Natural resin derivatives which are not pure compounds, and processes of treating natural resins or derivatives.
(1) Note. Natural resins are water-insoluble mixtures of compounds derived from trees, especially conifers. Many of the compounds present in natural resins have a hydroaromatic structure. These compounds are often recovered as mixtures of isomeric carboxylic acids, such as abietic and pimaric acids, which occur in rosin. The resins occur in nature in solvent-free form, such as fossil coal or copal resins, wood rosin in old pine tree stumps, etc., or in the form of tree sap, such as pine oleoresin, where they are dissolved in terpenic hydrocarbons, such as spirits of turpentine. Another major source of natural resin is papermaking waste from which a solution of rosin in mixed fatty acids, known as tall oil, is recovered.
(2) Note. See search this class, subclass note below for a description of the constituents of and types of rosin.
(3) Note. Tall oil, which is a liquid, is provided for
here, along with its constituents and derivatives, because of significant resin acid content (34% - 40%). See search this class, subclass note below for description of tall oil and (3) Note for tall oil fatty acids.
(4) Note. Some of the natural resins encompassed by this and indented subclasses include, but are not limited to: wood, gum and tall oil rosin; wood or pine tar or pitch; shellac; copals from various sources, both recent and fossil, such as Congo, Manila, etc.; amber; dammar; kauri; coal resin; gum accroides; sandarac; cativo resin; etc.
(5) Note. This and indented subclasses (200+) provide for the production of mixtures of compounds from natural resins, whether or not the individual compounds have a known chemical structure.
(6) Note. The production of a pure resin acid or its derivative of known chemical structure from natural resins is classified in the class and subclass providing for the compound produced.
(7) Note. Compositions comprising natural resin or its derivative, together with another component, and having a known utility, are classified in the appropriate composition class.
(8) Note. The rules for determining Class placement of the Original Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY, which includes a hierarchical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
205 (1) Note, for description of tall oil and (3) Note for tall oil fatty acids.
210 (1) Note, for a description of the constituents of and types of rosin.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
106, Compositions: Coating or Plastic, for compositions wherein a natural resin or tall oil is utilized.
117, Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy Growth Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor, for processes for growing therein-defined single-crystal of all types of materials, including inorganic or organic.
162, Paper Making and Fiber Liberation, for processes of liberating cellulosic fibers which include the recovery of an organic by-product.
520, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, including the
classes which are part of the 520 series, for synthetic resin compositions wherein a natural resin or tall oil is utilized.
536, Organic Compounds, for gums which are water-soluble highly branched polysaccharides found in exudations of plants.

This subclass is indented under subclass 200. Processes wherein the starting material is shellac, or a shellac-containing substance, or products of such processes.
(1) Note. Included herein are starting materials wherein the shellac has been previously modified, e.g., by bleaching, formation of a derivative, etc.

This subclass is indented under subclass 200. Processes wherein the starting material is cut wood, or products of such processes.
(1) Note. A major product of the processes under this subclass is wood rosin.
(2) Note. See the search note below for description of the constituents of and types of rosin.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
210 (1) Note, for a description of the constituents of and types of rosin.

This subclass is indented under subclass 200. Processes wherein the starting material is plant sap or a fossilized substance, or products of such processes.
(1) Note. The starting materials include, but are not limited to: copals from various sources, e.g., Congo, Manila, Pontianac, etc.; coal which contains admixtures of resin, such as Utah; amber; dammar; kauri; gum accroides;
etc.

This subclass is indented under subclass 203. Processing wherein the starting material is pine oleoresin, or products of such processes.
(1) Note. Pine oleoresin is the fresh sap of living pine trees and is variously referred to in the trade as gum turpentine, pine gum, pine resin, etc.
(2) Note. A major product of the processes under this subclass is gum rosin.
(3) Note. See (1) Note under subclass 210 for description of the constituents of and types of rosin.

This subclass is indented under subclass 200. Processes wherein: (1) tall oil or a derivative thereof is recovered from papermaking waste; (2) one or more components are separated from tall oil; (3) tall oil is purified; or products of such processes.
(1) Note. Tall oil is a by-product of the wood pulp industry and is usually recovered from pine wood "black liquor" of the sulfate or kraft paper processes. A typical composition of tall oil includes 50-60% fatty acids (e.g., oleic, linoleic, etc.), 34-40% rosin acids, and 5-10% unsaponifiable matter, such as long chain alcohols and sterols.
(2) Note. Some of the products isolated from tall oil include, but are not limited to, tall oil rosin, tall oil fatty acids, tall oil pitch, mixtures of oleic and linoleic acid, etc.
(3) Note. Although "tall oil fatty acids" contain at least 90% of free fatty acids, they are included among natural resins because of a measurable content of rosin acids (up to 10%).
(4) Note. Compositions containing tall oil or its reaction product as an ingredient thereof and having a known utility are classified in the appropriate composition class providing therefor.

This subclass is indented under subclass 205. Processes wherein there is utilized an organic material containing sulfur or nitrogen, or products of such processes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 205. Processes which include an esterification step, or products of such processes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 205. Process wherein there is utilized an inorganic material, or products of such processes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 208. Processes wherein there is utilized a material containing phosphorus, heavy metal, elemental hydrogen, sulfur dioxide, or carbon dioxide; or products of such processes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 200. Processes wherein rosin or a derivative thereof is used as starting material, or products of such processes.
(1) Note. Rosin, also known as colophony, is usually designated according to its source, e.g., gum rosin (from exudate of incisions on living trees); wood rosin (from Southern pine stumps); and tall oil rosin (from by-products of the wood pulp industry). The principal constituents isolated from rosin are carboxylic acids with a
hydrophenanthrene nucleus, comprising abietic acid and its isomers, such as pimaric acid. The acids may exist in rosin as acid anhydrides. The mixed acids are known in the trade as rosin acids or resin acids, the two terms being used interchangeably.
(2) Note. Abietic acid has the following structure: [figure]
(3) Note. This and indented subclasses (210+) provide for the production of mixtures of compounds from rosin or its derivatives, whether or not the individual compounds have a known chemical structure.
(4) Note. The production of a pure resin (rosin) acid or its derivative of known chemical structure from rosin or its derivative is classified in a class and subclass providing for the compound produced.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
106, Compositions: Coating or Plastic, for compositions wherein a resin is utilized.
520, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, including the classes which are part of the 520 series, for synthetic resin compositions wherein a natural resin is utilized.

This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Processes wherein rosin or a derivative thereof is polymerized, or products of such processes.
(1) Note. This subclass, and the indented subclass 212, are limited to polymers of rosin, per se, of a single derivative of rosin, e.g., an ester, hydrogenated rosin, etc., or of a mixture of two or more types of rosin, derivatives, etc. The most common product is dimer rosin.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
525, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, subclass 54.4, for reaction products of natural resins with a preformed solid polymer or specified intermediate condensation product (SICP).
526, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, subclass 238.3, for polymers derived solely from ethylenic reactants at least one of which is a natural resin.
527, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, subclasses 600+, for solid polymers derived from natural resin or derivative
by means of chemical reaction with a nonresin reactant.

This subclass is indented under subclass 211. Processes wherein polymerized rosin or a derivative thereof undergoes further chemical treatment or color modification, or products of such processes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Processes wherein there is utilized a material containing boron or phosphorus, or products of such processes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Products which include a six-membered ring formed by the addition of an alkene or alkyne to the 1,4 - positions of a conjugated diene.
(1) Note. An example of such a reaction may be represented as follows: [figure]
(2) Note. All adducts included in this class are mixtures formed from the mixed hydrophenanthrene acids or derivatives thereof present in rosin. An example of an adduct of an individual rosin acid with fumaric acid is: [figure]

This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Processes wherein the carboxyl group of rosin or of a derivative thereof is esterified, or products of such processes.
(1) Note. Search this class, appropriate subclasses, for the esterification of rosin via an alcoholic hydroxy group which has been introduced into rosin by a chemical reaction, e.g., with formaldehyde.

This subclass is indented under subclass 215. Processes wherein esterified rosin or a derivative thereof undergoes further chemical treatment or color modification, or products of such processes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 215. Processes wherein the esterification utilizes an oxygen ring containing compound or a halogen containing material, or products of such processes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 215. Processes wherein the esterification utilizes a polyhydroxy containing material, or products of such processes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Processes wherein there is utilized a material containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium, or products of such processes.
(1) Note. Many patents in this subclass are directed to the disproportionation reaction involving an intra and inter-molecular rearrangement of the hydrogen atoms in the rosin acids to convert them into acids which lack nonbenzenoid double bond conjugation and are therefore more stable to oxidation than abietic acid. Dehydroabietic acid, one of the principal products of disproportionation, contains one aromatic ring in the hydrophenanthrene nucleus.

This subclass is indented under subclass 219. Processes wherein the material containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium is inorganic.

This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Processes wherein there is utilized a nitrogen containing material, or products of such processes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 221. Processes wherein the material containing nitrogen is inorganic.

This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Processes wherein rosin or a derivative thereof is reacted with hydrogen, or products of such processes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Processes wherein salts of rosin acids are formed using a metal containing material, or products of such processes.
(1) Note. Metal salts of mixed naturally occurring resin (rosin) acids, also referred to as rosin soaps or metal resinates, are included in this and the indented subclass 225.
(2) Note. The production of a pure rosin acid derivative of known chemical structure from rosin or its derivative is classified in the class and subclass providing for the compound produced.
(3) Note. Compositions comprising a metal resinate and another component, such as water, excess alkali, etc., and having a known utility are classified in the appropriate composition class.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
106, Compositions: Coating or Plastic, subclasses 218+, for sizing compositions containing metal resinates.

This subclass is indented under subclass 224. Processes wherein the metal is an alkali metal.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
252, Compositions, subclass 367.1 for soap compositions containing alkali-metal salts of rosin acids.
510, Cleaning Compositions for Solid Surfaces, Auxiliary Compositions Therefor, or Processes of Preparing the Compositions, appropriate subclasses, particularly subclass 129, 141+, 343, 353+, 389, 437, 454, and 481+, for cleaning compositions which may comprise alkali-metal salts of rosin acids.

This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Processes wherein rosin or a derivative thereof is subjected to heat treatment in the absence of any additional nonrosin organic reactant, or products of such processes.
(1) Note. This subclass provides, among other things, for certain disproportionation reactions. See the search note below for a description of the disproportionation reaction.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
219 (2) Note for a description of the disproportionation reaction.

This subclass is indented under subclass 226. Processes wherein a metal, halogen or silicon containing material is utilized, or products of such processes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 210. Processes for purification of rosin or its derivatives, or products of such processes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 228. Processes which utilize immiscible solvents, or products of such processes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 200. Processes wherein the starting material used is tall oil or a derivative thereof, or products of such processes.
(1) Note. Tall oil is a by-product of the wood pulp industry and is usually recovered from pine wood "black liquor" of the sulfate or kraft paper processes. A typical composition of tall oil includes 50-60% fatty acids (e.g., oleic, linoleic, etc.), 34-40% rosin acids, and 5-10% unsaponifiable matter, such as long chain alcohols and sterols.
(2) Note. Although "tall oil fatty acids" contain at least 90% of free fatty acids, they are included among natural resins because of a measurable content of rosin acids (up to 10%).
(3) Note. Compositions containing tall oil or its reaction product as an ingredient thereof and having a known utility are classified in the appropriate composition class providing therefor.

This subclass is indented under subclass 230. Processes which utilize a nitrogen containing material, or products of such processes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 230. Processes wherein the acids present in tall oil are esterified, or products of such processes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 230. Processes wherein a material containing sulfur, boron phosphorus, or iodine is utilized, or products of such processes.

PEPTIDES OF 3 TO 100 AMINO ACID RESIDUES:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Compounds consisting of three or more amino acids joined covalently by peptide bonds.
(1) Note. A peptide bond is an amino bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.
(2) Note. The border line, for purposes of subclasses 300 to 427, between peptides and proteins has been drawn at 100 amino acid residues or a molecular weight of about 10,000 where the number of residues is unknown.
(3) Note. Related peptides. A peptide is classifiable in a given subclass if its structure corresponds to at least half the amino acid residues of the named peptide. The product of side chain substitution, C or N terminal chain will be classified with the named peptide as related peptides. The product of a replacement reaction will be classified as a related peptide so long as less than half the amino acid residues of the named peptide have been replaced. The product of a removal reaction or a partial sequence (i.e., fragments) will be classifed as a related peptide if half the amino acid residues of the named peptide are present. Polypeptides which are formed by joining the named peptide of identical sequence to the named peptide should be originally classified on the basis of the named peptide and cross-referenced to the appropriate subclasses.
(4) Note. Functional Analogues. Peptides claimed or disclosed as a functional analogue should be classified on
the basis of structure, i.e., is the structure of the analogue a related peptide, and cross-referenced to the subclass providing for the named peptide that the patented peptide is claimed or disclosed as functioning like. If there is no structural information present in the patent or otherwise obtainable on the structural analogue, the patent should be originally classified in the generic peptide subclass and cross-referenced to the subclass providing for the named peptides.
(5) Note. Joined peptide subunits. In the case where peptide chains are joined by covalent bonding as by S-S bonds through cysteine the number of amino acids in the peptide is the sum of the individual chains.
(6) Note. IUPAC-IUB Nonmenclature. Published in Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. Titles: (1) Abbreviations and Symbols for chemical Names of Special Interest in Biological Chemistry; Revised Tentative Rules (1965); Section 5, Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides, year (1966), Volume 115, pages 1-12. (2) Abbreviated Designation of Amino Acid Derivatives and Peptides, year (1967), Volume 123, pages 1-5. (3) Rules for Naming Synthetic Modifications of Natural Peptides, year (1966), Volume 121, pages 6-8. (4) Abbreviated Nonmenclature of Synthetic Polypeptides (polymerized Amino Acid), year (1968), Volume 123, pages 633-637. (5) A One-Letter Notation for Amino Acids, year (1968), Volume 125, pages 1-5. (6) Abbreviations and Symbols for the Description of the Conformation of Polypeptides Chains; Tentative Rules (1969), year (1971), Volume 145, pages 405-421.
(7) Note. CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry Numbers are unique identifiers assigned to chemical substances recorded in the CAS Chemical Registry System. The CAS Registry Number itself has no chemical significance; it is simply a machine-checkable number assigned to each substance as it enters the Registry System. CAS Registry Numbers appear in CA issues and in many computer-readable files. They also may be found in several primary journals, various handbooks, and in the National Library handbooks, and in the National Library of Medicine's TOXLINE and CHEMLINE computer-based information-retrieval services. For more about the CAS Chemical Registry System or Registry System or Registry Numbers consult the introduction to the CAS REGISTRY HANDBOOK-Number Section.
Medical Subject Headings: (1) Mesh Tree Numbers: Mesh numbers are identifiers applied to the National Library of Medicine's indexers to articles in the medical and related literature. The subject headings are Index Medicus headings and are arranged in a hierarchical matter. The abstracts and indexing are available on line through several data base suppliers. (2) Deleted Registry Numbers: The CA registry numbers found in the definitions of subclass 300 to 427 are the current registry numbers. However, due to the long history and incomplete structural knowledge of peptide and protein chemistry, there are usually several deleted registry
numbers for each current registry number. The current registry number should be used to find the deleted numbers in the registry file and should always be included in the online search statement. For further information on search technique related to deleted registry numbers see, CAS ONLINE NEWS May/June 1984, page 5.
(8) Note. Structure. The primary structure of the shorter peptide has been included in the definitions. For the larger peptides the Merck Monograph will often provide citations to articles disclosing the structure. The structure of the larger peptides and proteins may be found on the on-line services by using the compound name, Chemical Abstracts Registry Number, or National Library of Medicine's MESH tree number in combination with the terms "sequence" or "structure".
(9) Note. Compositions. In general a peptide or protein containing composition will be provided for in a class providing for the function or utility of the composition, e.g., medicine, food, Class 252, utilities, etc. A peptide mixed with a preserving agent whose sole function is to prevent chemical or physical change is provided for with the peptide or protein. A peptide derived from a single source material such as a plant or animal extract, so long as it is identified as a protein or peptide, is classified in this class (530) even if a Class 424 utility is disclosed or claimed. A plant or animal extract will be provided in Class 424 if it is (a) a single source material and (b) is of undetermined chemical constitution, i.e., is claimed in terms of isolation technique or physical properties. A recitation as broad as "peptide" is enough to defeat placement in Class 424 on the basis of utility. Class 424 will provide for an additive mixture containing a peptide and other ingredients if the mixture has a Class 424 utility.
(10) Note. Classification of the more common amino acids:
Amino Acids
Classification
Amino Acids commonly found in peptides and proteins:
Alanine
562/575
Arginine
562/560
Asparagine
562/561
Aspartic acid
562/571
Cysteine
562/557
Glutamine
562/563
Glutamic acid
562/573
Glycine
562/575
Histidine
548/344
Isoleucine
562/575
Leucine
562/575
Lysine
562/562
Methionine
562/559
Phenylalanine
562/445
Proline
548/535
Serine
562/567
Threonine
562/570
Tryptophan
548/496
Tyrosine
562/444
Rare amino acids from protein
Desmosine
546/335
5 Hydroxylsine
562/564
5 Hydroxyproline
548/532
Isodesmosine
546/335
3-Methylthistidine
548/335
E-N-Methyllysine
562/561
Nonprotein Amino Acids
B-Alanine
562/567
V-Aminobutyric Acid
562/553
Canavanine
562/560
Citrulline
562/560
B-Cyanvalanine
260/465
Djenkolic acid
562/557
Homocysteine
562/556
Homoserine
562/567
Ornithine
562/561
Valine
526/575
(11) Note. Synthetic Resins vs. Polypeptides. The conceptual difference between the subject matter of synthetic resins provided for in the 520 series and polypeptides (including proteins) provided for in Class 530 is that the compounds of the 520 series have statistically distributed amino acids or blocks of amino acids in their molecules in a random sequence whereas 530 provides for molecules composed of a specific sequence of amino acids defined identity and order (i.e., primary structure) having identity or closed relation to a humorial or cellular polypeptide or having some humorial or cellular effect due to its ordered structure.
(12) Note. Peptide and Protein Structure. The nature, i.e., identity, of the constituent amino acids and their sequence is referred to as the primary structure. A primary structure will have a definite three dimensional structure which is called the secondary structure (usually helical coiling). The secondary structure of a large peptide or protein is wrapped about and interwoven to develop the overall three dimensional structure of the molecule. This arrangement of the secondary structure is referred to as the tertiary structure and determines the alosteric properties of many proteins.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
117, Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy Growth Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor, for processes for growing therein-defined single-crystal of all types of materials, including inorganic or organic.
424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, has the following subclasses for proteins or proteinaceous material 1.11+, for radionuclide or intended radionuclide containing; 418, 456, 460, 477+, 491+, 499, 520+; for a protein or peptide containing composition which functions as an antiperspirant or deodorant; 85.1+ for a composition containing a lymphokine; 130.1+ for a composition containing an immunoglobulin, an antiserum, an antibody, or an antibody fragment; 184.1+ for a composition containing an antigen, an
epitope, or another immunospecific immunoeffector that may be proteinaceous; 278.1+ for a composition containing a nonspecific immunoeffector that may be proteinaceous; 94.1+, for compositions containing proteins identified as enzymes; 520+, for compositions many of which are considered to be proteinaceous; an animal extract of undetermined constitution; 115+ for compositions which may be proteins or peptides identified by elemental analysis.
430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof, subclass 59 .6, 537, 539, 629, 640, 642, and 643 for compositions containing proteins used in forming an image.
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, subclass 68.1 for microbial or enzymatic synthesis of proteins and peptides; subclasses 183+ for the production of enzymes; and subclasses 74+ for the formation of immobilized enzymes and subclasses 269 and 272+ for the liberation or purification of proteins by means of a microorganism or enzyme, particularly subclass 273 for the purification of collagen or gelatin.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, subclass 15 for a protein containing composition used as a standard or control; 16, for a blood standard; 66, for tests for hemoglobin or myoglobin, 66 for test for blood clotting factor tests, 86+ for tests for proteins or peptides including sequencing methods and subclass 501 for a complement binding assay and protein binding assays and subclasses 506-548 for tests using antigen antibody interactions in a chemical test, particularly subclasses 543-548 which collect methods of modifying antigens and antibodies as part of a testing procedure.
514, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, subclasses 1-21 and cross-reference art collections 800-809 which provide for compositions having a 424 utility containing a peptide or protein as an organic active ingredient.
524, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, subclasses 9+ for plant or derived cellular material, subclasses 17+ for proteins or biologically active polypeptides for a process in which the protein or polypeptide is physically mixed with a preformed resin and subclasses 70+ for a process of adding a protein or biologically active polypeptide to resin forming ingredients during reaction of the resin formers and the protein or polypeptide is nonreactive.
525, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, subclass 54.1 for the chemical reaction of a peptide or protein with a preformed resin and subclass 54.11 for processes of stepwise assembly of a polypeptide on a preformed polymer, i.e., solid phase synthesis when there is no claimed cleavage of the synthesized polypeptide.
526, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, subclass 238.1 for
the formation of a synthetic resin from a protein or biologically active polypeptide where the protein or polypeptide as well as all other reactants are ethylenically unsaturated.
528, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, particularly subclass 328 for a polymer of amino acids and methods of making such a polyamino acid.
930, Peptide or Protein Sequence, subclasses 10+ for peptide or protein sequences of four or more amino acids.

Thymopoietins or lipotropins; related peptides:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Peptides containing at least half the amino acid residues in sequence of the polypeptide with the structure of Thymopoietin. [figure]
(1) Note. Thymopoietins; Physical Properties: [figure]
(2) Note. Lipotropins; Physical Properties. [figure]
(3) Note. Thymopoietins; Physiological properties. Thymopoietin II induces T lymphocyte differentiation.
(4) Note. Lipotropins; Physiological properties. Stimulates release of fatty acids from adipose tissue. Belongs to the ATCH family of peptide hormones.
(5) Note. Thymopoietins; Synonyms. Thymin
(6) Note. Lipotropins; Synonyms: Adiposin, Lipidmobilizing hormone, Lipolytic hormone, Pituitary lipotropic hormone, Adipozin, Pituitary lipotropin LPH, adikopinetic hormone.
(7) Note. CA Registry Numbers of unmodified forms:

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
930, Peptide or Protein Sequence, subclass 180 for thymus derived hormone or factor peptide or protein sequences.

Endorphins and enkephalins; related peptides:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Peptides containing at least half the amino acid residues in sequence of the polypeptide with the structure: [figure]
(1) Note. Physical Properties: Number of Residues [figure]
(2) Note. Physiological Properties: Endorphins, Morphine like action. Found in brain, cerebrospinal fluid, pituitary and other organs. Function as neuromodulators or transmitters. Enkephalins. Pentapeptides which mimic the action of morphine. Synthesized in the brain and pituitary possibly by degradation of endorphins.
(3) Note. Synonyms. (a) Endorphins: Endogenous opiates, opiod peptides. (b) Enkephalins: Morphine line factor, pituitary opiate peptide.
(4) Note. CA Registry Numbers of unmodified form:

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
930, Peptide or Protein Sequence, subclass 80 for endorphin or enkephaline peptide or protein sequences.

Insulin; related peptides:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Peptides containing at least half the amino acid residues in sequence of the polypeptide with the structure of insulin.
(1) Note. Physiological properties. Regulates carbohydrate metabolism, influences protein and RNA synthesis and the storage of neutral lipids.
(2) Note. Synonyms. Iletin, Endopancrine, Insular, Insulyl, Iszilin, Decuruon, Actrapid.
(3) Note. CA Registry Numbers of unmodified form: 9004-10-8 [figure]

Metal complexes, e.g., zn-insulin, etc:
This subclass is indented under subclass 303. Peptides in which the peptide is a complex of insulin and a metal.
(1) Note. Typically the complex is formed by the addition of zinc chloride or a mixture of zinc chloride and protamine sulfate to insulin.
(2) Note. Examples: Neutral Protamine Hagedorn Insulin, Lente Insulin, Insulin Novo Lente, Depo-Insulin, Deposulin; Insulyl-Retard.
(3) Note. CA Registry Numbers of unmodified form: 9004-10-8 [figure]

Isolation or purification:
This subclass is indented under subclass 303. Subject matter, in which preexisting insulin is isolated or separated.
(1) Note. Typically the processes of this subclass include solvent extraction of pancreatic tissue.
(2) Note. See subclass 344 for a guide to generic separation techniques.

Corticotropins (ATCH); related peptides:
This subclass is indented under subclass 303. Peptides containing at least half the amino acid residues in sequence of the polypeptide with the structure: [figure]
(1) Note. Physical Properties. Number of Residues: 39. Molecular Weight: 4541
(2) Note. Physiological properties. Pituitary hormone which stimulates release of adrenal cortical steroids and induces growth of adrenal cortex. Sequence 1-13 is equivalent to alpha melanotropin.
(3) Note. Synonyms. Adrenocorticotropic hormone Cosyntropin, 1-39 ATCH, ATCH, Acethropan, Acortan, Acorto, Acthar, Acton, Actonar, Adrenome, Alfatrofin, Cibacthen, Corstiline, Cortiphyson, Isactid, Reacthin, Solacthyl, Tubex.
(4) Note. CA Registry Numbers of underivitized form: 9002-60-2 [figure]

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
930, Peptide or Protein Sequence, subclass 70 for corticotropin peptide or protein sequences.

Calcitonin; related peptides:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Peptides containing at least half the amino acid residues in sequence of the polypeptide with the structure: [figure]
(1) Note. Physical Properties: Numbers of Residues: 32. Molecular Weight: 3,421
(2) Note. Physiological properties. Calcium regulation hormone from thyroid gland in mammals and ultimobranchial gland in nonmammals.
(3) Note. Synonyms. Thyrocalcitonin, Elcatonin, Ultimobranchial Body, TCA, TCT, Calcimar
(4) Note. CA Registry Numbers of unmodified form: 9007-12-9 [figure]

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
930, Peptide or Protein Sequence, subclass 60 for corticotropin peptide or protein sequences.

Glucagon; related peptides:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Peptides containing at least half the amino acid residues in sequence of the polypeptide with the structure. [figure]
(1) Note. Physical Properties. Number Residues: 29. Molecular Weight: 3,483. All mammalian glucagons appear to be identical.
(2) Note. Physiological properties: Blood glucose regulatory hormone from the alpha cells of the pancreas.
(3) Note. Synonyms. Proglucagon (69) residues MW8, 137) has been called glicentin. Glucagon, Hyperglycemic-glycosenolytic factor, HG-Factor, HGF Enteroglycagon is a glucagon like glycogenolytic peptide of intestinal tract and is called gut glucagon or oxyntomodulin.
(4) Note. CA Registry Numbers of unmodified form: 9007-92-5 [figure]

Secretin or gastrin; related peptides:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Peptides containing at least half the amino acid residues in sequence
of the polypeptide with the structure: [figure]
(1) Note. Physical Properties: [figure]
(2) Note. Secretin; Physiological properties. Intestinal hormone which stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate from the pancreas.
(3) Note. Gastrin; Physiological properties. Stimulates gastric secretion isolated from the mucusal lining of the gastric antrum.
(4) Note. Secretin; Synonyms. Vitram
(5) Note. CA Registry Numbers of unmodified forms: [figure]

Gramicidin or tyrocidin; related peptides:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Peptides containing at least half the amino residues in sequence of the polypeptide with the structure: [figure]
(1) Note. Synonyms. Gramodern, Pyrrolo (1, 2A) (1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28) decaazacyclotriacontine. D is a complex of four components A, B, C, and D. A second series (the isoleucine Gramacidins) has an isoleucine instead of valine in position 1. Gramicidin B has a Phe in position II, while Gramacidin has tyrosine at this position.
(2) Note. CA Registry Numbers of Unmodified form: [figure]

Somatostatin (SRIF); related peptides:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Peptides containing at least half the amino acid residues in sequence of the polypeptide with the structure: [figure]
(1) Note. Physical Properties. Number of residues: 14. Molecular Weight: 1638
(2) Note. Physiological properties. Inhibits secretion of pituitary growth hormone.
(3) Synonyms. Growth hormone release-inhibiting factor, GH-RIF, somatotropin release inhibiting hormone.
(4) Note. CA Registry Number of unmodified form: 38916-34-6 [figure]

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
930, Peptide or Protein Sequence, subclass 160 for somatostatin peptide or protein sequences.

Melanotropin (MSH) or eledoisin; related peptides:
Peptides under subclass 300 containing at least half the amino acid residues in sequence of the polypeptide with the structure: [figure]
(1) Note: Physical Properties. [figure]
(2) Note. Eledoisins Physiological properties. Stimulates extravascular smooth muscle, acts as a vasodilator and hypotensive agent.
(3) Note. Melanotropins; Synonyms. Melanophore-affecting hormone; melanocyte-stimulating hormone; MSH; melanophore hormone; melanophore dilating hormone; melanophore expanding hormone; melanophore-stimulating hormone; melanatropic hormone; chromatophorotropic hormone; B-hormone;melanosome-dispersing hormone; pigmentation hormone.
(4) Note. Eledoisins; Synonyms L-Methioinamide
(5) Note. CA Registry Numbers of unmodified form: [figure]

Lutenizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF); related peptides:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Peptides containing at least half the amino acid residues in sequence of the polypeptide with the structure: [figure]
(1) Note. Physical Properties. Number of Residues: 10. Molecular Weight: 1182.33.
(2) Note. Physiological properties. Stimulates secretion of pituitary hormones LH and FSH.
(3) Note. Lutenizing hormone-releasing hormone, LRF, LH-RH, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Gonadotropin-releasing factor, Luteostimulin, Lulibering Gn-RH, Gonadoliberin, LRH, LH-FSH Releasing hormone, Nialutin, Hypothalamic Releasing factor, LHFSHRH, Kryptocin, Lutamin.
(4) Note. CA Registry Numbers of unmodified form:
9034-40-6 [figure]

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
930, Peptide or Protein Sequence, subclass 130 for luteinizing hormone releasing hormone peptide or protein sequences.

Bradykinin; kallidin; related peptides:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Peptides containing at least half the amino acid residues in sequence of the polypeptide with the structure: [figure]
(1) Note. Physical Properties. Number of Residues: 9. Molecular Weight: 1060.25.
(2) Note. Physiological properties. Acts on smooth muscle, dilates peripheral vessels, increases capillary permeability. A tissue belonging to a group of hypotensive peptides known as plasma kinins.
(3) Note. Synonyms. Kallidin I, Kallidin 9, Callidin I, L-Bradykinin, BRS640.
(4) Note. CA Registry Number of unmodified form: 58-82-2 [figure]

Oxytocin; vasopressin; related peptides:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Peptides containing at least half the amino acid residues in sequence of the polypeptide with the structure: [figure]
(1) Note. Physical Properties: [figure]
(2) Note. Physiological properties: Oxytocin. 9aa residue hormone posterior pituitary hormone. Causes uterine contractions. Stimulates lactation. Vasopressin. 9aa residue hormone from neurohypophysis of vertebrates. Controls water metabolism. Contracts smooth muscle.
(3) Note. Synonyms: Oxytocin. Di-sipidin, alpha-Hypophamine, Pitocin, Piton S, Syntocin, Syntocinon, Uteracon, Nobitocin S, Syntocinone, Endopituitrina, Orasthin, Oxystin, 3-Isoleucine, 9 Leucine, Vasopressin, Atonin O, (1-Hemicystine) -Oxytocin, Presoxin, Hyphotocin, 1,2-Dithia-5, 8, 11, 14, 17-pentaazacycloeicosane, 8-Leucyl Vasotocin Vasopressin Tonephin, beta-Hypophamine, ADH,
Antidiuretic hormone, Pitressin, ADH, (Hormone) 1 Pituitrin P, 1,2-Dithia-5-8-11-14-17 Pentaazacycloeicosane.
(4) Note. CA Registry Numbers of unmodifed form: [figure]

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
930, Peptide or Protein Sequence, subclass 150 for oxytocin or vasopressin peptide or protein sequences.

Angiotensin; related peptides:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Peptides containing at least half the amino acid residues in sequence of the polypeptide with the structure: [figure] [caption]Angiotensin I [figure] [caption]Angiotensin II
(1) Note. Physical Properties. [figure]
(2) Note. Physiological properties: Angiotensins range in size from precursors with 14 aa's to the 8aa Angiotensin II which is a vasoconstrictor. Changes in the aa content produce antagonistic or inactive compounds.
(3) Note. Synonyms. Angiotonin, Hypertensin, angiotonin. Angiotensin 1 is the 1-10 residue of Angiotensinongen (25 residues).
(4) Note. CA Registry Number of unmodified form: 1407-47-2 [figure]

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
930, Peptide or Protein Sequence, subclass 40 for angiotensin peptide or protein sequences.

Cyclic peptides:
Peptides under subclass 300 containing at least one ring fused only through peptide bonds.
(1) Note. The peptide bond may be other than that formed by the alpha amino nitrogen, e.g., through the 4 amino groups of 2,4 diamino butanoic acid (2,4 DAB).
(2) Note. Cyclic compounds in which one or more links in the ring are nonpeptide bonds are called heterodectic cyclic peptides.
(3) Note. Examples, alamethicin, amanitins, antamanide, cyclosporins, ennlatins, ferrichrome, mycovbacillin, phalloidine
(4) Note. Mesh tree number: D12.644.641

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
930, Peptide or Protein Sequence, subclass 270 for cyclic peptides excluding those cyclic due to intrachain disulfide bonds.

The cyclisation occurring through 4-amino radical of 2,4-diamino-butanoic acid:
This subclass is indented under subclass 317. Peptides containing at least one diaminobutanoic acid residue in the peptide cycle.
(1) Note. 2,4 diamino-butanoic acid is abbreviated Dab or DAB.

Polymyxin; related peptides:
This subclass is indented under subclass 318. Peptides containing at least half the amino acid residues of the polypeptide produced by Bacillus polymyxa and possessing antibiotic activity against Gram-negative bacteria.
(1) Note. Polymyxins are heteromeric, homodetic cyclic peptides. Polymyxins designated A, B, C, D, E and M are known.
(2) Note. Synonyms. Syno-colistin.
(3) Note. CA Registry Number of unmodified form: 1406-11-7 [figure]

Bacitracin; related peptides:
This subclass is indented under subclass 317. Peptides containing at least half the amino acid sequence of Bacitracin.
(1) Note. Bacitracins are produced by various strains of
Bacillus Licheniformis and Bacillus stubilis.
(2) Note. Bacitracin. Synonyms. Ayfivin, Baciguent, Baci-Jel, Bacitek Ointment, Paretracin, Penitracin, Topitracin, Zotraacin, Baciliguin, Bacillichin. CA Registry Number of unmodified form: 1405-87-4 [figure]
(4) Note. The most important of the group is bacitracin A, which contains an unusual thiazoline structure synthesized from the N-terminal isoleucine and the neighboring cysteine. Bacitracin F is a rearrangment product of bacitracin A in which the amino group of the heteroproduct is oxidatively removed and the thiazoline ring system is dehydrated. [figure]

Containing only normal peptide links in the ring, i.e., homodetic cyclic peptides:
This subclass is indented under subclass 317. Cyclic peptides containing at least one ring formed by peptide bonds through only the alpha amino group of an amino acid.

Peptides containing saccharide radicals, e.g., bieomycins, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Peptides containing at least one saccharide radical.
(1) Note. Synonyms. Peptidoglycans.
(2) Note. Mesh tree number: D12.644.233

Peptides with at least one nonpeptide bond other than a disulfide bond joining two or more sequences of amino acid residues, e.g., homomeric heterodectic peptide of other than cyclic disulfide, depsipeptides, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Peptides in which a peptide chain contains an interchain nonpeptide moiety.
(1) Note. [figure]
(2) Note. Depsipeptide: polypeptides which contains ester bonds as well as peptide bonds. The naturally occurring
Depsipeptides are usually cyclic peptides, also called peptolides, which generally have alpha or beta B-hydroxyacids as heterocomponents. This class also includes O-peptides and peptide lactones. The most important peptide lactones are the Actinomycins, Estamycin and Echionomycin; the peptolides include the Enninatins, Valinomycin, Sporidesmolides, Serratamolide, Esperin, etc.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
930, Peptide or Protein Sequence, subclass 30 for peptide or protein sequences with nonpeptide or abnormal peptide links.

25 or more amino acid residues in defined sequence:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Compounds comprising from 25 or more amino acid residues of defined primary structure.
(1) Note. Amino acid residues and primary structures are discussed in the generic subclass for peptides.
(2) Note. Peptides identified only by molecular weight compositions or partial sequence are provided for in the generic peptide subclass.

24 amino acid residues in defined sequence:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Compounds comprising 24 amino acid residues of defined primary structures.
(1) Note. Amino acid residue and primary structure are discussed in the generic subclass for peptides.
(2) Note. Peptides identified only by molecular weight composition or partial sequence are provided for in the generic peptide subclass.

15 to 23 amino acid residues in defined sequence:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Compounds comprising from 15 to 23 amino acid residues of defined primary structure.
(1) Note. Amino acid residue and primary structure are discussed in the generic subclass for peptides.
(2) Note. Peptides identified only by molecular weight composition or partial sequence are provided for in the generic peptide subclass.

11 to 14 amino acid residues in defined sequence:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Compounds comprising from 11 to 14 amino acid residues of defined primary structure.
(1) Note. Amino acid residue and primary structure are discussed in the generic subclass for peptides.
(2) Note. Peptides identified only by molecular weight composition or partial sequence are provided for the generic peptide subclass.

8 to 10 amino acid residues in defined sequence:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Compounds comprising from 8 to 10 amino acid residues of defined primary structure.
(1) Note. Amino acid residue and primary structure are discussed in the generic subclass for peptides.
(2) Note. Peptides identified only by molecular weight composition or partial sequence are provided for in the generic peptide subclass.

6 to 7 amino acid residues in defined sequence:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Compounds comprising from 6 to 7 amino acid residues of defined primary structure.
(1) Note. Amino acid residue and primary structure are discussed in the generic subclass for peptides.
(2) Note. Peptides identified only by molecular weight composition or partial sequence are provided for in the generic peptide subclass.

4 to 5 amino acid residues in defined sequence:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Compounds comprising from 4 or 5 amino acid residues of defined primary structure.
(1) Note. Amino acid residue and primary structure are discussed in the generic subclass for peptides.
(2) Note. Peptides identified only by molecular weight composition or partial sequence are provided for in the generic peptide subclass.

Tripeptides, e.g., tripeptide thyroliberin (TRH) melanostatin (MIF), etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Compounds comprising 3 amino acid residues of defined primary structure.
(1) Note. Amino acid residues and primary structure are discussed in the generic subclass for peptides.
(2) Note. Peptides identified only by molecular weight composition or partial sequence are provided for in subclass 300.

Containing at least one abnormal peptide link, e.g., gamma peptide bonded, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 330. Subject matter, in which the amino acid residues are joined by a peptide bond formed by other than an alpha amino acid.
(1) Note. Gluthathione would be provided for in this subclass.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
317 for cyclic peptides containing at least one nonalpha amino acid peptide bond.

Synthesis of peptides:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Processes which a polypeptide is synthesized (1) From amino acids or protected amino acids or (2) by joining polypeptides or protected polypeptides to amino acids or protected amino acids or polypeptides or protected polypeptides.
(1) Note. Methods of protecting or removing protective groups from peptides are included here even if the synthesis steps are nominal.
(2) Note. This and the indented subclasses provide for patents which claim synthesis techniques not directed to producing one of the named peptides provided for in subclasses 301-316 above. The synthesis of a peptide is usually unique to that peptide and the search of the subclasses providing for the disclosed products of a broad synthesis process is strongly recommended.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
526, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, subclass 238.1 for the formation of a synthetic resin from a protein or biologically active polypeptide where the protein or polypeptide as well as all other reactants are ethylenically unsaturated.

Polymer supported synthesis, e.g., solid phase synthesis, merrifield synthesis, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 333. Processes in which synthesis includes the use of a soluble or insoluble polymer or resin covalently attached to an amino acid residue of the polypeptide chain being synthesized.
(1) Note. This subclass includes: (a) processes of attachment of the initial amino acid or peptide to the polymer and processes of cleavage of the polypeptide product from the polymer support; (b) processes of stepwise assembly of a polypeptide in which amino acid residues are added one at a time to the polymer supported amino acid residues or peptide; (c) processes in which a polypeptide segment is added to a polymer supported polypeptide.
(2) Note. Caution. Many patents directed to polymer supported synthesis absent a step of cleavage of the final product are originally classified in Class 525 as an after treated polymer. A complete search for polymer supported synthesis must include this class.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
525, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, subclass 54.1 for the chemical reaction of a peptide or protein with a preformed resin and subclass 54.11 for processes of stepwise assembly of a polypeptide on a preformed polymer, i.e., solid phase synthesis when there is no claimed cleavage of the synthesized polypeptide.

Protecting peotide functional groups or removing protective groups from peptides (e.g., protecting carboxy groups, etc.):
This subclass is indented under subclass 333. Processes wherein a peptide group, whose purpose is to protect a functional group in a peptide, is attached to or removed from a peptide.
(1) Note. Carboxyl group protective agents in general use include:
(a) alklyl esters that can be removed via saponification reactions (e.g., via NaOH); the tert-butyl group is a preferred carboxyl protecting group that can be removed via treatment with trifluoroacetic acid.
(b) benzyl ester, which can be reoved via: (1) catalytic hydrogenation; (2) treatment with Na in liquid amonia; or (3) saponification via NaOH

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
334 for the protection of a functional group in a peptide, or for the removal of a protective group from a peptide, during a solid phase synthesis.

Of side chain or sulfur containing group:
This subclass is indented under subclass 335. Processes in which the addition or removal of the protective groups is to or from a side or a sulfur containing group.
(1) Note. Protective groups of this type include -S-benzyl, -O-benzyl, and -O-t-butyl.

Of amino group:
This subclass is indented under subclass 335. Processes in which the addition or removal is of a protective group that protects an amino group of the peptide.
(1) Note. Protective groups of this type include -C(=O)O-t-Bu (t-butyloxycarbonyl), C[subscrpt]6[end subscrpt]H[subscrpt]5[end subscrpt]CH[subscrpt]2[end subscrpt]-O-C(=O)- (benzyloxycarbony), and trifluoroacetyl.

Solution phase synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 333. Processes in which the synthesis takes place in solution.

Segment condensation, e.g., ugi condensation, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 338. Processes in which peptides of two or more amino acid residues are joined with other peptide of two or more amino acid residues to form a single large peptide.
(1) Note. These processes are also called fragment condensation.

With phosphorus containing material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 338. Processes in which phosphorus or a phosphorus containing compound is present during synthesis.
(1) Note. The phosphorus containing material is typically a reactant or a catalyst.

With use of carbonimide or imidazole:
This subclass is indented under subclass 338. Processes in which an imidazole or a carbonimide is present during synthesis.
(1) Note. The use of diacyclohexylcarbodimide as an activating agent would be included here.

Mixed anhydride synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 338. Processes in which the synthesis includes (1) forming a mixed anhydride by reacting an alpha-acylamino acid or an alpha-acylamino peptide with a lower alkyl chloroformate in the presence of a tertiary amino base, and then (2) reacting the resulting free amino group or a peptide derivative having a free amino group, to form a peptide.

By hydrolysis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 333. Processes in which the synthesis includes a step of hydrolysis.
(1) Note. The hydrolysis may be autolysis or chemical hydrolysis. The use of an enzyme or microorganism to hydrolyze a material is provided for in Class 435, subclasses 68.1+.

Separation or purification:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Processes in which a pre-existing peptide is isolated from a composition.
(1) Note. The isolation procedure may involve the chemical change or destruction of materials in the composition other than the peptide.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, provides for processes of separating liquids from solids or slurries, i.e., drying as well as the contact of solids with either, or both, gases or vapors. If the starting material is in the form of a liquid suspension or solution even if the process is continued to the point of complete dryness, Class 159, Concentrating Evaporators, will take the process.
62, Refrigeration, includes processes which include removing heat by refrigeration from a substance whether solid, liquid, or vapor. In particular, Class 62, subclasses 600+ will
take processes of making a solidified or liquified gaseous product provided the gas has a normal boiling point below 32 (methane, ethane, propane) and Class 62, subclasses 500+ will take processes wherein a solution or mixture is cooled to solidify a constituent which is then removed from the mixture.
159, Concentrating Evaporators, provides for processes peculiar to the concentration of solids held in solution or suspension by evaporation of the liquid containing them and the recovery of the concentrate. If the starting material is a solid or slurry placement in Class 34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, would be indicated. Class 159 will take concentration to the point of crystallization or to dryness; however, removal of water of crystallization is considered to be a chemical reaction and placement would not be proper in Class 159. Evaporating with subsequent vapor condensation is excluded from Class 159 and in such case, placement in Class 203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, would be proper.
201, Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, provides for processes of thermolytic distillation wherein a solid carbonaceous material is heated to vaporize a volatile portion and to cause chemical decomposition of the heated material to form different chemical substances at least some of which are volatile and leave behind a solid carbonaceous material.
203, Distillation: Processes, Separatory, provides for processes for separating a liquid mixture by vaporizing and condensing a portion thereof to isolate in the condensed liquid or the unvaporized portion a relatively pure compound which was present in the original mixture. The original mixture may be in a solid form so long as it melts to form a liquid before it vaporizes. A solid original mixture which undergoes chemical decomposition leaving a carbonaceous residue would be classifiable in Class 201, Distillation: Process, Thermolytic, which is superior to Class 203. Processes including a chemical reaction and separatory distillation operation are classified in Class 203 only when the chemical reaction merely facilitates the isolation by the separatory distillation operation of a preexisting substance in the distilland. See Class 260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, or Class 423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, for a process of preparing a compound and isolating it by a separatory distillation process.
204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclasses 456+ for gel electrophoresis.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, includes processes for the separation or purification of a constituent from a flowable liquid mixture by dialysis, sorption, ion exchange liquid extraction, gravitational separation, or filtration as well as purification of a liquid mixture by destruction or conversion of a constituent. Processes directed to the
purification of a particular compound or composition (including solution of either the compound or composition in water), are classified with the particular compound or composition. Insofar as the treatment of liquids with ion exchange or sorption materials are concerned, the following lines will be maintained.
Where water is the only disclosed liquid purified, the patent will be classified in this class (210).
(2) Where disclosure includes water, hydrocarbons and/or other liquids the patent will be classified: (a) In Class 210 if all claims are broad as to the liquid. (b) In Class 210 if several species of liquid are claimed and one species includes water. (c) In the appropriate art class if some liquid other than water is the only liquid claimed (e.g., mineral oils in Class 208, organic compounds in Class 260).
(3) Purification or separation of liquids by flocculation only are classified in Class 210.
(4) Processes wherein all claims are limited to the deposition of specific materials on ion-exchangers or sorbents with subsequent recovery of the specific materials are classified with material so operated upon.
Class 210 is superior to Class 95 and takes separating processes, per se, generally disclosed or claimed as fluid separation, or if the disclosure or a claim is restricted to liquid separation.
260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, provides for the liberation and purification by chemical or physical means of compounds and extracts falling within the class definition of Class 260. Generally the physical processes included are of two types (a) a purification process prior or subsequent to a chemical reaction producing a Class 260 product, (b) a purification process directed to the purification of a Class 260 compound by a combination of physical separation techniques the classes for which do not provide for or exclude the combination claimed. Chemical purification processes are generally provided for with each product produced.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclass 101 for apparatus for carrying out the process of this subclass.
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology subclass 68.1 for methods of using microrganism or enzyme to liberate or purify a preexisting substance.

Chemical aftertreatment, e.g., acylation, methylation, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Processes in which a preexisting peptide is chemically modified.
(1) Note. Since the synthesis of peptide has been provided for in a superior subclass, this subclass will contain only patents directed to addition or removal of nonamino acid moieties to an existing peptide structure.

PROTEINS, I.E., MORE THAN 100 AMINO ACID RESIDUES:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter in which a polypeptide is composed of more than 100 amino acid residues or has a molecular weight of greater than 10,000.
(1) Note. This subclass will provide for proteins described only in terms of physical properties such as molecular weight, electrophoretic mobility, etc.
(2) Note. Structures. The primary structure of the shorter peptides has been included in the definitions. For the proteins the Merck Monograph will often provide citation to articles disclosing the structure. The structure of the larger peptides and proteins may be found on the on-line services by using the compound name, Chemical Abstracts Registry Number, or National Library of Medicine's MESH tree number in combination with the terms "sequence" or "structure".
(3) Note. Compositions. In general a protein containing composition will be provided for in a class providing for the function or utility of the composition, e.g., medicine, food, Class 252 utilities, etc.
A protein mixed with a preserving agent whose sole function is to prevent chemical or physical change is provided for with the peptide or protein.
A protein derived from a single source material such as a plant or animal extract, so long as it is identified as a protein is classified in this class (530) even if a Class 424 utility is disclosed or claimed. A plant or animal extract will be provided for in Class 424 if it is (1) a single source material and (2) is of undetermined chemical constitution i.e., is claimed in terms of isolation technique or physical properties. A recitation as broad as "protein" is enough to defeat placement in Class 424 on the basis of utility.
Class 424 will provide for an additive mixture containing a protein and other ingredients if the mixture has a Class 424 utility.
(4) Note. CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Numbers are unique identifiers assigned to chemical substances recorded in the CAS Chemical Registry System. The CAS Registry Number itself has no chemical significance; it is simply a machine-checkable number assigned to each substance as it enters the Registry System. CAS Registry Numbers appear in CA issues and in many computer-readable files. They also may be found in several primary journals, various handbooks, and in the National Library of Medicine's TOXLINE and CHEMLINE computer-based information-retrieval services. For more about the CAS Chemical Registry System or Registry Numbers consult the introduction to the CAS REGISTRY HANDBOOK-Number Section.
Medical Subject Headings:
Mesh Tree Numbers: Mesh numbers are identifiers applied the National Library of Medicine's indexers to articles in the medical and related literature. The subject headings are Index Medicus headings and are arranged in a hierarchical matter. The abstracts and indexing are available on-line through several data base suppliers.
Deleted Registry Numbers: The CAS Registry numbers found in the definitions of subclass 300 to 427 are the current registry numbers. However due to the long history and incomplete structural knowledge of peptide and protein chemistry there are usually several deleted registry numbers for each current registry number. The current registry number should be used to find the deleted numbers in the registry file and should always be included in the on-line search statement. For further information on search technique related to deleted registry numbers, see CAS ON-LINE NEWS, May/June 1984 page 5.
(5) Note. Synthetic Resin vs. Polypeptide. The conceptual difference between the subject matter of synthetic resins provided for in the 520 series and polypeptides (including proteins) provided for in Class 530 is that the compounds of the 520 series have statistically distributed amino acid or blocks of amino acids in their molecules in a random sequence whereas 530 provides for molecules composed of a specific sequence of amino acids of defined identity and order (i.e., primary structure) having identity or close relation to a humerial or cellular polypeptide or having some humerial or cellular effect due to its ordered structure.
(7) Note. Classification of the more common amino acids:
Amino Acids
Classification
Amino Acids commonly found in peptides and proteins:
Alanine
562/575
Arginine
562/560
Asparagine
562/561
Aspartic acid
562/571
Cysteine
562/557
Glutaminic acid
562/573
Glycine
562/575
Histidine
548/344
Isoleucine
562/575
Leucine
562/575
Lysine
562/562
Methionine
562/559
Phenylalanine
562/445
Proline
548/535
Serine
562/567
Theronine
562/570
Tryptophan
548/496
Tyrosine
562/444
Rare amino acids from proteins
Desmosine
546/335
5 Hydroxylsine
562/564
5-Hydroxyproline
548/532
Isodesmosine
546/335
3-Methythistidine
548/335
E-N-Methyllysine
562/561
Nonprotein Amino Acids
B-Alanine
562/576
V-Aminobutyric acid
562/553
Canavanine
562/560
Citrulline
562/560
B-Cyanvalanine
260/465
Djenkolic acid
562/557
Homocysteine
562/556
Homoserine
562/567
Ornithine
562/561
Valine
526/575
(8) Note. Peptide and Protein Structure. The nature, i.e., identity, of the constituent amino acids and their sequence is referred to as the primary structure. A given primary structure will have a definite three dimensional structure which is called the secondary structure (usually helical coiling). The secondary structure of a large peptide or protein is wrapped about and interwoven to develop the overall three dimensional structure of the molecule. This arrangement of the secondary structure is referred to as the tertiary structure and determines the alosteric properties of many proteins.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
106, Compositions: Coating or Plastic, for protein containing coating or plastic compositions, particularly subclass 4, 24, 124+, 645+, and indented subclasses.
117, Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy Growth Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor, for processes for growing therein-defined single-crystal of all types of materials, including inorganic or organic.
424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions has the following subclasses for proteins or proteinaceous material 1.11+, for radionuclide or intended radionuclide containing; 65+, 418, 456, 460, 477+, 491+, 499, for a protein or peptide containing compositions which functions as an antiperspirant or deodorant; for a composition containing a lymphokine; 130.1+ for a composition containing an immunoglobulin, an antiserum, an antibody, or an antibody fragment; 184.1+ for a composition containing an antigen, an
epitope, or another immunospecific immunoeffector that may be proteinaceous; 278.1+ for a composition containing a nonspecific immunoeffector that may be proteinaceous; 94.1+, for composition containing proteins identified as enzymes; 520+, for compositions many of which are considered to be proteinaceous; an animal extract of undetermined constitution; 115+ for compositions which may be proteins or peptides identified by elemental analysis.
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products, appropriate subclasses, especially subclass 63, 92, 105 for edible protein compositions or products and related process involving the same.
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, for a nonstructural stock material product in the form of a composite web or sheet including a layer comprising protein, and other appropriately titled subclasses (i.e., subclass 435 and 458).
430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof, subclass 59.6, 537, 539, 629, 640, 642, and 643 for compositions containing proteins used in forming an image.
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, subclass 68.1 for the microbial or enzymatic synthesis of proteins and peptides; subclasses 183+ for the production of enzymes; and subclasses 174+ for the formation of immobilized enzymes and subclasses 269 and 272+ for the liberation or purification of proteins by means of microorganism or enzyme, particularly subclass 273 for the purification of collagen or gelatin.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, subclass 15, for a protein containing composition used as a standard or control; 16, for a blood standard; 66, for test for blood clotting factor tests; 86+, for tests for protein or peptides including sequencing methods and subclass 501 for a complement binding assays and protein binding assays and subclasses 506-548 for tests using antigen antibody interactions in a chemical test particularly subclasses 543-548 which collect methods of modifying antigens and antibodies as part of a testing procedure.
514, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, subclasses 1-21 and Cross-Reference Art Collections 800-809 which provide for compositions having a 424 utility containing a peptide or protein as an organic active ingredient.
524, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, subclasses 9+ for plant or plant derived cellular material; subclasses 17+ for proteins or biologically active polypeptide or for a process in which the protein or polypeptide is physically mixed with a preformed resin and subclasses 70+ for a process of adding a protein or biologically active polypeptide to resin forming
ingredients during reaction of the resin formers and the protein or polypeptide is nonreactive; and subclasses 21+ for animal derived proteins such as blood, particularly subclasses 22+ for Gelatin and subclasses 25+ for Casein, for a process in which the protein is physically mixed with a preformed resin.
525, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, subclass 54.1 for the chemical reaction of a peptide or protein with a preformed resin and subclass 54.11 for processes of stepwise assembly of a polypeptide on a preformed polymer, i.e., solid phase synthesis when there is no claimed cleavage of the synthesized polypeptide and subclass 54.24 for the chemical reaction of a flour or meal with a preformed resin.
526, Synthetic Resin or Natural Rubbers, subclass 238.1 for the formation of a synthetic resin from a protein or biologically active polypeptide where the protein or polypeptide as well as all other reactants are ethylenically unsaturated.
527, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, subclasses 100+ and 200+ for the formation of a synthetic resin by simultaneous chemical reaction of a protein cellular material (e.g., hair, horn, leather) or a protein or biologically active polypeptide and resin forming ingredient.
528, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, particularly subclass 328 for a polymer of amino acids and methods of making such a polyamino acid.
930, Peptide or Protein Sequence, subclasses 10+ for peptide or protein sequences of four or more amino acids.

Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interleukins, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Proteins which are soluable immune mediators produced by the cells of immune system.
(1) Note. Examples. Interferon, interleukins, T Cell Growth Factor (TCGF), migration inhibitory factor (MIF), lymphotoxin (LT), macrophage factors (monokines, Mk; macrophage activation or inhibition factor, MAF).
(2) Note. This subclass is intended to collect both lymphocyte factors (lymphokines, LK) and macrophage factor (monokines, MK).
(3) Note. Mesh tree number: D24.611.632.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
930, Peptide or Protein Sequence, subclasses 140-145 for lymphokine peptide or protein sequences.

Phosphoproteins, e.g., phosvitin, vitellogenin, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Proteins which are conjugated proteins containing phosphate esterified with the hydroxyl group of serine or threonine residues.
(1) Note. Casein and ovalbumin are excluded from this subclass.
(2) Note. Mesh tree number: D12.776.744.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
358 for nuclein.
360 for casein.
367 for ovalbumin.

Scleroproteins, e.g., fibroin, elastin, silk, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Proteins having the structure of scleroproteins and compounds derived from these by addition to or deletion of parts of the polypeptide structure.
(1) Note. Physical Properties. Scleroproteins are subdivided on the basis of chain conformation into: A. alpha-helicial structure, e.g., alpha-keratins; B. Beta-pleated sheet structure, e.g., Beta-keratins, silk-fibroin; C. triple helical structure, e.g., collagen. Conformation is related to amino acid composition. The amino acid composition of Scleroproteins with Beta-pleated sheet structure shows 90 percent of the simple amino acids glycine, alanine and serine. Beta-keratin also contains a large number of cystine residues. Collagen characteristically contains high concentration of the nonhelix forming amino acid, proline and hydroxyproline.

Gelatin:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Proteins having
the structure of gelatin and compounds derived from these by addition to or deletion of parts of the polypeptide structure.
(1) Note. Gelatin is not found in nature but is derived by hydrolysis of collagen.
(2) Note. Composition. Approximate amino acid content: glycine 25.5 percent, alanine 8.7 percent, valine 2.5 percent, leucine 3.2 percent, isoleucine 1.4 percent, cystine and cysteine 0.1 percent, methionine 1.0 percent, phenylalanine 2.2 percent, proline 18 percent, hydroxyproline 14 percent, serine 0.4 percent, threonine 1.9 percent, tyrosine 0.5 percent, aspartic acid 6.6 percent, glutamic acid 11.4 percent, arginine 8.1 percent, lysine 4.1 percent, histidine 0.8 percent. The total is over 100 percent because water is incorporated into the molecules of the individual amino acids.
(3) Note. Synonyms. Pharmagel A or B, Spongiofort, Gelatine Gelfoam, Puragen. Older Patents use the word glue to refer to impure gelatin; these patents have been placed here arbitrarily.
(4) Note. CA Registry Number of unmodified form: 900-70-8 [figure]

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Products Thereof, subclasses 537-539, 628, 640, and 642 for compositions containing gelatin used in forming an image.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, subclasses 77+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized solid phase dispersed in aqueous continuous liquid phase, subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontinuous solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coagulates); or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.
524, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, subclasses 21+ for animal derived proteins such as blood, particularly subclasses 22+ for Gelatin and 25+ for Casein, for a process in which the protein is physically mixed with a preformed resin.

Separation, purification or synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 354. Processes in which gelatin is (a) isolated from a preexisting material or composition of (b) is chemically synthesized.
(1) Note. Processes of chemical after treatment of preexisting gelatin are provided for in 354 above.
(2) Note. See subclass 344 for a detailed description of classes providing for separation, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, subclasses 77+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized solid phase dispersed in aqueous continuous liquid phase, subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontinuous solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coagulates); or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

Collagen:
This subclass is indented under subclass 353. Proteins having the structure of collagen and compounds derived from these by addition to or deletion of parts of the polypeptide structure.
(1) Note. Physical Properties. Number of Residues: approximately 1000. Molecular Weight: about 130,000. The collagen molecule contains three peptides chains, each having about 1000 amino acids residues. Nearly one third of all the residues are glycine, with typical repeating sequences being Gly-Pro-Hyp and Gly-Pro-Ala. The chains are arranged in a triple helix and contain intramolecular cross-links. Denaturation of collagen is the conversion of the rigidly coiled helix to a random coil called gelatin.
(2) Note. Type of Collagen
Type
Distribution
I
Skin, tendon, bone, cornea
II
Cartilage, intervertebral disc, vitreous body
III
Fetal skin, cardiovascular system
IV
Basement membrane
(3) Note. Synonyms. Ossein, Avitene, Avicon.
(4) Note. Sources. Hides, skin, leather hair, connective tissue.
(5) Note. CA Registry Number of unmodified form: 9007-34-5 [figure]

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, subclasses 77+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized solid phase dispersed in aqueous continuous liquid phase, subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontinuous solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coagulates); or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.
527, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, subclasses 100+ and 200+ for the formation of a synthetic resin by simultaneous chemical reaction of a protein cellular material (e.g., hair, horn, leather) or a protein or biologically active polypeptide and resin forming ingredient.

Keratin:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Proteins having the structure of Keratin and compounds derived from these by addition to or deletion of parts of the polypeptide structure.
(1) Note. Physical Properties. Characteristic properties of keratins: (a) insolubility in water, including aqueous solutions of salts, hydrotropic, substances, and dilute acids and bases at tempertures not much above room temperature; (b) resistance to proteolytic enzymes: (c) resistances hydrolysis; (d) Lysis by mixtures of substances which break the -S-S- bonds and the hydrogen bonds.
(2) Note. Keratins contain all the common amino acids and have a high cystine content.
(3) Note. Sources. Horns, wool, feathers, shells, fingernail, claws, beaks, scales, whalebone (i.e., pseudokeratin).
(4) Note. CA Registry Number of unmodified form: [figure]

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
536, Organic Compounds, subclass 20 for the polysaccharide chitin.

Nucleoproteins, i.e., chromatin, chromosomal proteins, histones, protamines, salmine, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Proteins conjugated with nucleic acids.
(1) Note. Upon hydrolysis nucleoproteins yield proteins and nucleic acids. Further hydrolysis of the nucleic acid fraction will yield a mixture of purine and pyrimidine bases (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine Thymine, Uracil), sugars (ribose or deoxyribose) and phosphoric acid.
(2) Note. Casein for purposes of this class is excluded from nucleoproteins.
(3) Note. Examples. Chromatin, Heterochromatin, nucleosomes, histone and nonhistone chromosomal proteins, clupeine, salmine, ribonucleoproteins
(4) Note. Mesh tree number: D12.776.664 [figure]

Lipoproteins, e.g., egg yolk proteins, cylomicrons, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Proteins which are conjugated with a lipid.
(1) Note. Lipids include complex lipids which contain fatty acids as components (e.g., acylglycerols, phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, etc.) and the simple lipids (terpenes and steroids).
(2) Note. This subclass provides for lipoprotein systems, i.e., transport lipoproteins and membrane systems, in which the lipid and protein are held together by hydrophobic interactions between the nonpolar portions of the lipid and
protein components.
(3) Note. Synonyms. Apolipoprotein-serine, Lipoprotein Cl, Vitellogenin, Proteolipids, Apolipoproteins.
(4) Note. CA Registry Number: 53570-63-1 [figure]

Casein or caseinate:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Proteins having the structure of casein and compounds derived from these by addition to or deletion of parts of the polypeptide structure.
(1) Note. Physical Properties. (Bovine) [figure]
(2) Note. Source. Produced in mammary tissue from amino acids supplied by the blood. Obtained from milk by removing the cream and acidifying the skimmed milk which causes casein to precipitate. In cheese manufacture, casein is precipitated by the lactic acid formed from the same milk by rennet is favored for casein intended for plastics manufacture.
(3) Note. Synonyms. Protoflex, Protaflex, FN4, FN5
(4) Note. CA Registry Number of unmodified form: 9000-71-9* [figure]
(5) Note. Milk proteins includes albumins, caseins and lactoglobulins.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof, subclass 59 .6, 537, 539, 628, 640, 642, and 643 for compositions containing casein used in forming an image.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, subclasses 77+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized solid phase dispersed in aqueous continuous liquid phase, subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontinuous solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coagulates); or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.
524, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, subclasses 21+ for animal derived proteins such as blood, particularly
subclasses 22+ for Gelatin and 25+ for Casein, for a process in which the protein is physically mixed with a proformed resin.

Separation, purification or synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 360. Processes in which casein (1) is isolated from a preexisting material or composition or (2) is chemically synthesized.
(1) Note. Processes of chemical after treatment of preexisting casein is provided for in 360 above.
(2) Note. See subclass 345 for a detailed description of classes providing for separation, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, subclasses 77+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized solid phase dispersed in aqueous continuous liquid phase, subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontinuous solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coagulates); or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

Albumin:
This subclass is indented under subclass 350. Proteins having the structure of albumin and compounds derived from these by addition to or deletion of parts of the polypeptide structure.
(1) Note. Physical Properties: A group of proteins characterized by heat coagulability and solubility in dilute salt solution.
(2) Note. Grain and soybean albumins, as well as all plant albumins are excluded from this subclass and provided for in subclasses 370+.
(3) Note. Albumin refers to egg white or dried egg white. Albumin contains 75 percent ovalbumin, ovoconalbumin, ovomucoid, ovomucin, ovoglobulin, lysozyme and avidin.
(4) Note. Mesh tree number: D12. 776.34 [figure]

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, subclasses 77+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized solid phase dispersed in aqueous continuous liquid phase, subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontinuous solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coagulates); or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

Serum albumin, e.g., BSA, HSA etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 363. Proteins having the structure of serum albumin and compounds derived from these by addition to or deletion of parts of the polypeptide structure.
(1) Note. Physical Properties: Molecular Weight: about 69.000 structure consists of carbohydrate-free polypeptide chain connecting four globular segments of unequal size stabilized by seventeen S-S bridges.
(2) Note. Physiological properties. Involved in osmotic regulation and the transport of sparingly soluble metabolic products from one tissue to another, especially in the transport of free fatty acids.
(3) Note. Synonyms. Albumin, from blood; Albuminate; Albuminar; Albumisol; Albuspan; Buminate; Pro-Bumin; Proserum.
(4) Note. CA Registry Number: 9048-46-8* [figure]

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, subclasses 77+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized solid phase dispersed in aqueous continuous liquid phase, subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontinuous solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coagulates); or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

Separation, purification or synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 363. Processes in which serum albumins (a) is isolated from a preexisting material or composition or (b) is chemically synthesized.
(1) Note. Processes of chemical after treatment of preexisting serum albumin are provided for in subclass 363 above.
(2) Note. See subclass 344 for a detailed description of classes providing for separation, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, subclasses 77+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized solid phase dispersed in aqueous continuous liquid phase, subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontinuous solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coagulates); or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

Lactalbumin, e.g., milk source, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 362. Proteins having the structure of lactalbumin and compounds derived from these by addition to or deletion of parts of the polypeptide structure.
(1) Note. Physical Properties: Alpha lactalbumin (Bovine). Number of Residues: 123. Molecular Weight: 14,183.
(2) Note. Physiological properties. Alpha-lactalbumin is related to animal lysozymes.
(3) Note. Synonyms.
(4) Note. CA Registry Number of unmodifed form: 12585-12-5 [figure]

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes Compositions, and Products, appropriate subclasses, especially subclass 63, 92,
105, for edible protein compositions or products and related process involving the same.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, subclasses 77+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized solid phase dispersed in aqueous continuous liquid phase, subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontinuous solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coagulates); or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

Separation, purification or synthesis:
This subclass is indented under subclass 365. Processes in which lactal albumin (a) is isolated from a preexisting material or composition or (b) is chemically synthesized.
(1) Note. Processes of chemical after treatment of preexisting lactal albumins are provided for in 365 above.
(2) Note. See subclass 344 for a detailed description of classes providing for separation, per se.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, subclasses 77+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized solid phase dispersed in aqueous continuous liquid phase, subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontinuous solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coagulates); or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

Ovalbumin, e.g., avidin, conalbumins, etc.:
This subclass is indented under subclass 362. Proteins having the structure of ovalbumin and compounds derived from these by addition to or deletion of parts of the polypeptiede structure.
(1) Note. Physical Properties. Numbers of residue: 400.
Molecular Weight: 45,000. Structure is a complex protein consisting of a single polypeptide chain of about 400 residues, a minimum of two phosphate residues per mole, and an oligo-saccharide side chain composed of only mannose and glucosamine residues.
(2) Note. Source. Ovalbumin, comprises 75 percent of the protein of egg white from hen's eggs where it occurs with avidin, lysozyme, conalbumin and ovomacoid.
(3) Note. Synonyms: egg albumin, ovalbumin
(4) Note. CA Registry Number of unmodifed form: [figure]
(5) Note. Physical Properties. Chicken Avidin. Number of Residues: 128. Molecular Weght: 14,332 structure is a glycoprotein containing four essentially identical subunits: With a combined molecular weight of about 66,000. Each subunit is a single polypeptide chain containing 128 amino acid residues with alanine at the N-terminal, glutamic acid at the C-terminal, and a carbohydrate moieity attached at the asparaginly residue position 17.
(6) Note. Avidin. Source. Isolated from raw egg white protein of eggs of birds and amphibia.
(7) Note. Avidin CA Registry Number of form: [figure]

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products, appropriate subclasses, especially subclass 63, 92, 105 for edible protein compositions or products and related process involving the same.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, subclasses 77+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized solid phase dispersed in aqueous continuous liquid phase, subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontinuous solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coagulates); or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

Separation, purification or synthesis:
This subclass