a median position when the downward
component or suck of the soil pressure decreases or (4) the earth working element tends to move up from a median position as it approaches or is in a rise of ground and tends to move down from a median position as it approaches or is in a depression in the ground.
(1) Note. This subclass is intended to provide for linkages or the like which are automatic in action but wholly mechanical so as not to fit the definition of the "Automatic" subclasses. An earth working element which is simply spring-pressed downwardly or which is merely pivoted at a forward point may be analyzable as coming under this definition, but such devices are not so classified. The devices under the definition comprise linkages or equivalent mechanism of greater complexity especially intended to function as stated in the definition. For example, a trailing implement connected to a tractor by a simple hitch including a spring so that the earth working tool is raised or lowered as the spring is stressed due to changes in draft load is classified in subclass 238 or subclass 678.
(2) Note. Apparatus classified under this definition is sometimes known as constant draft or constant depth apparatus.
(3) Note. Apparatus including gauge wheels connected by linkages to the propelling means to perform the functions set out in the definition are included.
(4) Note. Merely holding an earth working element down against a tendency to rise out of the ground is not included. Such devices are classified according to the structure claimed.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 2+ for automatically operated power control devices especially subclasses 7+ for automatically operated power control devices responsive to changes in draft load.
238 for ground wheels moved vertically with respect to the running gear by means of the draft force (usually for lifting the earth working element for transport).
subclasses 261+ for earth working elements which shift on occurrence of an overload.
678 for spring-biased hitches.
779 for a scraper whose position is automatically controlled by a linkage for leveling.
subclasses 811+ for a scraper positioned in front of a motor vehicle and maintained in a horizontal position as the ground supports of the vehicle move over irregular terrain so that the vehicle tilts sidewise.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 446.1 for articulated vehicles with a hitch responsive to change in draft load, there being no disclosure of an earth working element being the cause of the change in draft load.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising a ground wheel or wheel substitute such as a runner so arranged in the apparatus or so attachable to the apparatus that when the wheel or wheel substitute engages the ground the apparatus may not effectively perform its intended earth working operation but may merely be readily moved.
(1) Note. A wheel or wheel substitute may be stated to be for transport only but if as disclosed it may actually engage the ground in supporting or gauging relation without precluding the operation of the earth working tool it is not classified under this definition. Such devices may be found in subclasses 395+. If the means attaching the wheel or wheel substitute to the implement can only be used to support the implement for transport and in any other position the wheel serves no purpose (e.g., gauging or supporting) classification under this definition results.
(2) Note. The wheel or wheel substitute may constitute a part of the earth working element itself, which functions as a wheel or runner or an earth working element in accordance with different positions in the apparatus.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
56, Harvesters, subclass 228 for transporting attachments for harvesters.
280, Land Vehicles, appropriate subclasses, especially subclasses 43+ and 47.131+ for wheel attachments for vehicles.

This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Apparatus, in which the wheel or wheel substitute is so positioned with relation to the earth working element that the entire apparatus must be turned upside down to bring the wheel or wheel substitute into ground-engaging position.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
34 for apparatus which is adapted for use upside down to provide an earth working function in either position.

This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Apparatus in which an earth working element is pivoted about an axis extending longitudinally of the apparatus to shift it from an earth working position and enable engagement of the wheel or wheel substitute with the ground.
(1) Note. The wheel or runner may constitute a part of the earth working element itself, which functions as a wheel or runner or an earth working element in accordance with different positions in the apparatus.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 224+ for an apparatus comprising axially rotatable alternately useable tools for right and left hand operation having wheels which alternately contact the ground.

This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Apparatus in which a wheel or wheel substitute replaces an earth working element or is attached directly to an earth working element or in which an earth working element is manipulated to act as a wheel.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
535 for a detachable rim for a disk, the rim being used for an earth working function, e.g., a packing roller rather than as a ground wheel.
subclasses 540+ for a rolling or rotating earth working element having spaced teeth, tines, or blades which may be made by placing such teeth on a wheel.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
301, Land Vehicles: Wheels and Axles, subclass 38.1 for wheels useable with ordinary wheels for emergency purposes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Apparatus in which there is a framework supporting an earth working element and the ground wheel or wheel substitute and the ground wheel or wheel substitute is so connected to the earth working element that movement of one relative to the frame is accompanied by movement of the other relative to the frame.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 397+ for apparatus having a vertically adjustable ground support which is movable together with a tool relative to a supporting frame.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus, (A) adapted to be rearranged to perform different functions, or (B) adapted to be altered so as to operate in a different way or change its function in some way by (1) the steps of disassembling the apparatus in some major portion and then reassembling the apparatus with the same or different portion, (2) the step of disassembling some major portion from the apparatus, or (3) the step of assembling some major portion to the apparatus.
(1) Note. Conversion features are common in this art. A mere preamble in a claim to the effect that a device is convertible or is a conversion attachment is generally not enough for classification under this definition. The conversion feature should be spelled out as by (a) specifically claiming one embodiment of an apparatus having a first function and claiming with that embodiment a feature useable only for a second conversion function, or (b) repeated functional statements in the claim, or (c) a preamble which is so long and detailed that it may be
considered part of the body of the claim. Where no other suitable classification exists a broad mention of conversion may be enough for classification under this definition.
(2) Note. The change in the apparatus must be more than merely placing a part in one of a series of adjacent holes or in general making a change which amounts to only an adjustment or minor alteration in the overall functioning of the device.
(3) Note. The change must be more than to change a part between an operative and an inoperative position.
(4) Note. When the conversion consists of the assembly of a part the claim must recite some element of the combination which has little or no utility when the part is in the combination but is useful when the part is absent from the combination.
(5) Note. Various specific types of apparatus which fit this definition have been considered to be better classified in subclasses below this subclass and not indented under it as indicated in the Search Notes. The general rule is that if a subclass below furnishes a specific home for subject matter apparently covered by this definition the patent is properly classified in the subclass below.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
14 for a lawn edger convertible to a nonearth working implement.
34 for a complete apparatus adapted for use upside down.
136 for diverse tools, not of the hand-held type, carried at the same time in an apparatus but useable alternately only, by merely changing the position of the tools with respect to the earth.
243 for an earth working element which is changeable to or replaced by a ground support for transporting the apparatus.
310 for plural wheeled implements.
341 for hand guided wheeled straddle row type cultivators with an added intermediate tool.
355 for attendant guided or propelled wheeled implements with alternately useable tools rocked about a wheel axis.
375 for alternately useable hand-held earth working elements, carried at the same time in the apparatus and alternately useable by a mere change of position while remaining in the apparatus.
subclasses 439+ for a device converting an automatic power control means to a nonautomatic position controlled mast-type hitch.
443 for an implement with a mast-type hitch adapted to be bolted to a tractor as a unit thereby inherently acting to convert a tractor adapted to use with a simple hitch to one having a mast-type hitch.
subclasses 452+ for an automatic power control device converted to a nonautomatic lift device, especially subclass 465 for a device converting an automatic power control means to a servomotor with a follow-up control (e.g., a position controlled device).
535 for detachable rims for disks, which rims may be rollers.
536 for a wheel or roller and an axially adjacent earth working element on the same axis.
539 for a wheel or roller with a ridge or rim attached to convert it to an earth working device.
subclasses 540+ for a wheel or roller with blades mounted on the circumference to convert it to an earth working device.
541 for a roller with tines, blades, or the like which may be projected from or withdrawn beneath the surface of the roller.
568 for a disk gang with a removable section.
577 for a reversible group of rolling earth working elements.
581 for groups of disk gangs changeable to different arrangements.
603 for a disk changeable to positions having a different angular relationship to adjacent structure when viewed in plan.
625 for plural tool groups which are relatively movable as a result of operation and connected to a forward draft bar and have alternate draft means.
subclasses 702+ for an earth working element with a reversible part.
719 for an earth working element with an added-on cutting or wearing edge, point, or surface.
735 for an earth working element adjustable to present different working portions.
subclasses 777+ for a scraper supporting a readily detachable narrow depending tool.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
294, Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, subclasses 51+ for implements having parts or adjustments permitting conversion of said implement to a fork, shovel, other implement, or different type of the same implement.

This subclass is indented under subclass 245. Apparatus changeable between a condition in which it functions as a device under the class definition and a condition in which it functions as a land vehicle having a body portion of general utility for transporting loads.

This subclass is indented under subclass 245. Apparatus changeable between a condition in which it functions as a device under the class definition and a condition in which it funcitons as a device classifiable in some other class.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
14 for a lawn edger convertible to a nonearth working implement.
246 for an earth working implement changeable to a land vehicle with a body.
375 for a hand-held implement with alternately useable diverse tools, one of which may be a tool not classifiable in this class.
535 for a detachable rim for a disk, which rim may be a roller.
536 for a wheel with a tool mounted on the same axis for
rotation with the wheel.
539 for a wheel or roller with a ridge or rim attached to convert it to an earth working device.
subclasses 540+ for a wheel or roller with blades mounted on the circumference to convert it to an earth working device.
541 for a roller with tines, blades, or the like which may be projected from or withdrawn beneath the surface of the roller, thereby converting the device from one classifiable in this class to one classifiable in Class 404, Road Structure, Process, or Apparatus.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
37, Excavating, subclasses 403+ for a scraper convertible to a scoop, shovel, or other material pick up means.
56, Harvesters, subclass 400.04 for hand rakes convertible to earth working devices.
294, Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, subclass 51 for hand forks and shovels convertible to earth working devices.

This subclass is indented under subclass 245. Apparatus in which an apparatus under the class definition having one distinct type of draft connection to a propelling means is convertible or changeable to an apparatus having another distinct type of draft connection to a propelling means.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 439+ for a device converting an automatic power control means to a nonautomatic position controlled mast-type hitch.
443 for an implement with a mast-type hitch adapted to be bolted to a tractor as a unit, thereby inherently acting to convert a tractor adapted to use with a simple hitch to one having a mast-type hitch.
452 for a device converting an automatic power control means to a nonautomatic lift device especially subclass 465 for a device with an automatic control converted to a device having
a servomotor with a follow-up position control.
463 for an apparatus comprising wheeled frame and an actuator adapted to lift a tool for transport, the lift actuator and the tool forming a removable unit.
625 for an apparatus comprising plural tool groups movably connected to a forward transverse draft bar and having alternate draft means spaced ninety degrees apart.
subclasses 677+ for earth working implements with some significant detail of the hitch.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 415.1 for articulated vehicles with convertible hitches, and subclass 474 for articulated vehicles with selectively rigid or flexible hitches.

This subclass is indented under subclass 245. Apparatus which is changeable between a condition in which it has a plurality of spaced earth working elements to a condition in which the plurality if elements have been joined or juxtaposed to form a part of a single earth working element.

This subclass is indented under subclass 245. Apparatus adapted to be altered so as to operate in a different way or change its function in some way by (1) the steps of disassembling the apparatus in some major portion and then reassembling the apparatus with the same or different portions, (2) the step of disassembling some major portion from the apparatus, or (3) the step of assembling some major portion to the apparatus.
(1) Note. See the definition of subclass 245 for Notes limiting and explaining this definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
243 for an earth working element replaceable by a ground support.
subclasses 702+ for an earth working element with a reversible part.
719 for an earth working element with an added-on cutting or wearing edge, point, or surface.

This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Apparatus which is changeable from a device having an earth working element of one kind to a device in which said earth working element has been replaced by or changed to an earthworking element.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
136 for diverse tools, not of the hand-held type, carried at the same time in an apparatus but usable alternately only, by disassembling and assembling the tools to change their position with respect to the earth.

This subclass is indented under subclass 251. Apparatus in which the change is brought about by adding to an earth working element or a major portion of an earth working element a part to form an earth working element of a different shape or size than the original earth working element, said part not being intended for use as an earth working element by itself in the apparatus.
(1) Note. Merely attaching an earth working element to a nominally recited spring tooth or rigid earth working tooth is not included, the tooth in that case being considered merely a standard. However, if some earth working configuration of the tooth is claimed the device is classifiable under this definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
535 for detachable rims for disks.
708 for an earth working element attached to a spring tooth.
719 for an earth working element with an added-on cutting or wearing edge, point, or surface.
subclasses 777+ for a scraper supporting a readily detachable narrow depending tool.

This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Apparatus in which the alteration of the apparatus comprises the addition of an earth working element or the removal of an earth working element.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
341 for hand guided wheeled straddle row type cultivators with an added intermediate tool.
568 for a disk gang with a removable section.

This subclass is indented under subclass 250. Apparatus in which the alteration comprises placing an earth working element in distinctly different positions relative to adjacent supporting structure so that the element may perform its earth working function in each of these different positions.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
554 for a disk changeable to positions having a different angular relationship to adjacent structure when viewed in plan.
577 for a reversible group of rolling earth working elements.
581 for groups of disks changeable to different arrangements.
subclasses 702+ for a reversible part. Where the rearrangement of a tool results merely from reversing a nonrolling tool or part thereof, a standard, or a reversible part between such a tool and a standard or the standard and a beam, classification is in subclasses 702+.
735 for an earth working element adjustable to prevent a different working portion.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising means for lifting an earth working element out of the ground or lowering the element into ground engagement responsive to a change in the direction of movement of the apparatus over the ground or responsive to a steering means for changing the direction of movement of the apparatus.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 278+ for apparatus with actuating means for horizontally angling the axis of rotation of a ground wheel, which angling may be accompanied by a vertical movement of the wheel with respect to its carrying frame but there being no turning of the implement as a result of the wheel angling, particularly subclasses 279+ for an implement part interconnected with a motor vehicle steering means, subclass 283 for a wheel on a trailing implement responding to turning movement and interconnected with an adjustable earth working element, and subclass 287 for a wheel on a nonself-propelled device having means to angle it horizontally and interconnected with an earth working element. In subclasses 279+, 283, and 287 the earth working element does not move off or into the ground responsive to turning movement.
subclasses 383+ for apparatus with a ground wheel whose axis of rotation may be adjusted to different angular positions and in which horizontal angling may be accompanied by vertical wheel movement but there being no turning of the implement as a result of the wheel angling.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising (1) a self-propelled vehicle having means such that an attendant walking on the ground may guide the vehicle, or (2) a vehicle made up of a self-propelled frame section having a ground wheel and another frame section having a ground wheel connected to the self-propelled section by a pivot means providing a vertical axis, the self-propelled section when in use being unstable except for its connection to the other section.
(1) Note. The disclosure of an unstable tractor (e.g., one or two wheel) which is guided by a walking attendent will be classified under this definition even though (1) the guiding means (e.g., handles) or (2) the motor, is not claimed, provided the claim includes some recitation of (1) the tractor or tractor frame, or (2) the handles, respectively.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 42+ for an implement with a drive means for a tool or cleaner and guided by a walking attendant.
subclasses 329+ for an implement comprising a vehicle other than a self-propelled vehicle and guided by a walking attendant.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
56, Harvesters, subclass 14.7, for a harvester deriving its motive power from a tractor to which it is hitched, and 16.7+, for a motor-driven lawn mower guided by a walking attendant.
180, Motor Vehicles, subclass 19.1 for a motor driven vehicle guided by a walking attendant.
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 47.11 for a wheeled vehicle in which the wheel is steered by the attendant.

This subclass is indented under subclass 256. Apparatus in which the apparatus is guided by an attendant riding thereon.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
433 for a riding attachment on other than a self-propelled implement.

This subclass is indented under subclass 256. Apparatus comprising an endless track traction means or a drive for one
ground wheel only.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 414.5 for articulated vehicles having an actuator for vertically moving a wheel of a trailing vehicle.

This subclass is indented under subclass 256. Apparatus in which a ground wheel may be vertically adjustable with respect to its carrying frame.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "adjustable" see the class definition.

This subclass is indented under subclass 256. Apparatus having an actuator for causing an earth working element to move vertically with respect to its supporting frame.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
257 for apparatus in which there is an unstable propulsion unit vertically pivotally connected to another section with a riding attendant and there is also a means for causing an earth working element to move vertically.

HAVING TOOL OVERLOAD SHIFT CONTROLLED BY A FLUID PRESSURE DEVICE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus including (a) an earth working element; (b) means permitting the element to change position with respect to the ground, or with respect to its supporting or propelling means, when it meets an obstacle while being drawn over the ground, and (c) a fluid pressure responsive means (e.g., a hydraulic system) to yieldingly resist the change in position of the element.
(1) Note. The patents classified herein include overload shift mechanisms of the type found in this class, either in subclasses 261+ or subclasses 705+, but also with the recitation of fluid pressure responsive means to control the overload shifting. This subclass is intended to provide a locus for fluid pressure responsive tool overload shift mechanisms.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
111, Planting, subclass 151 for a trip mechanism claimed in combination with a planting machine.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising an earth working element and means permitting the element to shift with respect to the earth or with respect to its supporting or propelling means when it meets an obstacle while being drawn over the field, said means (1) having a high initial resistance to said shifting of the element, which resistance decreases after the element starts to shift, or (2) requiring manual resetting by an attendant (e.g., a shear pin).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
96 for driven earth working elements having the teeth or like earth working part or portions thereof so flexibly or yieldably mounted on a driven carrier member that said teeth or like parts or portions will yield on encountering an obstacle.
subclasses 233+ for an obstruction feeler for moving an implement to avoid an obstruction, including devices for forming small dams in the ground having feelers sensing accumulations of earth.
238 for a ground support moved vertically relative to a frame by a draft force.
subclasses 528+ for a rolling earth working element with means for stopping or retarding its motion.
683 for an earth working element latched in earth working position, the latch being manually releasable.
subclasses 705+ for spring-biased tools in which the spring resistance remains constant or increases as the tool shifts from normal working position.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
111, Planting, subclass 151 for a trip mechanism claimed in combination with a planting machine.
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 9 for unearthing devices with overload release.
180, Motor Vehicles, subclass 14.5 for vehicle trains with an overload release. The trailing vehicle in subclass 14.5 may be a broadly named implement combined with means to control the application of pulling power on the occurrance of an overload.
280, Land Vehicles subclasses 449+ for articulated vehicles with an overload release connection between them.
464, Rotary Shafts, Gudgeons, Housings, and Flexible Couplings for Rotary Shafts, subclasses 30+ for an overload release device in rotary drive elements.

This subclass is indented under subclass 261. Apparatus in which the earth working element, upon the occurrence of an overload, shifts to an inoperative position and a second earth working element is brought into operative position.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 528+ for a rolling earth working element with means to stop or retard rotation at will.

This subclass is indented under subclass 261. Apparatus in which there is an actuator which is separated from adjacent and associated structure when the earth working element shifts.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class definition.

This subclass is indented under subclass 261. Apparatus wherein resilient means is employed to resist shifting of the element, the resilient means returning the element to operative position after passing of the overload.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 705+ for spring-biased tools in which the spring resistance remains constant or increases as the tool shifts from normal working position.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 455 for articulated vehicles having an overload release of the type having a pivoted jaw or hook with a resilient keeper.

This subclass is indented under subclass 264. Apparatus wherein the movable element pivots about a fixed point on the support.
(1) Note. This definition excludes those devices in which the movable element pivots about an axis and the axis also moves as a result of the overload shift.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclasses 452+ for articulated vehicles having an overload release of the type having a pivoted jaw or hook.

This subclass is indented under subclass 265. Apparatus including two links pivoted to one another, one of the links also being pivoted to the implement and the other of the links being also pivoted to the support, the links being so positioned as to offer a high initial resistance to movement of the tool from working position and a decreased resistance
after some movement has occurred.

This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Apparatus in which the angularity between the links when in a normal or unshifted position is adjustable.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "adjustable" see the class definition.

This subclass is indented under subclass 266. Apparatus in which the axes of the two links are disposed at an angle to each other of less than 90 deg. when the implement is in the normal or unshifted position.

This subclass is indented under subclass 261. Apparatus wherein the element is substantially rigidly held in place by a resiliently biased latch device until a predetermined overload occurs.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
270 for an element held in position by mere frictional resistance with an adjacent element and overcomes the frictional resistance to move upon the occurrence of an abnormal load.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 455 for articulated vehicles having an overload release of the type having a pivoted jaw or hook with a resilient keeper.
464, Rotary Shafts, Gudgeons, Housings, and Flexible Couplings for Rotary Shafts, subclasses 37+ for an overload release coupling including a resiliently biased positive drive connection.

This subclass is indented under subclass 261. Apparatus wherein a friction clamp is employed to rigidly hold the element in place until a predetermined overload occurs.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
269 for an element held in position by a resilient latch which yields upon overload to permit the element to shift.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
464, Rotary Shafts, Gudgeons, Housings, and Flexible Couplings for Rotary Shafts, subclasses 30+ for friction drive connections in rotary drive overload release devices.

This subclass is indented under subclass 261. Apparatus wherein the element is rigidly held in place by means destructible upon the occurrence of a predetermined overload.
(1) Note. The destructible means is usually a break pin.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 451 for articulated vehicles having an overload release of the frangible type.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising a self-propelled vehicle and specifically claimed means to permit and facilitate rapid attachment of an implement thereto with a minimum amount of labor.
(1) Note. It is recognized that the terms "rapid attachment" and "minimum amount of labor" are difficult to limit and define. The attachment should be accomplished without the necessity of tools and/or with little or no direct manual effort required on the part of an attendant to position the implement.
(2) Note. The following is illustrative of subject matter
included under this definition:
(a) Apparatus in which a preliminary or pilot connection is made which supports or positions the implement or implement part on the tractor before the principal connection is completed.
(b) Apparatus in which the connection can be completed by engaging an implement part with a tractor part without the addition of a separate connecting member (the connection may be tightened after engagement).
(c) Apparatus in which the tractor is driven into interfitting relation with the implement (e.g., self-coupling) or in which the connection can be completed without the necessity of the attendant leaving the tractor.
(3) Note. If a self-propelled vehicle is disclosed it need not be claimed as such for classification under this definition. Any reference in the claim to a structure disclosed as a self-propelled vehicle is sufficient.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclasses 477+ for means to facilitate the connection of articulated vehicles.
296, Land Vehicles: Bodies and Tops, subclass 35.1 for devices for securing a body to a vehicle.
403, Joints and Connections, appropriate subclasses for joints and connections of general application.
414, Material or Article Handling, subclass 563 for towing apparatus adapted to engage one end of a vehicle and elevate it into towing position, and subclasses 697+ for material moving devices with a vertically swinging load support of the tilting shovel or fork type with means to facilitate mounting them upon a motor vehicle.

This subclass is indented under subclass 272. Apparatus in which an earth working element is entirely located in front of the rearmost point of the frame or wheels of the self-propelled vehicle when connected thereto in working relationship.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 297+ for tools mounted forward of the rear of a
self-propelled vehicle.

This subclass is indented under subclass 272. Apparatus in which the implement is provided with ground-support means (e.g., wheel or stand) to sustain a portion of the weight thereof, said ground-support means being separate from the ground-support of the self-propelled vehicle.
(1) Note. This definition does not include a runner or landside which forms part of or is closely associated with an earth working element.
(2) Note. The ground support may be operative only when the implement is disconnected from the self-propelled vehicle or may be operative at all times.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 763.1 for a land vehicle having a retractable ground support to stabilize the vehicle when not in use, subclasses 423.1+ for semi-trailers with landing gear, and subclass 475 for articulated vehicles having a retractable ground support.

This subclass is indented under subclass 272. Apparatus in which the self-propelled vehicle and implement assume a coupled or connected relationship as a result of relative movement toward one another in a horizontal plane and require no manual manipulation at the time of making the connection.
(1) Note. This definition includes apparatus where a manual manipulation may be required to preset or condition one of the connecting members for the connecting action prior to relative movement and actual connection of the parts.
(2) Note. This definition includes apparatus having a plurality of connecting points between the self-propelled vehicle and implement wherein at least one of the points is self-coupling.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclasses 434+ and 508+ for coupling devices between articulated vehicles which are automatically connected by movement of one of the vehicles toward the
other.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising (1) an actuating means for moving the axis of rotation of a ground wheel to different positions of adjustment in a horizontal angular direction with respect to the running gear, or (2) means to change the horizontal angular direction of the axis of rotation of a ground wheel mounted on an implement with respect to the running gear in response to articulative movement between the implement and propulsion means for the implement.
(1) Note. The terminology "actuating means" as used above is meant to include "steering" or an "actuator" as defined in the class definition.
(2) Note. There must be some specific description in a claim of the steering means or a specific relationship to the steering means for classification under this definiton; merely calling for a steerable tractor or steerable wheel is not enough.
(3) Note. The "running gear" is the framework most intimately connected with the wheels. It does not include a mere draft tongue. For steering a trailing vehicle by swinging a draft tongue relative to its wheels see subclasses 324+.
(4) Note. Means for changing the direction of a freely swiveling caster by swinging the running gear are not included. There must be some means for positively causing the wheel to turn with respect to its running gear.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 23+ for an implement guided by a stationary object, including an implement guided by a feeler element running in a previously made furrow.
subclasses 256+ especially 257 for steering devices comprising means for swinging an unstable propulsion unit with respect to another unit pivoted thereto on a vertical axis.
subclasses 383+ for devices in which the axis of a wheel is
angularly adjustable but there are not actuating means for making the adjustment.
580 for disk gangs with power means for horizontally angling them.
subclasses 591+ for disk gangs with handle-operated horizontal angling means.
799 for a vehicle with a scraper between front and rear supports and means for horizontally angling a ground wheel.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
104, Railways, subclass 244.1 for furrow followers for guiding a vehicle along the furrow.
180, Motor Vehicles, subclass 6.2 for vehicles steered by driving and subclasses 400+ for steering gear.
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 6.15 for a land vehicle of general utility including means, interposed between the vehicle body, chassis, or frame and running gear thereof, for altering height or levelness of the vehicle body, chassis, or frame which may or may not include steering; subclasses 124.11+ for a land vehicle of general utility including a pivotally mounted axle or axle assembly providing resilient, shock absorbing support which may or may not include steering; subclasses 137.5+ for a land vehicle of general utility including a turnable axle lacking resilient, shock absorbing support; subclass 419 for a vehicle train including interconnected steering of the plural articulated vehicles; subclasses 442+ for a vehicle train including steering control of a following vehicle's wheel through articulate movement of the interconnecting draft member; or subclasses 771+ for a land vehicle of general utility including occupant operated steering, especially subclass 87.2 wherein a controlled wheel is offset from the main running gear of the vehicle. With regard to an articulated vehicle or a vehicle train, see the (3) Note in Class 280 definition and the (1) Note in Class 280, subclass 400 definition for a further statement of the class line.

This subclass is indented under subclass 278. Apparatus in which the steering means is for steering a wheel of a self-propelled vehicle and is connected to an earth working device by a linkage so that movement of the steering means causes movement of a part of the earth working device relative to other parts or a movement of the earth working
device with respect to the vehicle.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
255 for means interconnected with a steering means for moving an implement vertically responsive to turns.
282 for an implement having an articulated connection with a propulsion means, the implement having a ground wheel which turns on turning movement of the propulsion means due to a connection with the propulsion means itself rather than a connection with the steering linkage of the propulsion means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 279. Apparatus wherein the element of said device which is moved comprises a ground wheel or the like.
(1) Note. The mere motion of a caster wheel on the device due to a movement of said device is not included. There must be some linkage for positively causing movement of the wheel of the device.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
282 for a wheel on a device carrying an earth working element which is moved in response to turning movement of a propulsion means rather than by a means connected with the steering linkage.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 137.5 for a land vehicle of general utility including a turnable axle lacking resilient, shock absorbing support; subclass 419 for a vehicle train having interconnected steering of the plural units; or subclasses 442+ for a vehicle train including steering control of a following vehicle's wheel through articulative movement of the interconnecting draft member.

This subclass is indented under subclass 279. Apparatus wherein the portion of the device which is moved is an earth working element mounting means extending crosswise of the line of draft and movable relative to its support in an endwise direction.

This subclass is indented under subclass 278. Apparatus in which the ground wheel whose position is changeable is on an implement which trails behind and has an articulated connection with a propulsion means such that the wheel is caused to turn relative to the implement by turning movement of the propulsion means relative to the implement.
(1) Note. A freely swiveling caster wheel is not included. There must be some means for positively causing the wheel to turn when the propulsion means turns.
(2) Note. A hitch attached to a swinging axle carrying wheels so as to swing the axle with respect to the running gear when the propulsion means turns is included.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
280 for an implement wheel connected with the steering linkage of a self-propelled vehicle.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 426 for articulated vehicles wherein the wheels of a semi-trailer are steered as a result of the articulate motion, and subclasses 442+ for articulated vehicles wherein the wheels are steered by articulative movement.

This subclass is indented under subclass 282. Apparatus wherein the ground wheel and an earth working element supported by the implement frame are interconnected whereby when the wheel is caused to turn the earth working element is also caused to move relative to the frame.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
255 for an implement in which an earth working element is moved vertically responsive to turning.
287 for a steering wheel interconnected with an earth working element wherein the wheel is mounted on a non-self-propelled device.

This subclass is indented under subclass 282. Apparatus in which the horizontal angularity of the axis of rotation of the ground wheel is selectively adjustable independently of the change caused by turning movement of the propulsion means.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "adjustable" see the class definition.

This subclass is indented under subclass 282. Apparatus in which a wheel located to the rear of the tool is angled.
(1) Note. If more than one tool is present, the wheel must be behind all the tools.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
283 for actuated wheels on trailing implements interconnected with an adjustable tool and located to the rear of the tool.
284 for actuated wheels on trailing implements provided with additional angular adjusting means.
291 for a steerable wheel on a nonself-propelled implement in which the wheel is behind the tool.

This subclass is indented under subclass 278. Apparatus in which the said wheel is part of an implement frame which does not carry its own propelling means.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
799 for a nonself-propelled vehicle with a scraper between front and rear supports and means for horizontally angling a ground wheel.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 124.11 for a land vehicle of
general utility including a pivotally mounted axle or axle assembly providing resilient, shock absorbing support which may or may not include steering; subclasses 137.5+ for a land vehicle of general utility including a turnable axle lacking resilient, shock absorbing support; subclass 419 for a vehicle train including interconnected steering of the plural articulated vehicles; subclasses 442+ for a vehicle train including steering control of a following vehicle's wheel through articulative movement of the interconnecting draft member; or subclasses 771+ for a land vehicle of general utility including occupant operated steering.

This subclass is indented under subclass 286. Apparatus wherein the wheel and an earth working element supported by the frame are interconnected whereby when the wheel is caused to turn the earth working element is also caused to move relative to the frame.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
212 for an implement which is adustable to move soil in opposite directions and having a wheel whose position is changed in response to the adjustment.
255 for an implement with an earth working element which is moved vertically when the implement is turned.
279 for an implement part interconnected with a self-propelled vehicle steering means.
283 for a wheel interconnected with an earth working element which turns in response to turning movement of the propulsion means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 286. Apparatus in which two or more wheels are interconnected whereby they are constrained to move relative to one another when angled.

This subclass is indented under subclass 288. Apparatus in
which there are two wheels each of which is mounted on its individual axle and wherein the axles are aligned transversely of the implement and are interconnected for concurrent movement.

This subclass is indented under subclass 286. Apparatus wherein two wheels are supported by one axle mounted for pivotal swinging movement about a vertical axis.

This subclass is indented under subclass 286. Apparatus in which the wheel is located to the rear of the tool.
(1) Note. If more than one tool is present the wheel must be behind all of the tools.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
283 for actuated wheels on trailing implements interconnected with an adjustable tool and located to the rear of the tool.
284 for actuated wheels on trailing implements provided with additional angular adjusting means.
285 for actuated wheels on trailing implements which are located to the rear of the tool.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising a motor or motor-actuated means for traversing an implement over the ground.
(1) Note. Self-propelled or tractor-propelled implements are common in this art. In order for a patent to be classified under this definition the propulsion means must be recited in some detail. The mere recitation of a motor is not enough. However, a broad reference to a wheel substitute such as a tracklaying means on a tractor is sufficient. Also a recitation of a relationship with the propulsion means such as the statement that an implement hitch arm is connected to
a differential housing (as distinct from merely a rear axle housing) is enough.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 114+ for specific propelling means for driven tools.
subclasses 256+ for a propulsion unit guided by a walking attendant or part of an articulated vehicle.
352 for manually driven stepper-type propulsion means.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
74, Machine Element or Mechanism, appropriate subclasses for power transmitting means.
180, Motor Vehicles, appropriate subclasses for self-propelled vehicles.
280, Land Vehicles, appropriate subclasses for specific propelling means for land vehicles.
305, Wheel Substitutes for Land Vehicles, appropriate subclasses for track or stepper means for vehicles.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising power driven actuating means and means whereby a plurality of like elements (such as earth working elements or wheels) are moved one after another by the actuating means after only one setting of a control device for the actuating means.
(1) Note. Manually actuated devices are excluded. Power is derived from a motor such as a servomotor or by a mechanical power take-off as from a rolling wheel or motor.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
407 for a ground support which is vertically adjustable relative to a frame by power-operated means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 293. Apparatus in which the actuating means comprises a plurality of servomotors which are serially operated to correspondingly move the separate parts of the apparatus.

This subclass is indented under subclass 293. Apparatus in which at least one of the like elements comprises an earth working element which is mounted on a self-propelled vehicle forwardly of the rear of said vehicle.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
294 for a plurality of like elements sequentially operated by servomotors.

This subclass is indented under subclass 293. Apparatus in which the power-driven actuating means comprises a rotatable shaft having radially projecting portions arranged at longitudinally and circumferentially spaced points on said shaft, and means operatively connected to the like elements of the apparatus for sequentially moving them, said means being located in the paths of said radially projecting portions so that the lost motion due to the circumferential spacing of the portions causes sequential motion of said parts.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
407 for a ground support which is vertically adjustable relative to a frame by power-operated means.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising an earth working element which is entirely located in front of the rearmost point of the frame or wheels of a self-propelled vehicle.
(1) Note. Patents having a sole specific disclosure of an
earth working element forward of the rear of a self-propelled vehicle are classified under this definition even if the location is not claimed, provided that some reference to the vehicle is made in the claims. The reference to the vehicle may be no more than a reference to a frame disclosed as rigidly attached to the vehicle.
(2) Note. The rearmost point is determined by the direction of movement of the vehicle when in use, the earth working element being ahead of the rear in the direction of movement.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
273 for an earth working element located forward of the rear of a self-propelled vehicle and having means to facilitate mounting of the element thereon.
295 for a plurality of tools, which are sequentially operated by a power cycle, at least one of which is located forward of the rear of a motor vehicle.
780 and 781+, for a scraper between front and rear ground supports of a vehicle.
subclasses 810+ for an earth working element in front of a self-propelled vehicle.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
172, Earth Working, subclasses 780+ for four-wheeled scrapers in which the scraper is mounted ahead of the rear wheels.
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 496 for articulated vehicles having the point of connection of the draft means for a trailing vehicle located forward of the axis of the rear axle of the leading vehicle.
293, Vehicle Fenders, subclass 58 for individual wheel guards attached to vehicles and extending downwardly in front of each front wheel to clear objects from the path of the wheel.

This subclass is indented under subclass 297. Apparatus in which the earth working element ahead of the rear of the motor vehicle is part of an implement which has a wheel or wheel substitute which is separate and distinct from the motor vehicle ground support means.
(1) Note. If the ground support under this definition comprises a wheel substitute, it must be a wheel substitute as defined in subclass 387 of this class. This definition does not include a runner or landside forming a part of or closely associated with an earth working element.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
832 and 834, for an implement mounted ahead of a motor vehicle and having a ground support.

This subclass is indented under subclass 297. Apparatus provided with an actuator for lifting the earth working element out of ground contact to transport position, said actuator including a power means comprising a servomotor or a power take-off and (1) having means operative to permit movement of the power means output member without moving the earth working element, the range of movement being such that the earth working element may remain in working position or transport position while the power means output member traverses its full range of movement between transport and working position or (2) having means for preventing operation of the power means in addition to the normal controls for the power means.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class definition.
(2) Note. Various commonly used means, such as chain connection between a rock arm and a drag bar, are inherently capable of being used to allow full movement of the power means without moving the earth working element, but such devices are not classified under this definition unless this function is specifically described.

This subclass is indented under subclass 297. Apparatus including also an earth working element positioned to the rear of the self-propelled vehicle.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
295 for a plurality of tools which are sequentially operated by a power cycle, at least one of the tools being located forward of the rear of a motor vehicle.

This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Apparatus provided with actuators for independently lifting different earth working elements out of ground contact to transport position said actuators including a plurality of power units comprising independently operated servomotors or power take-offs.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuators" see the class definition of "actuator".

This subclass is indented under subclass 301. Apparatus in which there is a power unit for at least one rearwardly mounted unit and a power unit for at least one forwardly mounted unit, the power unit for the rearwardly mounted unit being operable independently of the power unit for any forwardly mounted unit.

This subclass is indented under subclass 297. Apparatus provided with an actuator for lifting the earth working element out of ground contact to transport position said actuator including a power means comprising a servomotor or a power take-off and in addition a lever means manipulable by an attendant for moving the earth working element or the power means or a part thereof to effect an adjustment of the earth working element by human power or for acting as an adjustable stop to alter the range of movement imparted to the earth working element by the power means.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
485 for a power means for lifting a tool for transport on a wheeled frame and having a manual adjusting or actuating means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 297. Apparatus comprising a plurality of earth working elements and a plurality of actuators which are independently operable to independently move different earth working elements out of ground contact to transport position.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuators" see the class definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 230+ for parallel separate tools alternating for right and left hand operation having independently operable means for alternating the operating position of the tools, as by raising and lowering the latter.
subclasses 301+ for tools mounted ahead of the rear and to the rear of a motor vehicle and having independent power units for raising the tools.
468 for a plurality of tools with separate actuators to independently lift the tools for transport on a wheeled frame.
subclasses 784+ for a scraper mounted between front and rear ground supports of a vehicle and a diverse tool with independently operable actuators for the scraper and tool.
subclasses 786+ for a scraper mounted between front and rear ground supports of a vehicle and another scraper with independently operable actuators for the scrapers.

This subclass is indented under subclass 297. Apparatus comprising a power device or attendant-operated lever such as a handle for moving an earth working element to different positions laterally of the line of draft so as to work the earth in such different positions.
(1) Note. Apparatus comprising an actuating means for moving an earth working element in a vertical plane positioned diagonally of the line of draft is not included under this definition. See subclass 309.
(2) Note. The tool moving means may be an actuator to set and hold the tool in any of a number of adjusted positions or may be a handle requiring the continued application of force by an attendant to hold the tool in the desired lateral position.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
281 for a tool located forward of the rear of a motor vehicle and which is laterally shiftable through interconnection with the vehicle steering means.
subclasses 781+ for a scraper mounted between front and rear supports of a vehicle with an actuator for moving the scraper laterally.

This subclass is indented under subclass 297. Apparatus in which the wheel frame has a front and a rear axle and there are means (other than the wheel frame) connecting the earth working element to the front axle.

This subclass is indented under subclass 297. Apparatus provided with an actuator for lifting the earth working element out of ground contact to transport position including a pair of approximately parallel struts pivoted to the earth working element and the wheeled frame so as to give the earth working element an approximately translatory motion as it is moved between transport and working positions.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
484 for an actuating means having parallel links for lifting a tool for transport on a wheeled frame.

This subclass is indented under subclass 297. Apparatus comprising a generally longitudinally extending bar supporting an earth working element, means at the rearward portion of said bar connecting it to the self-propelled vehicle, an actuator for lifting the earth working element out of ground contact to transport position and means at the forward portion of said bar connecting it to the actuator.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
479 for tools lifted for transport on a wheeled frame by an actuator, the tool being pivoted to the frame on a transverse pivot axis and the actuating means being connected to the tool forward of the pivot axis.
788 for a scraper mounted between front and rear ground supports of a vehicle and connected to the vehicle by a push bar which is liftable by an actuator.
subclasses 810+ particularly 828+, for a motor vehicle having a tool mounted ahead of it connected to the vehicle by a push bar which is liftable by an actuator.

This subclass is indented under subclass 297. Apparatus in which the earth working element is movable from earth engaging to transport position and is pivoted on a horizontal axis extending diagonally of the line of draft in moving between said positions.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus in which there are plural earth working devices and plural ground wheels, the different ground wheels or groups of ground wheels being intimately associated with different earth working devices or groups of earth working devices.
(1) Note. Plural earth working devices and plural wheels are not classified under this definition if the wheels are equally associated with each ground working device, e.g., a single transverse tool bar supported on wheels at each end with trailing drag bars supporting earth working elements is not classified under this definition, but a plurality of drag bars supporting earth working elements, each drag bar having its own gauge wheel is classified under this definition.
(2) Note. The definition includes devices comprising a tractor having earth working elements mounted thereon and also propelling an implement comprising an earth working element and wheel.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
298 for plural wheeled implements connected to a motor vehicle, at least one of the implements being forward of the rear of the motor vehicle.
392 for plural runner supported implements which are relatively movable during operation.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
269, for wheeled vehicle attachments to receive and hold a rope and that are adapted to be released upon appreciable pull on the rope subclass 411.1 for articulated vehicles wherein a plurality of trailing vehicles are drawn by a propelling vehicle.

This subclass is indented under subclass 310. Apparatus comprising a vehicle having associated therewith an earth working implement having a wheel, the earth working implement being extended laterally from the vehicle and the implement being adjustable to a position closer to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "adjustable" see the class definition.

This subclass is indented under subclass 310. Apparatus comprising a self-propelled vehicle and a trailing implement, a draft connection of the implement to the vehicle being forward of the rear axle of the vehicle.
(1) Note. The implement may be actually readily detachably coupled to the tractor behind the rear axle, but if the tractor carries additional structure forming a continuation of the implement beam or frame which structure extends to a point forward of the rear axle the device is included in this definition.

This subclass is indented under subclass 310. Apparatus comprising a plurality of transversely spaced wheeled implements having separate draft tongues or members for attachment to different draft animals or vehicles.

This subclass is indented under subclass 310. Apparatus comprising at least three implements aligned in a direction at an angle other than 90 deg. with respect to the line of travel, each implement having a wheel.
(1) Note. Each implement may consist of more than one earth working element.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising an earth working device trailing behind a propelling vehicle and an actuator completely carried by the device, the actuator being under the control of an attendant stationed on the vehicle.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class definition.
(2) Note. The broad combination defined above is basically very common in the art. For classification under this definition a claim should refer to the relationship of the actuator to the vehicle in some significant detail to indicate that the actuator is controlled from the vehicle.
(3) Note. A trailing device under the definition must have at least a part thereof resting on the ground and after operation of the actuator a part of the device must still
rest on the ground.
(4) Note. The trailing device comprehends the organization which is intended to be attached to the vehicle by the user of the device.
(5) Note. It is difficult at times to determine whether the actuator should be considered to be completely carried by the earth working device or partly carried by the vehicle. Generally both the part of the actuator for effecting movement and the part for holding something in position must be supported on the device but the actuator may react against the vehicle. In the case of an actuator of the power take-off type it is sufficient if the power take-off clutch is mounted on the device. In the case of an actuator of the hydraulic ram type both the cylinder and the piston of the ram must be supported on the device. In the case of an actuator of the lever and ratchet type both the lever and ratchet must be supported on the device. In the case of an actuator of the telescoping internally threaded cylinder and externally threaded rod type both the rod and the cylinder must be supported on the device.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
463 for an actuator carried on an implement adapted to lift the implement for transport on a wheeled frame.
subclasses 591+ for horizontally adjustable disk gangs in which a manually operated lever is actuated by an attendant not described as being on the tractor and the draft force of the tractor then causes an angling movement of the gangs.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 407 for articulated vehicles wherein the load of a trailer on a leading vehicle is adjusted by adjusting the point of application of draft to the leading vehicle, and subclasses 420+ for articulated vehicles having service connections.

This subclass is indented under subclass 315. Apparatus in which the actuator is a servomotor carried by the implement.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
491 for implements liftable for transport on a wheeled frame by means of a servo-motor.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising a vehicle, an earth working device trailing behind the vehicle, and an actuator on the vehicle for moving parts of the earth working device relative to each other while at least some part of the device remains on the ground.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class definition.
(2) Note. A relative movement of parts incident to lifting the device off the ground for transport is not included. Also relative movement which results merely from gravity and a lost motion connection is not included, as where an implement frame is lifted and a gauge wheel thereupon drops.
(3) Note. Merely rocking an earth working element about a wheel axis is not included. See subclasses 321 and 322+ for such devices.
(4) Note. The parts which are usually relatively moved are an earth working element with respect to the implement frame or a gauge wheel with respect to the implement frame.

This subclass is indented under subclass 317. Apparatus comprising an actuator carried on the vehicle and connected to an implement so that movement of the actuator causes some relatively vertical motion to occur between the implement wheel, or wheel substitute, and the frame of the implement which carries said wheel.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class definition.
(2) Note. The actuator must apply some positive force to the wheel axle. Merely lifting the implement frame and thereby dropping the wheel due to a lost motion connection is not included. See subclass 321 for such apparatus.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
238 for apparatus in which a wheel is moved vertically with
respect to its running gear in response to the draft load.
subclasses 293+ for devices of this nature in which the wheels are sequentially operated by a power cycle.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 407 for articulated vehicles wherein the load of a trailer on a leading vehicle is adjusted by adjusting the point of application of draft to the leading vehicle, and subclass 414.5 for articulated vehicles having an actuator for vertically moving a wheel of a trailing vehicle.

This subclass is indented under subclass 318. Apparatus in which there is a means for moving the hitch connection of the implement with the vehicle, the hitch moving means being interconnected in operation with the wheel moving means.
(1) Note. The interconnecting means must be something additional in the structure such as a linkage. Apparatus in which the hitch moves merely because relative movement of the wheel moves the implement beam or frame is not included. Such apparatus is found in subclass 318.

This subclass is indented under subclass 317. Apparatus in which the earth working device comprises a group of rolling- generally circular platelike elements, each having the same axis of rotation, the actuator on the vehicle being effective to adjust said axis in a horizontal plane.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 584+ and 599, for disk gangs in which the axis of rotation of the gang may be adjusted.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising a vehicle having associated therewith an earth working device including a ground wheel, said vehicle carrying an actuator for moving the earth working device.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
298 for a wheeled implement mounted ahead of the rear of a motor vehicle and means on the vehicle for moving the implement.
832 and 834, for a wheeled implement mounted ahead of a motor vehicle and means on the vehicle for moving the implement.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 407 for articulated vehicles wherein the load of a trailer on a leading vehicle is adjusted by adjusting the point of application of draft to the leading vehicle, and subclasses 490.1+ for articulated vehicles wherein the draft means may be vertically adjusted with respect to at least one of the vehicles or the ground.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising a ground wheel having an axis of rotation, a member extending radially from the axis of rotation and pivotally connected thereto, an earth working element connected to said member, and an actuator for pivotally moving said member and earth working element about the axis of rotation without changing the position of the earth working element with respect to the member.
(1) Note. See the class definition for the meaning of "actuator".
(2) Note. The movement of an earth working element about the axis of a ground wheel which may take place when a wheel of a stable wheeled frame is adjusted vertically with respect to the frame and another wheel is not included under this definition. See subclasses 395+ for such devices.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 329+ for apparatus comprising an earth working element rockable about a wheel axis by a handle held in position by an attendant.

This subclass is indented under subclass 322. Apparatus in which an unstable frame carrying the ground wheel is moved with respect to the ground by the actuator.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class definition.
(2) Note. It is sometimes difficult to say whether or not a part should be considered a frame carrying the ground wheel or merely a frame carrying an earth working element. The frame carrying the ground wheel is the running gear of the apparatus. If it is shown as supporting a seat for the attendant or directly attached to a hitch means such as a tongue it is considered to be the running gear or "frame" of the definition.
(3) Note. The "unstable frame carrying the gound wheel" of the definition is a frame which relies on a draft connection to a propelling means such as a tractor or horse or on the contact of an earth working tool with the ground to keep it in a fixed position, e.g., a two wheeled frame is unstable while one with more than two wheels on different axes is stable. A frame is considered to be unstable if it is "unstable" in any position of adjustment, e.g., as when an actuator causes a wheel of a stable frame to leave the ground to thereby cause the frame to be of the "unstable" type. See subclasses 395+ for a stable wheeled frame carrying an earth working element, the stable frame being tilted about the axis of a wheel by a vertical adjustment of another wheel relative to the frame.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 109 for an apparatus comprising an unearthing unit on a vehicular break frame.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising a framework having a ground support
(e.g., wheels or wheel substitutes) a draft means for connecting it to a propulsion means and an actuator on the framework or draft means for moving the draft means vertically relative to the framework or laterally of the line of draft.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class definition.
(2) Note. The draft means may be a tongue, and a movement of the tongue is considered a movement of the draft means.
(3) Note. Relative movement of the draft means and the frame caused merely by a relative movement of the ground support with respect to the frame (e.g., a tongue truck moved vertically with respect to the main frame) is not included under this definition. The actuator must include force-exerting means acting between the frame and draft means. See subclasses 395+ for a ground support relatively adjustable vertically with respect to the frame.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 315+ for apparatus in which a draft means is moved with respect to a wheeled frame by an actuator on the wheeled frame claimed in detail as controlled from a propelling vehicle.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
56, Harvesters, subclass 218 for harvesters with adjustable tongues.
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 83 for a vertically adjustable tongue truck, subclasses 456.1+ for a laterally adjustable hitch between a tractor and trailer, particularly, subclasses 467+ for a laterally adjustable trailer tongue, subclasses 463+ for articulated vehicles having actuator means provided for selective adjustment of the draft means on the trailing vehicle, and subclass 490.1 for a vertically adjustable hitch between a tractor and trailer.

This subclass is indented under subclass 324. Apparatus in which the draft means comprises a tongue on the framework, and an earth working element is connected to the tongue so as to be rigidly related to it and to move with it when it is moved by the actuator.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class
definition.
(2) Note. The earth working element may be adjustable with respect to the tongue but must be rigidly related to it in any position of adjustment.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
111, Planting, subclass 56 for forward and rearward sections connected by a transverse pivot and capable of a buckling action to lift certain parts of the planter.

This subclass is indented under subclass 324. Apparatus in which the draft means is moved vertically with respect to the framework.
(1) Note. In those devices in which the hitch means has a very minor vertical movement due to its manner of support on the frame but accomplishes its function due to a horizontal component of motion, classification is not under this definition. Such devices may be found in subclasses 588 and 605.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
323 for apparatus comprising unstable wheeled frames on earth working element and an actuator for rocking the earth working element about the wheel axis and moving the frame with respect to the ground whereby the hitch means move vertically with respect to the frame.
subclasses 395+ for apparatus in which a wheel is adjusted vertically with respect to the frame, whereby the draft means is moved vertically with respect to the frame, there being no means acting between the frame and draft means.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 109 for an unearthing unit mounted on a vehicular break frame.
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 407 for articulated vehicles wherein the load of a trailer on a leading vehicle is adjusted by adjusting the point of application of draft to the leading vehicle, and subclass 414.5 for articulated vehicles having an actuator for vertically moving a wheel of a trailing vehicle.

This subclass is indented under subclass 326. Apparatus in which a ground support is vertically adjustable with respect to the framework.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "adjustable" see the class definition.
(2) Note. Devices in which the framework tilts about the wheel axis are not included in this definition. See subclasses 323 or 326 for such devices.

This subclass is indented under subclass 327. Apparatus in which the adjustable ground support and the adjustable hitch are interconnected so that movement of one influences movement of the other.
(1) Note. Devices in which the ground support and hitch means are rigidly mounted on the same support to move together are not included. The interconnection must be by a linkage or the like.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising (1) an earth working element having a handle for manipulating and supporting it (e.g., a hand hoe) or (2) an implement having a handle whereby the device is guided or propelled by a walking attendant (e.g., a walking plow) or (3) an earth working element supported on a frame and having means such as handles or foot pedals contacted by the attendant to manipulate the earth working element, the said element being held in the position to which it is moved by continued application of force on the manipulating means by the attendant (e.g., a straddle row cultivator) or (4) earth working means harnessed to the attendant or worn by him (e.g., a glove with earth scratching prongs) or (5) manipulating means such as a handle or foot pedal for moving any part (e.g., a draft tongue) and holding it in the position to which moved by continued application of force by the attendant.
(1) Note. An earth working element which may be raised by an
attendant so as to be scraped by a stationary or relatively movable cleaner is not included under this definition. See subclass 461 and subclasses 606+ for such devices.
(2) Note. A seat or attendant's station is not considered a handle or manipulating device under this definition. See subclasses 431+ for apparatus with means manipulated by moving a seat or shifting weight on a seat or other attendant's station.
(3) Note. For part (3) of this definition a broadly claimed implement about which an earth working element is manipulated is considered a mounting frame.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
37 for hand driven implements adapted to be rotated through at least one complete revolution.
41 for a driven tool supported by an attendant.
subclasses 42+ for an implement comprising a driven tool guided by a walking attendant.
subclasses 256+ for a motor propelled implement guided by a walking attendant.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
16, Miscellaneous Hardware, subclass 110.1 for handles and handle attaching devices for miscellaneous articles of hardware not otherwise classified.
30, Cutlery, subclasses 340+ for knives and cutter comprising blades provided with manipulating handles and including the means for attaching said handles to said blades.
56, Harvesters, subclass 16.7, for a motor-driven lawn mower steered by a walking attendant, and subclass 400.01, for a hand rake.
125, Stone Working, subclass 43 for miner's picks.
180, Motor Vehicles, subclass 19.1 for a motor vehicle steered by a walking attendant.
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 47.17 for a wheeled vehicle which the attendant may apply a propelling force thereto, and subclasses 47.34+ for stable wheeled vehicles which are handle propelled by an attendant.
294, Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, subclasses 49+
for hand forks and shovels.

This subclass is indented under subclass 329. Apparatus having combined therewith a seat or attendant's station which is movable with respect to the apparatus and held in position by the attendant and a draft member or tongue for connecting the apparatus to a propelling means, the seat and draft member or tongue being connected so that movement of the seat changes the position of the draft member or tongue with respect to the apparatus.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
435 for attendant manipulated seats which may move an implement or draft member.

This subclass is indented under subclass 329. Apparatus including a draft member or tongue for connecting the apparatus to a propelling means and attendant manipulated means for moving the draft member or tongue with respect to the implement.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
330 for a movable attendant seat for manipulating a draft member combined with attendant-operated means for holding the implement in position.
435 for a movable attendant seat for manipulating a draft member.

This subclass is indented under subclass 329. Apparatus comprising a ground supported (e.g., wheeled) frame, an earth working element movably mounted on the frame and being manipulable and held in the position to which moved by the continued application of force by the attendant to vary its position with respect to the frame.
(1) Note. A mere wheeled axle is not considered a frame
under this definition even though the earth working element may be rocked on the axle. However, a wheeled axle having a draft tongue rigid therewith is considered to be a frame under this definition. Some patents which disclose only a wheeled axle have been classified under this definition where they are obviously fragmentary disclosures of that type implement which comprises a wheeled frame of greater extent (e.g., with tongue).
(2) Note. An earth working element about or upon which another earth working element is manipulated is considered a mounting frame.

This subclass is indented under subclass 332. Apparatus comprising a wheeled frame having the central portion thereof elevated above the axis of rotation of the wheels to clear a crop row and having a pair of attendant manipulated earth working elements adapted to operate on opposite sides of a crop row.
(1) Note. For classification under the definition the means by which the earth working elements are manipulated (e.g., handles) need not be claimed.

This subclass is indented under subclass 333. Apparatus including an operator's seat pivoted to the frame and also connected to the earth working elements so that the operator's weight provides an upward force on the earth working elements.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 431+ for other earth working apparatus having a seat or attendant's station including that in which the seat is movable by the attendant to manipulate the implement.

This subclass is indented under subclass 333. Apparatus
including resilient means to bias the earth working elements with respect to the wheeled frame or with respect to each other.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 705+ spring-biased earth working elements.

This subclass is indented under subclass 335. Apparatus in which the resilient means tends to bias the earth working elements out of ground engagement during operation.

This subclass is indented under subclass 333. Apparatus having means to raise the earth working elements with respect to the wheeled frame and connected means to concurrently change the position of the wheels with respect to the frame.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
398 for other earth working elements mounted on a wheeled frame and actuating means for lifting the element and also vertically moving a wheel with respect to the frame.

This subclass is indented under subclass 333. Apparatus adapted to be propelled by animals and characterized by the absence of a draft tongue.

This subclass is indented under subclass 338. Apparatus provided with a member to contact the ground and stabilize the apparatus when the earth working elements are placed in an inoperative position.

This subclass is indented under subclass 333. Apparatus provided with a plurality of pairs of earth working elements adapted to operate on opposite sides of a plurality of crop rows.

This subclass is indented under subclass 333. Apparatus having an additional earth working element disposed to operate between the pair of earth working elements.

This subclass is indented under subclass 333. Apparatus in which the earth working elements of the pair or the bars mounting said elements have a laterally extending member connecting same in addition to the frame member on which they are mounted.

This subclass is indented under subclass 333. Apparatus in which the earth working elements are adapted to be operated by the feet of an attendant seated thereon.

This subclass is indented under subclass 333. Apparatus in which the frame is provided with means to support the earth working elements in an elevated nonuse position.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
662 for plural relatively movable tools movable to nonuse
position.
674 for support brackets on wheeled frames for holding an implement in nonearth working position.

This subclass is indented under subclass 332. Apparatus in which an earth working element is movable by an attendant about an axis which extends in the direction of travel.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
459 for actuating means for lifting an earth working element for transport on a wheeled frame, the earth working element being pivotable about a longitudinal axis.
666 for an actuator for pivoting an earth working element about a longitudinal axis.

This subclass is indented under subclass 332. Apparatus including a plurality of earth working elements which may be manipulated individually or are so connected as to move in opposite directions when manipulated.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 333+ for arch wheel frame implements provided with a plurality of earth working elements which are independently or oppositely manipulated.
345 for plural earth working elements which are manipulated about a longitudinal axis.

This subclass is indented under subclass 332. Apparatus in which there is provided a resilient means which biases the earth working element during operation.

This subclass is indented under subclass 332. Apparatus in which the earth working element may be manipulated in a vertical direction by the attendant.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
345 for earth working elements which are manipulated about a longitudinal axis.

This subclass is indented under subclass 329. Apparatus in which the earth working element is of the rolling or rotating type.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 15+ for handle-propelled rolling lawn edgers.
subclasses 518+ for rolling, rotating, or orbitally moving earth working elements.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
452, Butchering, subclass 145 for hand- operated meat tenderizing rolls.

This subclass is indented under subclass 349. Apparatus having a handle which is mounted to be freely pivotable about the axis of rotation of the rolling or rotating earth working element.

This subclass is indented under subclass 329. Apparatus comprising (1) an implement having ground support means (e.g., wheel) separate from the earth working means and a separate handle for propelling or guiding the implement, or (2) draft means for propelling the implement and a separate handle for guiding same.
(1) Note. The ground support must act as a depth gauge or support a portion of the weight of the implement.
(2) Note. The draft means under part (2) of this definition may comprise a member for the application of human power such as a body harness. Note subclass 353 indented hereunder for an implement having a harness and separate handle to be propelled and guided by a single attendant.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 256+ for a hand guided self-propelled implement.
322 for earth working elements which are attendant manipulated with respect to a ground-supported frame.
371 for tools with handles for manipulating and supporting same (i.e., hand tools).

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
111, Planting, subclass 82 for implements propelled by a walking attendant.

This subclass is indented under subclass 351. Apparatus in which the apparatus is propelled by means of a member operated by the attendant which reacts with the ground to move the apparatus a given distance and the member is then reset to repeat the operation.
(1) Note. Search Class 180, Motor Vehicles, subclasses 4 and 8 for stepper propulsion means for vehicles.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
305, Wheel Substitutes for Land Vehicles, subclasses 1+ for devices comprising ground-engaging feet operating by a step-by-step movement in the travel of the vehicle.

This subclass is indented under subclass 351. Apparatus in which the draft means comprises a means adapted to engage or be attached to some part of the body other then the hands.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
370 for an operator-supported earth working element having means to attach the earth working element to the operator.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 1.5 for a vehicle with means for engaging the body (other than the hands) of a walking attendant.

This subclass is indented under subclass 351. Apparatus in which the ground support means comprises a wheel.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
17 for lawn edgers provided with a wheel or roller.
353 for a tool provided with a handle and a wheel, and having means adapted to engage or be attached to some part of the body other than the hands for propelling the implement.
subclasses 669+ for a tool supported on a wheeled frame.

This subclass is indented under subclass 354. Apparatus comprising a plurality of interconnected earth working elements which may only be in ground contact at different times and being connected to pivot on the axis of rotation of the wheel to engage the desired earth working element with the ground.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
136 for diverse tools useable alternately only.

This subclass is indented under subclass 354. Apparatus in which the implement is provided with two wheels spaced in the direction of travel.

This subclass is indented under subclass 354. Apparatus in which the handle is located forward of the earth working element, so as to adapt the apparatus to be pulled by the attendant.
(1) Note. The handle may be adjustable so as to adapt the apparatus to be pushed or pulled.

This subclass is indented under subclass 354. Apparatus in which the earth working element is located forwardly of the wheel.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 671+ for an earth working element mounted on a single longitudinal wheeled frame in which the wheel is located rearwardly of the forward end of the earth working element.

This subclass is indented under subclass 354. Apparatus in which the earth working element and the handle are selectively vertically adjustable relative to one another.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "adjustable" see the class definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
366 for an earth working element having a handle in which the handle and earth working element are selectively relatively adjustable in relation to one another.

This subclass is indented under subclass 351. Apparatus in which the ground support means comprises an element other than a wheel such as, for example, a runner.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
387 for other earth working apparatus having a wheel substitute spaced from the earth working elements.
764 for earth working elements having closely associated runners and see the Search Notes thereto for related art.

This subclass is indented under subclass 351. Apparatus in which the handle is directly attached to that portion of the earth working element which operates in the soil or to a runner or landside connected thereto.
(1) Note. This subclass does not include those devices where a brace extends from the handle to the earth working blade.

This subclass is indented under subclass 351. Apparatus in which the earth working element is secured to a generally upright member or standard and the standard is secured directly to a portion of the handle.

This subclass is indented under subclass 351. Apparatus having a plurality of relatively adjustable earth working elements, handles associated therewith, an individual handle
and associated earth working element being concurrently adjustable relative to another handle and associated earth working element.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "adjustable" see the class definition.

This subclass is indented under subclass 351. Apparatus in which there is attached to the handle, means whereby some portion of the earth working element is adjustable relative to some other portion of the earth working element or to the apparatus.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "adjustable" see the class definition.

This subclass is indented under subclass 351. Apparatus in which the handle is adjustable with respect to the earth working element.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "adjustable" see the class definition.

This subclass is indented under subclass 365. Apparatus in which the elevation of the handle with respect to the earth working element is adjustable.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "adjustable" see the class definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
359 for an earth working element having a handle and wheel in which the handle and earth working element are selectively vertically adjustable relative to one another.

This subclass is indented under subclass 351. Apparatus having a plurality of beams extending substantially in the direction of travel and having an earth working element or elements connected thereto and a plurality of handles, one connected to each of said beams.

This subclass is indented under subclass 351. Apparatus having a beam extending in the direction of travel and a pair of handles connected at their ends to opposite sides of the beam at the same longtitudinal location.

This subclass is indented under subclass 368. Apparatus in which there is provided at least one member connected to the handles and another portion of the implement to brace the handles.

This subclass is indented under subclass 329. Apparatus of the type wherein the earth working element is harnessed to or worn by the attendant.

This subclass is indented under subclass 329. Apparatus comprising an earth working means having a handle for manipulating and supporting it (e.g., hand hoe).
(1) Note. Mortar mixing hoes are also included on account of their similarity of structure.
(2) Note. Patents are classified under this definition even if only the earth working portion is claimed and not the handle if the sole disclosure relates to hand tools or the
claim preamble relates to a hand tool.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 13+ for hand tools of the lawn-edger type.
subclasses 349+ for handle propelled rolling implements.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
7, Compound Tools, appropriate subclasses for miscellaneous compound tools.
16, Miscellaneous Hardware, subclass 110.1 for handles for closures, receptacles, and the like, and see the Search Notes thereunder for the field of search for handles adapted for use with other devices.
30, Cutlery, appropriate subclasses for knives and cutting implements of general utility. This class (172) takes patents in which the claims are restricted to or the sole disclosed use is an implement for working the soil except those devices in which the cutting edge extends generally in the direction of the handle. In the latter case classification in Class 30 results.
56, Harvesters, subclass 400.01 for hand rakes.
125, Stone Working, subclass 43 for miner's picks.
294, Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, subclasses 49+ for hand forks and shovels.
366, Agitating, subclasses 1+ for tools especially adapted for mixing mortar, asphaltic and hydraulic cement, concretes, and the like.

This subclass is indented under subclass 371. Apparatus wherein the relative positions of the handle and earth working means is selectively adjustable.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "adjustable" see the class definition.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
294, Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, subclass 53.5
for hand implements wherein the fork or shovel head is pivotally and adjustably attached to the handle.
403, Joints and Connections, subclasses 52+ for articulated connections in general.

This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Apparatus wherein the earth working means comprises plural earth working elements which are adjustable with relation to one another.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "adjustable" see the class definition.

This subclass is indented under subclass 373. Apparatus in which at least one of the earth working elements is nonadjustably secured to the handle.

This subclass is indented under subclass 371. Apparatus wherein the earth working means comprises plural earth working portions of different types or shapes, the portions being so arranged in the apparatus that when one works the earth another does not work the earth.
(1) Note. The earth working portions may be different parts of a unitary earth working element or may be separate earth working elements.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
136 for implements other than hand held with earth working elements usable alternately only.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
7, Compound Tools, appropriate subclasses for compound tools, especially subclasses 158+ for cutters combined with other tools.
56, Harvesters, subclass 400.04 for hand rakes combined with hoe blades or other earth working elements.

This subclass is indented under subclass 371. Apparatus wherein the earth working means is made from an elongated thin bandlike or wire material which is secured to the handle through means extending between the handle and the opposite ends of the earth working means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 371. Apparatus wherein the earth working means is in the form of a U-shaped scoop or channel open at both ends and adapted to be operated in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the channel.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 13+ for channel-type hand tools for edging along lawns or sidewalks.

This subclass is indented under subclass 371. Apparatus wherein the earth working means comprises a plurality of prongs, teeth, or serratins arranged to simultaneously contact the earth.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
56, Harvesters, subclass 400.01 for hand rakes, particularly subclasses 400.04+ for rakes combined with earth working elements. A hand rake as distinguished from an earth working tool, is usually an implement having flexible teeth or rigid teeth with the width of the rigid tooth carrying portion width or diameter of the handle; i.e., at least ten times as large.
254, Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force, subclasses 131+ and for forks and shovels with fulcrum means to aid in the pulling of weeds from the
ground.
294, Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, subclass 50.5 and 50.6+ for hand implements having a handle and a blade or tines extending the general direction of the handle with grappling means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 378. Apparatus wherein the earth working means comprises a plurality of earth working members arranged in a plurality of rows to simultaneously engage and work an area of the surface of the earth.

This subclass is indented under subclass 378. Apparatus wherein a plurality of prongs, teeth, or serrations are formed from a single sheet of material.

This subclass is indented under subclass 371. Apparatus wherein the earth working means has portions lying in more than one plane.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus including a plurality of earth working elements so mounted as to operate at different depths in the ground at the same time.
(1) Note. This subclass does not include apparatus having a plurality of laterally spaced tools set at different elevations for the purpose of operating at the same depth in the soil on a slope, furrow, ridge, etc. See subclasses 694+ for such tools.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 133+ for separate tools of unlike types which may operate at different depths and see particularly subclasses 144 and 163+ for the combination of a plow and jointer.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 10 for unearthing devices with preliminary removal of earth.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising a frame, a ground wheel connected to the frame and (1) means for adjusting (at least in one direction) the axis of rotation of said ground wheel angularly with respect to said frame or (2) means for selectively locking said axis of rotation in one position or allowing it to move freely into different angular positions with respect to said frame.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "adjusting" see "adjustable" in the class definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 278+ for implements comprising a wheel with an angularly adjustable axis of rotation and actuating means for angularly adjusting the axis.
subclasses 395+ for implements comprising ground wheels which are vertically adjustable, with the axis of rotation maintaining the same angular position.
507 for implements comprising ground wheels which are horizontally adjustable, with the axis of rotation maintaining the same angular position.
600 for a disk gang supported for tilting and horizontal angling adjustment.
603 for a horizontally angularly adjustable disk.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
16, Miscellaneous Hardware, subclasses 18+ for caster
wheels.
104, Railways, subclass 244.1 for furrow followers for guiding a vehicle along the furrow.
280, Land Vehicles, appropriate subclasses for vehicles with wheels.

This subclass is indented under subclass 383. Apparatus in which there is an actuator for angling the axis of rotation of the wheel by moving it in a single transverse, vertical plane.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
798 for a scraper mounted between the front and rear ground supports of a vehicle and an actuator for tilting the axis of rotation of a wheel in a vertical plane.

This subclass is indented under subclass 383. Apparatus in which the axis of rotation of the wheel may freely change its angular position and the amount of such free movement is adjustable.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "adjustable" see the class definition.

This subclass is indented under subclass 383. Apparatus in which the axis of rotation of the wheel may freely change its angular position and there are means operable to hold the axis against movement to prevent free change of the angular position of the wheel.
(1) Note. Apparatus in which there is a latch designed to hold the axis of rotation in different positions and which would permit free angular movement if manually held out of
operation are classified in subclass 383 rather than under this definition.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising a means such as a runner or track member which is adapted to support the apparatus for movement over the ground and which has the same general relation to the apparatus as a supporting ground wheel would have.
(1) Note. Earth working elements mounted on a frame which frame may incidentally be in ground contact to act as a runner or depth gauge and is not specifically modified to act as a runner are not classified under this definition, but are classified below according to the earth working element or arrangement being claimed. See subclasses 634+, for example. A mere curving of the foward portion of the frame is not considered to be a modification under this definition.
(2) Note. Runners which have earth working elements attached to the runners by means of a nonearth working or contacting support or bracket so that the tool is spaced laterally or rearwardly of the runners are included under this definition. This definition does not include, however, runners which are so closely associated with an earth working element as to, in effect, form a unitary portion of the earth working element.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
80 for an implement comprising a driven tool and a wheel substitute.
188 for diverse tools attached to a runner rearward of the forward end thereof.
360 for hand guided or propelled implements provided with runners.
665 for apparatus comprising an actuator for relatively movable earth-engaging parts of an earth working element, one of said parts being a runner.
738 for an earth working element having relatively adjustable earth-engaging parts, one being a runner.
764 for an earth working element and a separate runner.
783 for a scraper mounted between front and rear ground supports of a vehicle, the scraper having a runner attached thereto.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
104, Railways, subclass 244.1 for furrow followers for guiding a vehicle along the furrow.
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 140 for an unearthing unit provided with a gage runner or wheel.
280, Land Vehicles, subclasses 8+, 841+, and 845+ for runners for vehicles, including a runner which may have an earth-penetrating part to prevent lateral sway.
305, Wheel Substitutes for Land Vehicles, appropriate subclasses for wheel substitutes other than runners.

This subclass is indented under subclass 387. Apparatus which includes a wheel which is adapted to support at least a portion of the weight of the device in at least one position of the wheel or implement.

This subclass is indented under subclass 387. Apparatus in which the wheel substitute is associated with an earth working element which is of spring form or is carried by a resilient standard.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
643 for an implement having a plurality of spring teeth.
subclasses 707+ for an earth working tool comprising a spring in itself or a spring standard.

This subclass is indented under subclass 389. Apparatus in which a plurality of the earth working elements are carried by a plurality of parallel transverse bars which are pivotally mounted and selectively rotatable from one angular position of adjustment to another.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 634+ for implements with parallel pivotally adjusted tool bars which may have spring-tooth tools mounted thereon.

This subclass is indented under subclass 387. Apparatus in which the wheel substitute is associated with an earth working element in which the earth working portion is no longer in lateral or longitudinal extent than the standard which supports it in earth working position.

This subclass is indented under subclass 387. Apparatus in which the device comprises a plurality of implements which are relatively movable during operation of the device and each of the implements have a runner associated therewith.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 310+ for plural wheeled implements.

This subclass is indented under subclass 387. Apparatus in which the wheel substitute comprises a pair of spaced parallel runners, said runners having an earth working element associated therewith so that said element is positioned between and supported by both runners.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
111, Planting, subclass 138 for sled frames claimed in combination with a planting machine.

This subclass is indented under subclass 387. Apparatus in which the earth working element comprises a circular platelike member which is given a rotating motion by the resistance of the earth as it is drawn thereover.
(1) Note. The circular platelike member may be plane, convex or concave in cross-section.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising a frame, an earth working element carried by the frame, means connecting a ground support such as a wheel to the frame and means for adjusting the ground support vertically with respect to the frame or moving the ground support vertically with respect to the frame to some position of adjustment.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "adjustable" see the class definition.
(2) Note. The "frame" in this definition is the running gear or structure most closely associated with the ground support. The "earth working element" carried by the "frame" may itself comprise an extensive framework.
(3) Note. The relative movement between the frame and ground support must be produced by a force other than gravity applied to a wheel axle. Merely moving the frame, for example, by lifting the hitch to swing the frame about the axis of rotation of the wheel is not included. See subclasses 321 or 323 for such devices.
(4) Note. In that type of apparatus wherein the construction comprises a frame, wheels carrying the frame and a front- wheeled draft truck pivoted to the frame on a vertical axis and vertically adjustable with respect to the frame, the frame has been considered the running gear and the wheeled truck has been considered as movable vertically thereto so that such apparatus is classifiable under this definition.
(5) Note. A mere spring-mounting means is considered not to be a means for moving the wheel to an adjusted position.
(6) Note. The ground support under this definition must be either a wheel or a wheel substitute as defined in subclass 387 of this class. The wheel substitute has been included under this definition so as to permit cross-referencing of such patents into appropriate subclasses hereunder.
(7) Note. Patents are classified under this definition even if the claims refer broadly merely to an implement adjusting means provided that the sole specific disclosure relates to a wheel-adjusting means.
(8) Note. A tilting movement of a frame about the axis of a wheel is not considered a vertical adjustment of the wheel relative to the frame. See subclass 323 for an unstable frame which may carry an earth working element and be tilted about a ground wheel axis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
78 for a driven tool with an articulated connection to a vehicle and a vertically adjustable ground support.
211 for an alternating implement with interrelated lift and shift, the lift being by wheel manipulation.
236 for ground-engageable draft responsive levers or wheel segments which contact the earth to resist motion of the apparatus, continued motion of the apparatus causing some adjustment thereof, usually due to a lifting force from the lever or wheel segment.
subclasses 240+ for implements comprising ground supports which contact the ground for transport only.
259 for a propulsion unit guided by a walking attendant or part of an articulated vehicle and having a vertically adjustable wheel.
subclasses 293+ for a series of like elements sequentially lifted by vertical adjustment of wheels by a power cycle.
subclasses 315+ for an actuator on a trailing implement for vertically adjusting a wheel and controlled from a propelling vehicle, the relationship with the vehicle being significantly claimed.
subclasses 318+ for an actuator on a vehicle for vertically moving a wheel on a trailing implement relative to the implement frame.
321 for an actuator on a vehicle for lifting a wheeled implement.
387 for an implement comprising a wheel substitute.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
16, Miscellaneous Hardware, subclass 19 for vertically adjustable casters, and subclasses 32+ for caster wheel or leg elevators.
104, Railways, subclass 244.1 for furrow followers for guiding a vehicle along the furrow.
111, Planting, subclass 68 for an auxiliary frame elevated and depressed by means of a cranked ground-wheel axle.
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, especially subclass 139 for apparatus comprising an unearthing unit fixed on a vertically shiftable vehicle frame, and subclass 109 for an unearthing unit mounted on a vehicular break-frame.
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 6.15 for a land vehicle of general utility including means, interposed between the vehicle body, chassis, or frame and running gear thereof, for altering height or levelness of the vehicle body, chassis, or frame; subclasses 43+ for a land vehicle of general utility having a wheel that is vertically adjustable with respect to the running gear for altering a dimension of the vehicle or a part thereof; or subclass 414.5 for a vehicle train of articulated vehicles having an actuator for vertically moving a wheel of the trailing vehicle.

This subclass is indented under subclass 395. Apparatus in which the frame carries a draft means for connecting the frame to a propelling means, said draft means being (1) vertically adjustable relative to the frame to (2) freely vertically movable relative to the frame under some conditions of operation and means are provided to prevent or limit the vertical movement under other conditions of operation.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "adjustable" see the class definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
319 for an actuator on a vehicle for moving an implement ground support vertically relative to the implement frame interconnected means for moving a hitch.
subclasses 327+ for an actuator on a trailing implement for moving a draft means vertically and a vertically adjustable ground support.

This subclass is indented under subclass 395. Apparatus in which the adjustment of the ground support is accompanied by movement of an earth working element relative to the frame.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
211 for implements comprising earth working means alternating for right or left hand operation and a vertically adjustable ground support for lifting the implement, the ground support and earth working means being interrelated so that vertical movement of the ground support is accompanied by the shifting of the earth working means to its alternate position.
244 for apparatus having a ground support engaging the ground for transport only where the ground support and a tool are moved together relative to a supporting frame.
323 for devices in which the tool pivots about a wheel axis which may be moved vertically with respect to a frame.

This subclass is indented under subclass 397. Apparatus in which the earth working element is interconnected by a linkage with the ground support so that movement of one influences movement of the other.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
779 for a scraper whose position is automatically controlled by a linkage for leveling, the scraper and a wheel being interconnected to influence movement of each other.

This subclass is indented under subclass 395. Apparatus in which power derived from the rolling motion of a plurality of ground wheels as the apparatus is propelled over the ground is used to move said wheels or other ground wheels vertically with respect to the frame.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 293+ for apparatus having a plurality of wheels or other elements which are sequentially operated by a power cycle.

This subclass is indented under subclass 395. Apparatus in which a plurality of wheels are independently mounted on different axles and there are additional means interconnecting the wheels whereby they may be moved simultaneously vertically with respect to the frame or so that the movement of one vertically with respect to the frame influences movement of the other, and there is an actuator for moving a wheel.
(1) Note. Plural wheels mounted at different ends of a crank axle or other axle whereby the wheels move together without use of any connecting links or separate power units are considered not to be independently mounted on different axles. Wheels so mounted do not come under the definition even if they are adjustable with respect to each other.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 6.15 for a land vehicle of general utility including means, interposed between the vehicle body, chassis, or frame and running gear thereof, for altering height or levelness of the vehicle body, chassis, or frame, especially subclasses 6.154+ wherein the proximate utility is predisposing the load, load carrier, or receptacle portion to enable travel upon a sustained inclined surface; or subclasses 43+ for a land vehicle of general utility including a wheel that is vertically adjustable with respect to the running gear for altering a dimension of the vehicle or a part thereof, especially subclass 43.13 wherein actuator means interconnect wheels on different axles so that movement of one results in movement of the other.

This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus in which three or more wheels each on different axles are affected by the action of the interconnecting means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 401. Apparatus in which power derived from the rolling motion of one of said interconnected wheels as the apparatus is propelled over the ground is used to move said wheels vertically with respect to the frame.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 408+ for a wheel which is carried by a crank axle mount which is adjusted by power derived from the wheel.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
56, Harvesters, subclass 211 for harvester frames which are adjusted by power derived from a traction wheel.
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 47 for a vehicle having an extensible wheel that is vertically adjustable by means of power derived from the wheel as it rolls over the ground.

This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus in which power derived from the rolling motion of a ground wheel as the apparatus is propelled over the ground is used to move a plurality of said interconnected wheels vertically with respect to the frame.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
56, Harvesters, subclass 211 for harvester frames which are adjusted by power derived from a traction wheel.
192, Clutches and Power-Stop Control, subclass 62 for clutches adapted for use in raising plows.

This subclass is indented under subclass 403. Apparatus in which the wheel supplying the power is itself moved vertically with respect to the frame by use of said power.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
402 for a power take-off from a self-adjusted wheel for adjusting three or more wheels on different interconnected axles.
subclasses 408+ for a wheel which is carried by a crank axle mount which is adjusted by power derived from the wheel.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 47 for a vehicle having an extensible wheel that is vertically adjustable by means of power derived from the wheel as it rolls over the ground.

This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus in which one of said interconnected wheels has a vertical motion of translation only and another of said interconnected wheels pivots about a horizontal axis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
402 for apparatus having three or more interconnected adjustable wheels on different axles which are operated by a power take-off from one of the adjusted wheels and which includes translating and swinging wheels.
416 for vertically adjustable ground supports where one translates and another swings.

This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Apparatus in which there is an additional actuating means which operates to adjust said interconnected wheels so as to change their relative position vertically with respect to said frame.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
402 for apparatus having three or more interconnected adjustable wheels on different axles which are operated by a power take-off from one of the adjusted wheels and which includes an additional actuator for changing the relative
position of some of the wheels.
470 for plural tools which are independently actuated to be lifted on a wheeled frame for transport with a separate actuator for concurrent lifting or with an interlock means for causing simultaneous lifting.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 6.15 for a land vehicle of general utility including means, interposed between the vehicle body, chassis, or frame and running gear thereof, for altering height or levelness of the vehicle body, chassis or frame, especially subclasses 6.154+ wherein the proximate utility is predisposing the load, load carrier, or receptacle portion to enable travel upon a sustained inclined surface.

This subclass is indented under subclass 395. Apparatus in which movement of the ground support to adjusted position is caused by the use of a power means.
(1) Note. A power means may be a servomotor or a continuously running source of power (e.g., a rotating ground wheel) with an interruptible power take-off.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 293+ for a plurality of like elements sequentially operated by a power cycle.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
56, Harvesters, subclass 211 for harvester frames which are adjusted by power derived from a traction wheel.
192, Clutches and Power-Stop Control, subclass 62 for clutches adapted for use in lifting plows.
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 43.23 for vehicles having power means to vertically adjust its wheels.

This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Apparatus in which there is an axle connected to a crank arm pivotally
connected to the framework, a ground wheel is rotatably mounted on the axle and there is a means intermittently connectible to the ground wheel as it continuously rotates so that turning movement of the wheel causes swinging of the crank arm about its pivotal connection to the framework to move the wheel vertically with respect to the framework.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
402 and 404, for an actuator and interconnected means for adjusting wheels on different axles with a power take-off from one of the adjusted wheels for operating the actuator.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 47 for a vehicle having an extensible wheel that is vertically adjustable by means of power derived from the wheel as it rolls over the ground.

This subclass is indented under subclass 408. Apparatus in which the means intermittently connectible to the wheel locks said wheel against rotation relative to the pivotally mounted crank arm so that rolling movement of the wheel over the ground causes movement of the arm with respect to the frame.

This subclass is indented under subclass 408. Apparatus in which the means intermittently connectible with the wheel is a rotatable member mounted on the crank arm to swing therewith.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
192, Clutches and Power-Stop Control, subclass 62 for clutches adapted for use in lifting plows.

This subclass is indented under subclass 410. Apparatus in which the frame may be lowered with respect to the wheel to varying depths but is always raised to the same height.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
413 for constant height depth adjustment for wheels vertically adjusted with respect to an implement frame by a servomotor.
487 for an actuator adapted to lift a tool for transport on a wheeled frame said actuator comprising a power unit with manual adjusting or supplemental manual actuating means and there being a constant height depth adjustment.

This subclass is indented under subclass 408. Apparatus in which the means intermittently connectible with the wheel is a means pivoted on the frame movable into engagement with the actuating wheel or into engagement with a means mounted to turn therewith on the same axis so that rolling movement of the wheel acts on the means pivoted to the frame to move the wheel relative to the frame.

This subclass is indented under subclass 407. Apparatus in which the ground support is moved to different positions of adjustment by a motor means which operates just long enough to effect the desired adjustment.
(1) Note. This definition does not cover a mere power-transmitting mechanism intermittently connected to a continuously running source of power.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
294 for a series of like elements sequentially operated by servomotors.
316 for a servomotor on a trailing implement for vertically moving a wheel, the motor being controlled from a propelling vehicle, the relationship with the vehicle being significantly claimed.

This subclass is indented under subclass 395. Apparatus in
which there is an actuator for causing adjusting motion of the wheel and the connection between the actuator and the wheel is such as to allow at least a certain amount of free movement between the two in at least one direction.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class definition.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 43.19 for vehicles having vertically adjustable wheels which are actuated through a flexible means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 395. Apparatus in which the ground support has a motion of translation relative to the frame when moved from one vertical position to another (i.e., the motion is such that parts maintain approximately the same angular position relative to a plane parallel to the frame).

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280, Land Vehicles, subclass 43.22 for vehicles having actuating means to move the wheels vertically with a translatory motion.

This subclass is indented under subclass 415. Apparatus having at least one additional ground support which pivots about a horizontal axis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
405 for interconnected translating and swinging wheels.

This subclass is indented under subclass 415. Apparatus in which the ground support is carried by a pair of links pivoted to the ground support and the frame structure, respectively, and which remain substantially parallel
throughout their movement.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
405 for interconnected translating and swinging wheels.

This subclass is indented under subclass 415. Apparatus in which the translating motion is imparted to the ground support by an actuator.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class definition.

This subclass is indented under subclass 418. Apparatus in which the actuator comprises a pair of relatively movable threaded members.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
427 for screw-jack type actuators for vertically adjustable ground supports.
504 for screw-type actuators for lifting tools for transport on a wheeled frame.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 43.2 for vehicles having supporting wheels which are moved vertically relative to the vehicle frame by a screw-jack type actuating means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 418. Apparatus in which the actuator comprises a rack member meshing with a gear or engageable by a ratchet member.

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280, Land Vehicles, subclass 43.21 for vehicles having supporting wheels which are moved vertically relative to the
vehicle frame by a rack and pinion or ratchet actuating means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 395. Apparatus comprising a plurality of ground supports vertically adjustable relative to the frame which are also vertically adjustable with respect to one another.

This subclass is indented under subclass 395. Apparatus in which a plurality of wheels are carried by arms which extend radially from and are connected to a common shaft and are circumferentially spaced about the axis of said shaft.

This subclass is indented under subclass 395. Apparatus in which vertical motion is imparted to the ground support by an actuator.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 418+ for actuators for imparting a translating motion to a ground support.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 43.17 for vehicles having actuating means to move the wheels vertically.

This subclass is indented under subclass 423. Apparatus in
which a spring device is provided to assist the actuating means in moving the ground support vertically.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
506 for spring-assisted actuators for lifting tools for transport on a wheeled frame.

This subclass is indented under subclass 423. Apparatus in which the actuator comprises gearing.
(1) Note. For the definition of gearing, see Class 74, Machine Element or Mechanism, subclass 640.

This subclass is indented under subclass 425. Apparatus in which the gearing includes a worm gear.

This subclass is indented under subclass 425. Apparatus in which the gearing includes a pair of relatively movable threaded members.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
419 for a screw-jack type actuator for a vertically adjustable ground support having translating motion.
504 for a screw-type actuator for lifting a tool for transport on a wheeled frame.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 43.2 for vehicles having supporting wheels which are moved vertically relative to the vehicle frame by a screw-jack type actuating means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 425. Apparatus in which the gearing includes a rack member meshing with a gear or engageable by a ratchet.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
420 for a rack and pinion or ratchet-type actuator for a ground support having a translating motion.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 43.21 for vehicles having supporting wheels which are moved vertically relative to the vehicle frame by a rack and pinion or ratchet-actuating means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 423. Apparatus in which the actuating means comprises a hand or foot operated lever rigid with the pivot shaft of a wheel carrying crank.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising (1) means for giving a signal or indication of a condition or position of some portion of the earth working apparatus or (2) means to be observed by an attendant to aid him in maintaining the apparatus on a predetermined course.
(1) Note. The mere positioning of an element of the apparatus is not considered enough to give an indication. There must be some special indicia means to come under this definition.
(2) Note. The guide means may comprise an element intended to be disposed in or aligned with a previously formed furrow or mark, the attendant guiding the apparatus in accordance with the position of the element.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 126+ for apparatus comprising earth-marking means combined with an earth working element.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
33, Geometrical Instruments, subclasses 624+, for collocating gauge designed for setting a tool with relation to its support or with relation to work in which it is to operate and subclass 264, for sighting means attached to a vehicle to aid the driver in maintaining the vehicle on a predetermined course.
104, Railways, subclass 244.1 for a furrow follower for guiding a vehicle, the guiding being accomplished by reaction of the furrow follower with the walls of the furrow.
340, Communications: Electrical, subclasses 500+ for electrical automatic condition responsive indicating systems.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising a seat or other support for an attendant operating the apparatus.
(1) Note. There must be some specific claiming of the seat or the relationship of the seat or support in structure for classification under this definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
330 for hand guided or manipulated apparatus also having a hitch movable by shiftable seat.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
56, Harvesters, subclass 323, for a harvester with a seat.
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, subclass 20, for unearthing devices with manual operation station.
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 32.5, for a land vehicle with a worker's support.
296, Land Vehicles: Bodies and Tops, subclasses 63+, for seats with body modifications.
297, Chairs and Seats, appropriate subclasses, for a seat of general utility.

This subclass is indented under subclass 431. Apparatus in which there are a plurality of separate and distinct seats or operator stations.

This subclass is indented under subclass 431. Apparatus in which the attendant operating the apparatus is carried by a sulky or riding attachment, which is adapted to be detachably connected to the implement and has its own wheel or wheels.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
257 for an unstable propulsion unit forming part of an articulated vehicle and having a riding attendant.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 32.6 for riding attachments for vehicles and subclass 32.7 for a wheeled vehicle having a station adapted to carry an operator and which also may be adapted to be attached to an agricultural implement.

This subclass is indented under subclass 431. Apparatus in which the seat or attendant's station may be moved to a position in which it is not intended to be used; e.g., changed from a riding implement to a walking implement.

This subclass is indented under subclass 431. Apparatus in which the attendant's station or seat is modified to permit the operator to shift his entire body; or the seat is adjustable.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "adjustable" see the class definition.
(2) Note. The station or seat must be enlarged to permit the operator to move or slide thereon.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
334 for hand-guided straddle row cultivators having seat counterbalanced tool beams.

This subclass is indented under subclass 431. Apparatus in which the attendant's station or seat is positioned on a member extending laterally of the direction of motion and said member connects two or more earth working devices.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising means for sharpening an earth working element.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
56, Harvesters, subclass 250 for cutting reels with sharpening means.
76, Metal Tools and Implements, Making, subclasses 82+, especially subclass 85 for tool sharpeners or tool sharpener attachments, per se.
451, Abrading, subclasses 415+ for an abrading attachment, per se.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus combined with a device outside of the class definition and not provided for in other subclasses of this class.
(1) Note. In this subclass, for example, are combinations with a gun, a shade for a draft animal, a vehicle brake, a basket of general utility and a loading device of general utility.

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37, Excavating, subclasses 403+ for a scraper combined with
a scoop, shovel, or other material pick up means.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising an earth working device adapted to trail behind a propelling means, said earth working device having a mast comprising a vertically extending structure which is held against movement relative to at least a portion of the device in a longitudinal vertical plane, and struts pivotally connected to the upper and lower portions of said structure, said struts also being pivotally connected respectively to upper and lower portions of the propelling means, and said struts being free to pivot about each of their pivotal connections in a generally longitudinal vertical plane.
(1) Note. Claims classifiable under this definition may include merely the struts or the vertically extending structure adapted for cooperation with the struts.
(2) Note. "Struts" are elements adapted to withstand compressive stress. Usually in working position the lower strut is in tension and the upper strut is in compression while in transport position the lower strut is in compression and the upper strut is in tension.
(3) Note. This definition is intended to include devices usually called three point hitches or Ferguson hitches. It should be noted, however, that the definition is broadly phrased and will include some devices other than the Ferguson or three point hitch.
(4) Note. The propelling device may be no more than a trailer or other means which itself is propelled by a tractor or other device.
(5) Note. The pivotal freedom of the struts may be inhibited by a lifting device. However, if other added means prevent pivoting of the struts then the device is not considered to come under this definition.
(6) Note. The mast or vertically extending structure may have some freedom for movement relative to the earth working device if the apparatus as a whole is essentially a Ferguson-type hitch.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 7+ for draft responsive, automatic, power-controlled mast-type hitches. See (1) Note of subclass 7 for the line between subclasses 7 and 439.
47 for a mast-type hitch in combination with a power driven tool or cleaner.
210 for an alternating implement with an interrelated tool lift and shift, the hitch being of the mast type.
307 for a tool forward of the rear of a self-propelled vehicle connected to the vehicle by a parallelogram-type lift.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclasses 400+ and especially subclass 407 for articulated vehicles wherein the load of a trailer on a leading vehicle is adjusted by adjusting the point of application of draft to the leading vehicle, subclass 460.1 for articulated vehicles with laterally spaced parallel connections, subclass 461.1 for articulated vehicles with vertically spaced connections, subclasses 467+ for articulated vehicles comprising laterally adjustable hitches, subclass 490.1 for articulated vehicles wherein the draft means may be vertically adjusted with respect to at least one of the vehicles or the ground merely in order to facilitate connecting the vehicles, and subclass 497 for vertically paced connections of a draft element to a tractor. A sole disclosure to an agricultural implement hitched to a tractor by a hitch as defined in Class 172, subclass 439 is classifiable in Class 172.
414, Material or Article Handling, subclasses 680+ for a vertically swinging load support and subclass 766 may be of particular interest.

This subclass is indented under subclass 439. Apparatus in which said earth working device comprises a plurality of rows of earth working elements, the axis of one row in plan view being located at, or being adjustable to, an angle with respect to the axis of another row, and the rows being vertically movable with the mast structure as a unit.
(1) Note. The earth working elements are usually disks.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 454+ for angled gangs liftable for transport on a wheeled frame by an actuating means other than a mast-type hitch.
subclasses 579+ for plural groups of disks.

This subclass is indented under subclass 440. Apparatus in which one row of earth working element is located generally behind another row of earth working elements.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
455 for tandem-angled gangs liftable for transport on a wheeled frame by an actuating means other than a mast- type hitch.
595 and 596, for tandem disk gangs.

This subclass is indented under subclass 441. Apparatus comprising an actuator for changing the angular relation in plan view of one row of earth working elements with respect to another row.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
580 for groups of disks adjusted by a power device.
subclasses 591+ for groups of disks horizontally angled by a manual actuator, especially subclass 594 for double tandem groups so adjusted.

This subclass is indented under subclass 439. Apparatus in which (1) the struts extend between the earth working device and a wheeled trailer adapted to be drawn by a propelling means or (2) the struts extend between different parts of the earth working device.
(1) Note. The earth working device in part (2) of the definition is an implement which is adapted to be attached to a propelling means such as a tractor, in the field or as a substantially complete unit.
(2) Note. In the ordinary mast-type hitch the struts extend between a tractor and an implement, pivot means for the struts are assembled on or built into the tractor at the factory, the struts remain associated with the tractor in the field and an implement is attached to the struts in the field. This definition is intended to exclude this arrangement but include an arrangement whereby a tractor not equipped with pivot means for a mast-type hitch at the factory is associated with an implement which itself includes the mast-type hitch, or whereby the tractor is converted to use such an implement by securing an attachment to the tractor which includes struts for cooperating with the earth working element (the attachment and the earth working element being considered the implement for purposes of this definition).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
248 for an apparatus convertible from one type of hitch to another.
463 for a lift actuator and tool which form a removable unit carried on a wheeled frame.

This subclass is indented under subclass 439. Apparatus in which the geometrical outline (as seen in elevation), made up of the vertically extending structure, the struts and the propelling means, changes in basic configuration as the earth working device is lifted or lowered.
(1) Note. The geometrical outline of the definition is made up of four lines connected by pivot points, so that it will naturally change as the struts are lifted or lowered. This simply change is not included in the definition. The changes contemplated by the definition are brought about by some additional means and are those which occur, for example, when one of the struts is made of two pivoted or telescopic sections which move relatively while the earth working device is being lifted, or when one of the pivot points is on a link which moves as the earth working device is raised or lowered.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 7+ for apparatus having an automatic power control and comprising a mast-type hitch in which one of the struts is pivoted to a yieldable pivot point.

This subclass is indented under subclass 439. Apparatus in which there is a means for vertically moving the struts and mast to lift the earth working device for transport and some auxiliary means is operated as a result of the vertical movement (e.g., a link is operated to rock the implement about a longitudinal axis).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
128 for an earth marker which is adjusted upon raising an earth working device.
210 for apparatus including earth working means alternating for right or left hand operation which is carried on a mast- type hitch and in which vertical movement of the hitch is accompanied by movement of the earth working means to its alternate operating position.
458 for apparatus in which the vertical movement of an implement on a wheeled frame is associated with some other movement of the implement.

Including blade, scraper, or smoother:
This subclass is indented under subclass 439. Apparatus in which at least one earth working element is supported by a mast structure, wherein the element has either (a) a substantially vertical working surface adapted to strike off or level the earth, or (b) a substantial area adapted to contact the earth in a horizontal direction to compact or smooth the earth.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
4.5 for a scraper which is automatically power-controlled for leveling.
26.5 for a dragline scraper.
72 for a driven tool followed by a leveling drag or furrow shaper.
189 and 612, for flexible implements including flexible matlike drags.
197 and 199+, for diverse tools, one of which comprises a drag or smoother that may be mounted on a vehicle by a three-point hitch.
subclasses 777+ for a scraper supporting a narrow depending tool.
779 for a scraper whose position is controlled by a linkage for leveling.
780 and 781+, for a scraper between front and rear vehicle supports.
799.5 for a towed scraper on a wheel-supported frame.
subclasses 810+ for a scraper ahead of a motor vehicle.

Angularly adjustable about vertical axis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 445.1. Apparatus in which the earth working element is mounted so to be movable about a vertical axis to a different angular position.

This subclass is indented under subclass 439. Apparatus in which there are means for holding an earth working element in different locations laterally of the line of draft or the propelling means.
(1) Note. Merely varying the limits to which an earth working device may laterally sway is not included. See subclass 450 for such apparatus.
(2) Note. The lateral adjustment may be the result of movement about a vertical or a longitudinal axis with respect to the propelling means.
(3) Note. A lateral movement of the earth working tool which is the result of a turning movement of the propelling tractor is not included. See subclass 450 for such devices.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
456 for apparatus liftable on a wheeled frame by means other than a mast-type hitch in which a central group of earth working elements is lifted vertically and side groups are movable inwardly.
subclasses 459+ for an earth working element lifted vertically on a wheeled frame by means other than a mast-type hitch and by swinging movement about a longitudinal axis.
subclasses 476+ for an earth working element liftable on a wheeled frame by means other than a mast-type hitch and laterally adjustable.
subclasses 741+ for a laterally adjustable earth working element.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclasses 467+ for a vehicle train wherein the interconnected vehicles are laterally or angularly adjustable relative to each other.

This subclass is indented under subclass 446. Apparatus in which the earth working element is movable to a laterally adjusted position by a swinging movement about a generally vertical axis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
477 for an earth working element liftable on a wheeled frame by means other than a mast-type hitch and adjustable about a vertical axis.
742 for a tool adjustable about a vertical axis.

This subclass is indented under subclass 439. Apparatus in which in addition to an actuator for swinging the struts
which is adapted to lift the earth working device for transport there is an added means for holding an earth working element in different positions in a vertical sense with respect to the propelling means.
(1) Note. For the definition of "actuator" see the class definition.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
446 for tools associated with a mast-type hitch adjusted vertically as well as laterally.
subclasses 474+ for tools which are liftable for transport on a wheeled frame which are rockable about an independently, vertically adjustable transverse axis.
subclasses 485+ for apparatus comprising a power unit for lifting tools for transport on a wheeled frame and manual means for effecting a supplemental adjustment.

This subclass is indented under subclass 439. Apparatus in which an earth working element is free to move relative to the mast at least to a limited extent while the earth working element is performing its earth working function.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 440+ for apparatus comprising angled gangs liftable as a unit with one or more gangs movable relative to the mast while earth working.
450 for a mast-type hitch with tools swayable with respect to the propelling means but fixed with respect to the mast.
subclasses 501+ for a tool liftable by an actuator on a wheeled frame and with a lost motion connection between the actuator and tool.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 497 for articulated vehicles comprising a draft connection between the vehicles with
vertically spaced connections to the leading vehicle.

This subclass is indented under subclass 439. Apparatus in which (1) an earth working element is free to move laterally to the line of draft relative to the propelling means while performing its earth working function or (2) there are means in addition to merely the struts and their connections with the mast and propelling means for preventing or inhibiting free movement of the earth working element laterally of the line of draft relative to the propelling means.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
449 for tools freely movable relative to the mast of a mast-type hitch while earth working.
457 for tools liftable on a wheeled frame by means other than a mast-type hitch and means to restrain sway when raised.
subclasses 501+ for tools liftable on a wheeled frame by an actuator and with a lost motion connection between the actuator and the tool.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 497 for a trailer having an articulated connection to a draft element having vertically spaced connections to a tractor.

With tool frame or bar extending beyond side of vehicle:
This subclass is indented under subclass 439. Apparatus including a support mechanism or device which is adapted to support an earth working element or elements, wherein the mechanism or device extends laterally beyond the side of the propelling device.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
subclasses 440+ for mast-type hitches with angle gangs extending laterally on each side of the mast structure.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus comprising a frame supported on ground support means such as wheels, an earth working element and an actuator for lifting the earth working element for supporting it on the frame so that it may be transported without engaging the earth.
(1) Note. For the meaning of "actuator" see the class definition.
(2) Note. Apparatus comprising an earth working element and a means for lifting the earth working element on an implement is classifiable under this definition if the implement is claimed broadly by name only, the implement being considered the equivalent of a frame supported on wheels.
(3) Note. An actuating means imparting vertical movement to an implement is considered to come under this definition unless the actuating means is disclosed as not usable to lift the implement off the ground for transport.
(4) Note. Apparatus comprising a frame, an earth working element and a means for lifting the earth working element on the frame is classifiable under this definition if the frame is disclosed as rigidly attached to a wheel frame.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
47 and 439+, for an actuator on a vehicle adapted to lift an implement with a mast-type hitch for transport on the vehicle.
74 for a driven tool with a power take-off from the drive to adjust the tool.
75 for a driven tool with an interconnected lift and drive control.
238 for an implement with a ground support moved vertically relative to the frame by a draft force.
subclasses 240+ for an implement with a ground support engageable with the ground for transport only.
255 for an implement with an earth working element moved vertically when the implement is turned.
260 for a propulsion unit guided by a walking attendant or part of an articulated vehicle and with an actuator for
moving a tool vertically.
subclasses 261+ for means for shifting an earth working element on striking an obstruction.
subclasses 272+ for means to facilitate mounting an implement on a motor vehicle.
subclasses 293+ for a series of earth working elements sequentially lifted by a power cycle.
subclasses 297+ for earth working elements mounted forward of the rear of a self-propelled vehicle.
subclasses 315+ for an actuator on a trailing implement, controlled from a propelling vehicle, the relationship with the vehicle being significantly claimed.
subclasses 317+ for an actuator on vehicle for relatively moving parts of a trailing implement.
321 for an actuator on a vehicle for lifting a wheeled implement.
subclasses 322+ for an actuator for rocking an implement about a wheel axis.
subclasses 326+ for an actuator on a trailing ground- supported frame for moving a draft means vertically.
subclasses 395+ for an implement with an actuator for moving a ground support vertically relative to a frame.
subclasses 583+ for plural groups of disks comprising a vertically adjustable group.
subclasses 663+ for actuators other than those adapted to lift a tool for transport on a wheeled frame or broadly claimed implement.
subclasses 781+ for a scraper mounted between front and rear ground supports of a vehicle and an actuator for lifting it for transport.
subclasses 810+ for earth working elements mounted ahead of a self-propelled vehicle.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
37, Excavating, appropriate subclasses for lifting means for excavators.
56, Harvesters, subclass 273 for power- operated lifts for reciprocating side cut type harvesters.
60, Power Plants, subclasses 325+ for hydraulic servomotors operated by a pump. See note under definition of this class for line between this class and Class 60.
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects subclass 141 for lifting or tilting means for unearthing apparatus.
254, Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force, subclasses 2+ for hoisting trucks, and other appropriate subclasses for lifting devices such as cranes adapted for general utility lifting rather than forming part of a vehicle-implement combination intended to remain coupled when in use.
280, Land Vehicles, subclass 407 for articulated vehicles wherein the load of a trailer on a leading vehicle is adjusted by adjusting the point of application of draft to the leading vehicle, and subclass 490.1 for articulated vehicles wherein the draft means may be vertically adjusted with respect to at least one of the vehicles or the ground.
414, Material or Article Handling, subclasses 680+ for vertically swinging load supports.

This subclass is indented under subclass 452. Apparatus wherein the actuator is driven by an electrically powered device.

This subclass is indented under subclass 452. Apparatus comprising two groups of earth working elements, each group comprising elements having a common orientation, the longitudinal axis of one group being at an angle in plan view with respect to the longitudinal axis of the other group, and the groups being liftable as a unit by the actuator.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
440 for angled gangs carried by a mast-type hitch which are lifted as a unit.

This subclass is indented under subclass 454. Apparatus