The main class definition is divided into the following sections:
General statement of class subject matter.
Chemical compounds, compositions, foods and beverages.
Suspensions and colloids
Coating or shaping of material
Fibrous and laminated material
Heating, cooling, or drying material
Operators for comminutors
Separation of material
Material handling, excavating, distributing, harvesting
Grain, flour and starch
Comminutor, or comminutor element, supports and mounting means

GENERAL STATEMENT OF CLASS SUBJECT MATTER
A. This is the generic class for (1) the comminution and disintegration of solid material, and (2) the comminution and disintegration of solids combined with other treatment of the material where such combinations are not provided for in other classes and are not specifically excluded by the following notes and definitions.
B. As used in this classification, the terms "comminution" or "disintegration" necessarily include the following elements: (1) There must be a division of a solid mass into a number of smaller solid masses. (2) The treatment must include no operation which is directed toward imparting a desired shape to the initial solid mass or the resulting smaller solid masses.
The term "comminution" has been considered to be generic to all the terms ordinarily applied to the subject matter of this class (e.g., grinding, milling, disintegration, trituration, pulverization, etc.). Therefore, for the sake of brevity, the term "comminution" alone has been used in the notes and definitions below to denote the treatment which forms the basis of this class.
C. This class is limited to the treatment of solid material i.e., material in a self-sustaining, more or less rigid state, capable of resisting deformation to a certain extent. However, materials which normally may be considered "plastic", but which, in the course of the comminution, perform substantially as do normal solids, in that smaller nonshaped particles are formed from a larger mass, have been looked upon as being solids for purposes of this classification. (See COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL below). Treatment of solids in fluid suspension is included. (See SUSPENSION AND COLLOIDS below).
D. This class provides for both processes and apparatus for carrying out the comminuting treatment but not products thereof. Since product claims were considered controlling, patents having such claims were classified in classes appropriate thereto, whether or not a claim to a comminuting process or apparatus was included.
E. Where a patent includes claims to a comminutor or a comminutor part and a method of making the comminutor or part, the claim to the article is deemed to be controlling and classification of the patent in Class 241 is proper, unless the article is provided for elsewhere.
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS, FOODS AND BEVERAGES
In general, the compound, compositions, and food classes are superior to this class as to the production, reclamation or recovery of the materials provided for in those classes, and see GRAIN, FLOUR AND STARCH, below, for a special statement on grain, flour and starch.
A. The compound, composition, food and beverages classes will take:
(1) All patents, any claim of which is directed to a product provided for in those classes.
(2) Processes in which any step effects a chemical change in, dissolves, or forms a stable colloidal dispersion of all, or part, of the material (except where an added comminuting aid is removed from the material by chemical reaction or dissolution).
(3) Processes involving the formation of a composition by combining distinct ingredients which are sufficiently identified as to form a basis of classification, whether the process involves a chemical reaction or is merely physical (as by compounding by comminution, per se). However, where the larger mass, before comminution, is made up of a plurality of dissimilar materials, and following comminution and separation, the constituent parts of the same mass are recombined, or partly so, such processes were not considered to involve the formation of a composition and have been classified in class 241.
(B) This class (241) will take:
(1) Processes and apparatus having the sole function of comminuting solid material.
(2) Processes and apparatus in which a comminuting step or means is combined with a physical step or means which has the sole function of facilitating the comminution.
(3) Processes and apparatus in which a comminuting step or means is combined with such additional steps or means as have been provided for in this class, such as: (a) separation or classification of the material into grades or sizes, including the recombination of separated ingredients of a single starting material; (b) separation of fluids from the material involving no chemical change in the material, as by filtering or drying operations; (c) heating the material; (d) cooling the material; (e) separation of comminuting aids from the material, which operation may include dissolution or a
chemical reaction; (f) apparatus combinations of a comminutor with means for applying a fluid to the material for any disclosed purpose, including performing or initiating a chemical reaction. See subclass 38.
SUSPENSION AND COLLOIDS
This class (241) provides for the generic subject matter of comminuting solid material in a fluid to form or improve a suspension. See subclasses 21 and 38+. For exceptions to this and for related subject matter, see the Refernces to Other Classes referring to this section (Suspension and Colloids).
COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL.
(A) This class (241) does not include the shaping or coating of material, per se, (see the general statement of class subject matter in the class definition), but does provide for coating or shaping steps or means in combination with comminuting processes or apparatus in the following instances:
(1) Where the shaping is followed by a comminution which destroys the shape, as distinguished from causing a large shaped mass to be made into a plurality of smaller masses which retain one of the original dimensions of the large mass (e.g., flaking, where a formed sheet is broken up into flakes which retain the original sheet thickness dimension).
(2) Where a comminuting operation on a heterogeneous mass or mixture of material results in the simultaneous formation of shaped masses of a portion only of the material and the comminution of the remainder (e.g., the metallic constituents of an ore are formed into balls simultaneously with the comminution of gangue).
(3) Where the shaping is for the sole purpose of facilitating the subsequent separation of the material into grades. See Class 209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, subclass 7, for this type of treatment, per se.
(4) Where the coating treatment is for the sole purpose of facilitating the comminution.
(B) The material shaping classes provide for shaping or forming, per se, and shaping processes and apparatus combined with preliminary comminuting steps or means.
FIBROUS AND LAMINATED MATERIAL.
Class 241 provides for processes and apparatus for comminuting fibrous and laminated material, and other treatments combined with comminution when such combinations are not of the type specifically provided for in other classes. See the References to Other Classes section for specific references to this section.
HEATING, COOLING, OR DRYING MATERIAL.
Class 241 provides for process and apparatus combinations in which comminution is combined with heating and/or cooling steps or means. See subclasses 8, 15+, 23, 38+, 65+. It does not include such combinations when the temperature modification of the material effects a change in the chemical nature of the material (e.g., removing water of hydration, etc), except those apparatus combinations in which the temperature change is effected by means which applies a fluid to the material, which may have the disclosed function of carrying out a chemical reaction. See the pertinent chemical classes for such combinations as are excluded above.
In general, Class 241 is superior to the following classes, or such parts, thereof that relate to the heating, cooling, or drying of solid material and takes combinations of the subject matter there provided for with comminution, unless a specific exception is noted: Class 34, Class 62, Class 110, Class 126, Class 148, Class 219, Class 266, Class 373, Class 432. See References to Other Classes, below, for an explanation of the lines between these classes and Class 241.
OPERATORS FOR COMMINUTORS.
Class 241 provides for the combination of a comminutor with means to move the comminuting members thereof. Organizations, per se, for effecting the movement of comminuting members are classified in the pertinent machine element, motor, or power plant class if no significant combination with the comminutor or comminutor element is claimed. Claims which include in addition to the specific operator (1) the manner of supporting the comminuting element relative to other parts of the comminutor, (2) mention of a plurality of cooperating elements, or (3) structural characteristics of the element itself, are considered to be claims to a significant comminutor combination for classification in Class 241. Mere naming of the comminuting element or its type is not deemed as significant inclusion thereof in the combination. Operators, per se, for comminuting elements are found in the classes listed below unless specifically excluded and the line stated above applies to each. See the References to Other Classes, below, for class references to this section.
SEPARATION OF MATERIAL
Class 241 is superior to the material separation classes and, therefore, provides for a process or apparatus in which comminution is combined with a step or means to separate the material into classes according to the physical characteristics of its components, before, during, or after the comminuting operation. See subclasses 9+, 24.1+ and 68+, or if the separation involves applying a fluid to the material, subclasses 19, 20 and 38+. As noted in CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS, FOODS AND BEVERAGES of this class definition, comminuting processes which include the
separation of a comminuting aid from the material by dissolution or a chemical reaction are included in Class 241. The separating classes to which the above stated general line applies are: Class 95, Class 96, Class 209, Class 210, and Class 494. See References to other Classes, below, for specific references to this section.
MATERIAL HANDLING, EXCAVATING, DISTRIBUTING, HARVESTING.
In general, Class 241 provides for processes and apparatus in which comminution is combined with steps and means to move and handle the material prior to or subsequent to the comminuting operation. Means to feed material to the comminuting zone for treatment and to discharge it therefrom are classified in the various feeding and discharging subclasses in the class. Material handling combinations other than those limited to mere feeding to and discharging from the comminutor are classified in the subclasses 25 and 101.01+, unless more specifically provided for.
Certain types of material handling have, on the other hand, been considered so specialized that classes including such subject matter have been considered superior to Class 241. For a list of such classes and a statement of the line with each, see (B) of this section below.
(A) The following are examples of those classes which deal with types of material handling to which Class 241 has been considered superior in accordance with the above stated general line and any patent having claims to a significant combination of the type of material handling treated in these classes with a comminutor is properly classifiable in class 241: Class 141, Class 193, Class 198, Class 212, Class 221, Class 222, Class 312, Class 406, Class 414. See References to Other Classes, below.
(B) The following classes deal with special types of material handling or moving which are considered superior to Class 241 and patents claiming significant combinations of such handling with comminuting steps or means are classified with the particular type of handling involved: Class 37, Class 56, Class 171, Class 172, Class 175, Class 239, Class 299, Class 404. See References to Other Classes, below.
GRAIN, FLOUR AND STARCH
The comminution of cereal or other seeds or seed parts and combinations of other treatments of the type provided for in the class, to form flour or other grain products, are provided for in Class 241, and see the above section on COMPOSITIONS, COMPOUNDS, FOODS AND BEVERAGES in general. For related subject matter, see the References to Other Classes, belows referring to this section.
COMMINUTOR OR COMMINUTOR ELEMENT SUPPORTS AND MOUNTING MEANS
Combinations of a comminutor and a support or mounting
therefor are provided for in Class 241. Combinations including means to stationarily support the comminutor are in subclasses 46.014+ and 285.1. Other mounting means (e.g., vehicular) are treated as combinations for subclasses 101.01+. See this class (241), subclasses 291+ for comminutor element-shaft combinations. For comminutor mounting means, per se, see the References to Other Classes, belows referring to this section.

LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
Class 15, Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning. provides for processes and apparatus for cleaning comminuting members by the operations there provided for. Class 241 takes the combination of a significantly claimed comminuting member with a cleaning means therefore but mere identification of the member cleaned as a type of comminuting member was not deemed significant and such patents were assigned on the basis of the cleaner. In this class (241), see subclasses 166+. For processes and apparatus for removing accretions from containers which may result in the comminution of a portion of the material, see subclasses 104.05+ in Class 15 and (2) Note to the definition of subclass 105.05.
Class 30, Cutlery, subclasses 136+ for hand manipulated scrapers which may act to retain the material for use and subclasses 164.5+ for hand manipulated ice picks and chippers. Ice crushers and shavers which are not hand manipulated relative to the material are provided for in Class 241.
Class 62 takes (1) processes in which comminution of a solid refrigerant medium (e.g., ice), is combined with a step of utilizing the medium in cooling a material or article, (2) apparatus in which means for comminuting a solid refrigerant is combined with means to utilize the refrigerant (e.g., ice car, ice cream freezer or other refrigerating receptacle), and (3) processes and apparatus in which steps or means for manufacturing a solid refrigerant are combined with steps or means for comminuting the material. Class 241 takes processes and apparatus for cooling the material undergoing treatment combined with comminution thereof.
Class 69, Leather Manufactures, is for processes and apparatus for treating leather not elsewhere provided for. Class 241 includes leather comminution but excludes organizations in which only a portion of the hide is removed, such combinations being classified in Class 69.
Class 73, Measuring and Testing, provides for testing processes and apparatus including comminuting steps or means for operating on material to determine certain of its characteristics; e.g., subclasses 7+. Class 241 takes material treatment processes and apparatus which includes steps or means to test the material in combination with comminution.
Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, for miscellaneous metallurgical processes including comminution only in combination with treatment of a type not provided for in Class 241. Class 75 includes alloys disclosed for use in forming comminutor parts when claims to the alloy, per se, are included. Claims to a comminutor element formed of a specific alloy are not controlling over claims to the alloy, per se, and classification of patents having both types of claims in Class 75 is proper. See (2) Note to the definition of subclass 213 of Class 75.
Class 99, Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, appropriate subclasses and the notes thereto for the preservation and production of foods and beverages. Cooking, adding ingredients, and bleaching are examples of steps which so change the nature of the final food product as to cause classification in Class 99. Search subclasses 510+ for comminution in combination with liquid recovery and 537+ for apparatus separating one portion of food from another, similar to the apparatus of Class 241.
Class 100, Presses, takes (1) processes and apparatus for expressing which apply comminuting pressure to the material where there is provided means for separating the expressed liquid from the solid. The paths of flow of the expressed material may be provided by the pressure elements themselves, (2) processes and apparatus for expressing combined with steps or means for comminuting the material prior to the expressing operation, and (3) convertible apparatus adapted to function either as an expresser or a comminutor. Class 241 takes processes and apparatus for comminuting material combined with steps or means to apply an expressing operation on the material prior to the comminuting operation, see subclasses 2, 25 and 101.01+.
Class 110 takes (1) processes and apparatus in which a solid fuel burning step or means is combined with a step or means for comminuting the fuel before burning, or the residue after burning, (2) processes and apparatus in which comminuting of a fuel is combined with a step or means for adding air or other gas subsequent to the comminuting zone for the disclosed purpose of supporting combustion of fuel in a burner (see particularly subclass 106), and (3) fuel burning apparatus or parts thereof which may act to comminute material as a secondary or incidental function thereof (e.g., grates). Class 241 takes comminution combined with steps or means for applying heat to the material from a significantly claimed burner.
Class 134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, is the generic class for cleaning and/or applying liquids to solids. Processes including such steps in combination with comminuting steps are classified in Class 241. Mere agitation of particulate material in the presence of liquid to separate dirt or other impurities therefrom is not considered to be
comminution. Such processes are classified in Class 134 or other appropriate class, depending on the line between those classes. Class 241 provides for the separation of adhering impurities from solids by comminution, as distinguished from mere agitation or tumbling, either with or without the application of a liquid to the material. See the definitions and Notes to the definitions of subclasses 16+ in Class 134.
Class 162, Paper Making and Fiber Liberation, provides for the combination of a chemical digestion and comminution. Class 241 provides for the comminution of fibrous materials even when in liquid suspension for the preparation of a paper pulp. For the purpose of determining a line between this class (241) and Class 162, hot water shall be considered to be a chemical agent classifiable in Class 162. The comminution of fibrous material in suspension, even when disclosed for the purpose of making a paper pulp is provided for in Class 241 where no chemical treatment is claimed.
Class 209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, for a process and apparatus relating to the separation of solids into grades or classes. A screen or the like, which could operate as a mere separator, but is disclosed as being adapted to function as a comminuting element, is classified in Class 241. See particularly subclass 83. An agitator for facilitating the flow of material through a screen may incidentally effect the comminution or a portion of the material. Such a device is classified on the basis of its essential function and is found in Class 209 unless the agitator is modified to further the comminuting effect. The classification of a patent relating to the presentation of a mass of plastic material to a series of openings will depend upon the disclosed purpose of the process or apparatus: if the purpose is to remove foreign particles from the material, classification is in Class 209; if to comminute into discrete particles, it is found in Class 241; if to form into a desired shape or shapes, it is in the proper shaping class, for which see the Coating or Shapring of Material section of this class (241).
Class 222, Dispensing, takes processes and apparatus for dispensing material. Mere agitators for loosening lumps within a holder are not considered comminutors for Class 241. Most of the patents classified in the feeding subclasses of Class 241 show dispensers as subcombinations of the comminutor-feeder combination and a number of patents which disclose such combinations but in which the claims are limited to the dispenser, per se, have been classified in the appropriate subclasses of Class 222.
Class 266, Metallurgical Apparatus, for apparatus for heat treating metal. Note that heat treatment to effect a chemical reaction is excluded from Class 241 and such combinations are classified in appropriate classes taking such subject matter, as Class 266.
Class 366, Agitating, takes (1) processes which, by
disclosure, are limited to mixing or agitating the material, and (2) apparatus which, by disclosure, functions solely to mix or agitate the material. Class 241 takes processes and apparatus in which agitating steps or means are combined with comminuting steps or means, and apparatus which, by disclosure, will function to comminute the material even though a mixing function is also disclosed. As to apparatus, the following exception is made to the foregoing line: Where the apparatus is disclosed as treating particulate material even though in admixture with liquids (e.g., wet or dry clay, sand, etc.); and the apparatus is of the type in which a plurality of surfaces cooperate with each other to apply pressure to a layer of material there-between, it is properly classifiable in Class 241 whether or not the disclosure is limited to mere agitation and subcombinations of such apparatus are also included in Class 241.
Class 404, Road Structure, Process, or Apparatus, for in situ comminution of earth or road surfaces in combination with other road building means. Comminution, per se, of road or earth surface is classifiable in Class 241.
Class 417, Pumps, takes pumps including structural features which both facilitate the impelling of the fluid and produce incidental concurrent comminution of solids suspended in the fluid. Class 241 provides for (1) comminutors with means for pumping primary disclosed purpose of comminuting the material, but which may have the additional incidental function of impelling the fluid.
Class 451, Abrading, takes (1) processes and apparatus in which the function of the claimed steps or means is disclosed as that of imparting a shape to or removing unwanted surface portions from an article by abrasion, and (2) processes and apparatus in which such an abrading step or means is combined with a prior comminution. Class 241, takes (1) abrading processes and apparatus, the disclosed purpose of which is to effect a comminution of the material (as defined in GENERAL STATEMENT OF CLASS SUBJECT MATTER of this class definition), and (2) processes and apparatus in which the comminution is combined with steps or means which act to impart a shape to or remove unwanted surface portions from the article or material prior to the comminution operation.
The following sections may also contain information relating to the lines between Class 241 and other classes.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
2 3, 32, 33, 34, 36, 38, 65, 67, 83, 97, 111, 169, 198.1, 200, 221, 227, 237, 244, 252, 270, 284, 293, and 296 for references to Class 100, Presses
5 15+ and 38+, for fluid current conveying organizations and the corresponding processes and apparatus in combination with comminution.
15 for processes including such steps of cleaning and/or applying liquids to solids in combination with comminuting steps.
31 39 and 59, for reference to Class 137, Fluid Handling.
32 33, and 36, for reference to Class 192, Clutches and Power-Stop Control.
32.5 for reference to Class 200, Electricity: Circuit Makers and Breakers.
39 for reference to Class 239, Fluid Sprinkling, Spraying, and Diffusing.
59 for reference to Class 251, Valves and Valve Actuation.
65 66, and 67, for reference to Class 165, Heat Exchange.
71 and see the line stated in the note to the definition of that subclass for reference to Class 116, Signals and Indicators.
99 for reference to Class 169, Fire Extinguishers.
100 for comminutors combined with means to fill a separable receiver.
101.01 for the combination of a comminutor, significantly recited, and an electric signal therefor, also for reference to Class 340, Communications: Electrical, appropriate subclasses for electric signals, per se, for indicating a condition in a comminutor, particularly subclasses 500+ and 870.01+.
107 111, 117, 123, 198.1, 205, 207, 227, and 237, for reference to Class 68, Textiles: Fluid Treating Apparatus.
169 283, for references to Class 30
182 for reference to Class 220, Receptacles.
198.1 270, for references to Class 75
198.1 221, and 227, for references to Class 452, Butchering, subclasses 141+, for meat tenderizers having structure similar to comminutors.
198.1 270+, for references to Class 81, Tools.
275 for reference to Class 124, Mechanical Guns and Projectors.
285.1 for references to Class 52, Static Structures (e.g., Buildings).
292 for references to Class 73.
629 650+, for refernces to Class 4, Baths, Closets, Sinks, and Spittoons, which class takes sinks and similar apparatus there provided for, combined with means to comminute the material discharged from the sink or the like.

REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
15, Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning. For the cleaning, per se, of comminuting members, see the appropriate subclasses of Class 15, particularly subclass 256.5. (See Lines With Other Classes of this class definition (241)).
15, Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning, 3.1, for apparatus for cleaning grain, employing means of the type there provided for. (see GRAIN, FLOUR AND STARCH section of this class (241))
19, Textiles: Fiber Preparation, and the notes thereto. Class 19 is the generic class for the liberation of fibers from natural and prior use sources by physical operations and also provides for miscellaneous working operations on fibrous material. Class 19 takes processes and apparatus which include fiber liberation steps or means (e.g., delinting, picking, carding, etc.) in combination with comminution of the material. (refer to the FIBROUS AND LAMINATED MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
23, Chemistry: Physical Processes, 293 for physical processes for producing, reclaiming, or recovering inorganic compounds and elements. (refer to CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS, FOODS AND BEVERAGES section of this class (241))
29, Metal Working, is the generic class for working and shaping of metal and see the notes thereto for related art. See particularly 4.51, for processes and apparatus for forming metal into shreds. (refer to the COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, and the notes thereto, particularly (3) Note in the class definition. (see the HEATING, COOLING, OR DRYING MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
37, Excavating, for apparatus and corresponding processes including excavation of material. (See MATERIAL HANDLING, EXCAVATING, DISTRIBUTING, HARVESTING, (B) of this class (241))
44, Fuel and Related Compositions, subclass 633 for devices for disintegrating and plasticizing peat. (refer to the FIBROUS AND LAMINATED MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
47, Plant Husbandry, subclass 58.1, for processes of treating seed in preparation for planting. (see GRAIN, FLOUR AND STARCH section of this class (241))
53, Package Making, subclass 121 for packaging apparatus including means to crush the contents.
56, Harvesters, appropriate subclasses, for processes and apparatus including the severing of crops. (See MATERIAL HANDLING, EXCAVATING, DISTRIBUTING, HARVESTING, (B) of this class (241))
60, Power Plants, 325 for fluid transmission and fluid link actuating devices. (refer to the OPERATORS FOR COMMINUTORS section of this class (241)).
62, Refrigeration, and the notes thereto. (see the HEATING, COOLING, OR DRYING MATERIAL section and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition of this class (241)).
69, Leather Manufactures, for processes and apparatus for treating leather not elsewhere provided for. Also see Lines With Other Classes of this class (241).
72, Metal Deforming, appropriate subclasses, for a metal-working roll organization similar to those used in comminuting apparatus.
72, Metal Deforming, and see the notes thereto, for a process or apparatus for shaping metal by plastically working it.(refer to the COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
74, Machine Element or Mechanism, for mechanical movement actuating means. (refer to the OPERATORS FOR COMMINUTORS section of this class (241)).
83, Cutting, appropriate subclasses, for process and apparatus for cutting of the type there provided for, which are disclosed for the purpose fo severing solid material into products of desired length or shape while (usually) retaining an original dimension. (refer to the COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
91, Motors: Expansible Chamber Type, for expansible chamber motor actuators. (refer to the OPERATORS FOR COMMINUTORS section of this class (241)).
95, Gas Separation: Processes, for a process of separating solids from gases, per se. (see SEPARATION OF MATERIAL of the class definition of this class (241)).
96, Gas Separation: Apparatus, for apparatus for separating solids from gases, per se. (see SEPARATION OF MATERIAL of the class definition of this class (241)).
99, Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, appropriate subclasses, for apparatus for imparting a shape to food material. (refer to the COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
99, Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, appropriate subclasses and the notes thereto for the preservation and production of foods and beverages. (refer to CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS, FOODS AND BEVERAGES section and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition of this class (241))
99, Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, 518 and 600+, for apparatus for husking or peeling grain and treating cereals, not elsewhere provided for. (see GRAIN, FLOUR AND STARCH section of this class (241))
106, Compositions: Coating or Plastic, and the notes thereto. See particularly the main class definition for a list of classes and subclasses providing for coating and plastic compositions containing solid material. (refer to CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS, FOODS AND BEVERAGES section of this class (241))
110, Furnaces, and the Notes thereto. (see the HEATING, COOLING, OR DRYING MATERIAL section and LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES of the class definition of this class (241)).
114, Ships, and the notes thereto for marine vehicle mounting means. (see COMMINUTOR OR COMMINUTOR ELEMENT SUPPORTS AND MOUNTING MEANS section of this class (241)).
118, Coating Apparatus, appropriate subclasses, for coating particulate material and see especially subclass 19 and 417 for tumbling particulate work. For merely mixing fluent materials with grain by agitation, see the Note to Class 259 below. (see GRAIN, FLOUR AND STARCH section of this class (241))
118, Coating Apparatus, appropriate subclasses. (refer to the COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
123, Internal-Combustion Engines, for operators of the type there provided for. (refer to the OPERATORS FOR COMMINUTORS section of this class (241)).
125, Stone Working, and the notes thereto for processes and apparatus for shaping stone-like substances. (refer to the COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
125, Stone Working, 23, for processes and apparatus for splitting laminated material (e.g., mica) along its planes of cleavage. Class 241 takes the comminution of such material, see particularly subclass 4. (refer to the FIBROUS AND LAMINATED MATERIAL section of the class definition of this
class (241)).
126, Stoves and Furnaces, 152, for grates. The line between classes 126 and 241 is the same as the line set forth between classes 110 and 241, above. (see the HEATING, COOLING, OR DRYING MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
127, Sugar, Starch, and Carbohydrates, appropriate subclasses, for processes and apparatus for producing a purified starch product, which may include comminuting steps or means as part of the combination. (see GRAIN, FLOUR AND STARCH section of this class (241))
131, Tobacco, 145 for tobacco leaf disintegration. (refer to the FIBROUS AND LAMINATED MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, appropriate subclasses, for apparatus for cleaning and/or applying liquid to grain not provided for elsewhere. (see GRAIN, FLOUR AND STARCH section of this class (241))
138, Pipes and Tubular Conduits, 40, and the notes thereto for flow restrictors which form emulsions of a plurality of fluids. (refer to SUSPENSION AND COLLOIDS section of this class (241))
141, Fluent Material Handling, With Receiver or Receiver Coacting Means, appropriate subclasses for processes and apparatus for filling receivers including, in 11 and 69+, treatment of the material other than by comminution. (See MATERIAL HANDLING, EXCAVATING, DISTRIBUTING, HARVESTING, (A) of this class (241))
144, Woodworking, and the notes thereto. Class 144 is the generic class for shaping wood and similar materials. For example, Class 144, includes wood excelsior making, log slicers, etc. A machine for wood chipping or shaving will be considered as imparting a desired shape only if there exists some means for so shaping as, e.g., the operation of the machine moves the wood holder with respect to the cutter, or the cross section of the cutter or chipper is so designed as to produce the desired contour. (refer to the COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
148, Metal Treatment, appropriate subclasses for processes of heat treating metal to modify or maintain the internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure) or chemical property of the metal. (see the HEATING, COOLING, OR DRYING MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
156, Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture, appropriate subclasses for processes and apparatus for shaping combined with a laminating step and see also 339.
(refer to the COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
162, Paper Making and Fiber Liberation, appropriate subclass, for the combination of a chemical digestion and comminution. (refer to the FIBROUS AND LAMINATED MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
162, Paper Making and Fiber Liberation, appropriate subclasses, for processes and apparatus for the chemical liberation, recovery or purification of natural cellulose or fibrous material in combination with a comminuting step. (refer to SUSPENSION AND COLLOIDS section of this class (241))
164, Metal Founding, 344 and 401+ for apparatus to remove a molding surface from a product which may include a disintegration of a sand surface, and subclasses 131+ for corresponding methods.
171, Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects, appropriate subclasses, and particularly subclass 24, 26+, 114+, and 122 for devices for recovering from the soil plants or objects buried or embedded therein, combined with means to comminute such plants or objects or the mass of earth containing the same. (See MATERIAL HANDLING, EXCAVATING, DISTRIBUTING, HARVESTING, (B) of this class (241))
172, Earth Working, appropriate subclasses for comminuting earth in situ. (See MATERIAL HANDLING, EXCAVATING, DISTRIBUTING, HARVESTING, (B) of this class (241))
173, Tool Driving or Impacting, appropriate subclass for subject matter directed to driving or impacting a tool, when such subject matter includes combined features peculiar to tool driving, but which does not include features limiting the subject matter to a specific tool art, such as specific shape of the work contacting portion of a tool, related tools, or an opposed work support. Class 241 has not been cleared as to subject matter in conflict with this line. (refer to the OPERATORS FOR COMMINUTORS section of this class (241)).
175, Boring or Penetrating the Earth, appropriate subclass for a process or means for comminuting the substances of the earth in situ to bore or penetrate the earth. (See MATERIAL HANDLING, EXCAVATING, DISTRIBUTING, HARVESTING, (B) of this class (241))
184, Lubrication, for lubricators and lubrication systems, per se; this class (241) includes combinations of significant comminutor structure with means to lubricate. (see GRAIN, FLOUR AND STARCH section of this class (241))
185, Motors: Spring, Weight, and Animal Powered, for miscellaneous motor operators. (refer to the OPERATORS FOR COMMINUTORS section of this class (241)).
193, Conveyors, Chutes, Skids, Guides, and Ways, for conveyors of the type there provided for. See MATERIAL HANDLING, EXCAVATING, DISTRIBUTING, HARVESTING, (A) of this class (241))
198, Conveyors: Power-Driven, for processes and apparatus relating to power-driven conveyors.
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, for a process and apparatus relating to the separation of solids into grades or classes.. (see SEPARATION OF MATERIAL and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition of this class (241)).
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, see particularly subclass 7 for devices which apply pressure to material to effect a change in its shape, in contradistinction to comminution, to facilitate separation.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, for a process or apparatus relating to the separation of a solid from a liquid as by gravitational separation or filtering. As an exception to the general line, Class 210, in 173, provides for apparatus including a filtering screen or the like arranged to remove material from a moving stream and to comminute the removed material. In addition Class 210 includes vegetable or animal matter comminution incidental to liquid purification, see particularly subclasses 173 and 174, or destruction of a filter cake or comminution incidental to agitation or feeding of the material to, during and after separation, see particularly subclasses 106+, 178, 179, 219, 298, 319, 332+, 353, 354+, 383, 391+, 407+, 738, 748, 769, 785, and 796. (see SEPARATION OF MATERIAL of the class definition of this class (241)).
212, Traversing Hoists, for material handling of the type there provided for. (See MATERIAL HANDLING, EXCAVATING, DISTRIBUTING, HARVESTING, (A) of this class (241))
219, Electric Heating, for processes and apparatus relating to the electric heating of material. (see the HEATING, COOLING, OR DRYING MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
221, Article Dispensing, appropriate subclasses for processes and apparatus for dispensing articles not otherwise provided for. (See MATERIAL HANDLING, EXCAVATING, DISTRIBUTING, HARVESTING, (A) of this class (241))
222, Dispensing, for processes and apparatus for dispensing material. (See MATERIAL HANDLING, EXCAVATING, DISTRIBUTING, HARVESTING, (A), and Lines With Other Classes of this class (241))
225, Severing by Tearing or Breaking, appropriate subclasses, for severing by tearing or breaking. See particularly 1 for
processes, and subclasses 93+ for apparatus for severing a piece of work into smaller pieces where there is either (1) a claimed provision for maintaining or determining the product shape or size, (e.g., the tool has a shaped edge), or (2), where the material being worked upon is disclosed as modified (e.g., by score lines) so as to determine a specific size or shape. (refer to the COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
239, Fluid Sprinkling, Spraying, and Diffusing, 650 for a container for nonfluid material and means for strewing or scattering the material over an extended area, and in which combination a comminuter may be present to disintegrate or break up lumps in the material. (See MATERIAL HANDLING, EXCAVATING, DISTRIBUTING, HARVESTING, (B) of this class (241))
248, Supports, 2, for machinery supports. For proper classification in Class 248, the claims should include, in the combination, only so much of the comminutor as is necessary to support it. (see COMMINUTOR OR COMMINUTOR ELEMENT SUPPORTS AND MOUNTING MEANSs section of this class (241)).
252, Compositions, appropriate subclasses. This is the generic class for compositions and see the notes thereto for other composition art. Colloidal dispersions are treated in the suspension and colloids section of this class definition. (refer to CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS, FOODS AND BEVERAGES section of this class (241))
252, Compositions, 302, and the notes thereto. (See subclasses 38+). (refer to SUSPENSION AND COLLOIDS section and Lines With Other Classes of this class (241))
252, Compositions, subclass 378 for processes of exfoliating micaceous material.(refer to the FIBROUS AND LAMINATED MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, appropriate subclasses. See the notes to this class for processes relating to the production, reclamation or recovery of carbon compounds, including rubber, synthetic resins and compositions containing the same. (refer to CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS, FOODS AND BEVERAGES section of this class (241))
264, Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes, appropriate subclasses for processes of molding or shaping plastic materials within the class definition, which may include a particle forming or material cutting or comminution step, e.g., 5, 115+, 118, 138, and 603. (refer to the COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
266, Metallurgical Apparatus, for apparatus for heat treating
metal. (see the HEATING, COOLING, OR DRYING MATERIAL section and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition of this class (241)).
280, Land Vehicles, and the notes thereto for land vehicle mounting means. (see COMMINUTOR OR COMMINUTOR ELEMENT SUPPORTS AND MOUNTING MEANS section of this class (241)).
299, Mining or In Situ Disintegration of Hard Material, for a process or apparatus for recovering valuable material from the earth or breaking up hard material in situ. (See MATERIAL HANDLING, EXCAVATING, DISTRIBUTING, HARVESTING, (B) of this class (241))
310, Electrical Generator or Motor Structure, appropriate subclasses for electric motor structure. (refer to the OPERATORS FOR COMMINUTORS section of this class (241)).
312, Supports: Cabinet Structure, 35 for magazine type article containing cabinets having means facilitating article removal. (See MATERIAL HANDLING, EXCAVATING, DISTRIBUTING, HARVESTING, (A) of this class (241))
340, Communications: Electrical, appropriate subclasses for electric signals, per se, for indicating a condition in a comminutor, particularly 500 and 870.01+. (see COMMINUTOR OR COMMINUTOR ELEMENT SUPPORTS AND MOUNTING MEANS section of this class (241)).
340, Communications: Electrical, appropriate subclasses for electric signals, per se, for indicating a condition in a comminutor. Note particularly 500 and 870.01+. (see SEPARATION OF MATERIAL of the class definition of this class (241)).
373, Industrial Electric Heating Furnaces, and the notes thereto, for electric furnaces and processes relating thereto. (see the HEATING, COOLING, OR DRYING MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
366, Agitating, appropriate subclasses, for apparatus for merely mixing liquids or solids with grain by agitation. (see GRAIN, FLOUR AND STARCH section of this class (241))
366, Agitating, particularly 176.1 for process and apparatus for forming suspensions and emulsions by agitation. See the general line with Class 366, set forth in the main class definition of Class 252. (refer to SUSPENSION AND COLLOIDS section of this class (241))
366, Agitating, See Lines With Other Classes of this class (241)
384, Bearings, which class takes bearings and guides for comminuting elements or element support members and such bearings or guides combined with supports for the bearings or guides. The member supported by the bearing or guide may be
included by name as a type of comminuting element where no significant structure of the element is included. (see COMMINUTOR OR COMMINUTOR ELEMENT SUPPORTS AND MOUNTING MEANS section of this class (241)).
403, Joints and Connections, for rigid shaft to comminutor element connections where no significant structure of the comminuting element other than that necessary to effect the connection is included. (see COMMINUTOR OR COMMINUTOR ELEMENT SUPPORTS AND MOUNTING MEANS section of this class (241)).
404, Road Structure, Process, or Apparatus, 90 for in situ comminution of earth or road surfaces in combination with other road building means. (See MATERIAL HANDLING, EXCAVATING, DISTRIBUTING, HARVESTING, (B), and Lines With Other Classes of this class (241))
406, Conveyors: Fluid Current, for fluid current conveying organizations. (See MATERIAL HANDLING, EXCAVATING, DISTRIBUTING, HARVESTING, (A), and References To the Current Class of this class (241))
414, Material or Article Handling, which is the generic class for processes and apparatus dealing with material and article handling. (See MATERIAL HANDLING, EXCAVATING, DISTRIBUTING, HARVESTING, (A) of this class (241))
415, Rotary Kinetic Fluid Motors or Pumps, appropriate subclasses for rotary fluid motor operators and controls. (refer to the OPERATORS FOR COMMINUTORS section of this class (241)).
416, Fluid Reaction Surfaces (i.e., Impellers), appropriate subclasses for operators and controls for impellers. (refer to the OPERATORS FOR COMMINUTORS section of this class (241)).
417, Pumps, takes pumps including structural features which both facilitate the impelling of the fluid and produce incidental concurrent comminution of solids suspended in the fluid. Also see Lines with Othe Classes of this class (241)
418, Rotary Expansible Chamber Devices, for rotary expansible chamber motor actuators. (refer to the OPERATORS FOR COMMINUTORS section of this class (241)).
418, Rotary Expansible Chamber Devices, for expansible chamber devices having structural features which both facilitate the impelling of the fluid and produce incidental concurrent comminution of solids suspend in the fluid. Class 241 provides for (1) comminutors provided with means for pumping suspending fluid to or from a comminuting zone, and (2) devices having the primary disclosed purpose of comminuting the material, but which may have the additional incidental function of impelling the fluid.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting,
Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, appropriate subclasses for apparatus for producing, reclaiming, or recovering inorganic compounds or elements. (refer to CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS, FOODS AND BEVERAGES section of this class (241))
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, appropriate subclasses, for recovery of inorganic compounds and nonmetallic elements by chemical reaction. (refer to CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS, FOODS AND BEVERAGES section of this class (241))
424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, appropriate subclass for a method of making such a composition and see particularly 1.29, 417, 458+, 469+, and 489+ for a composition including comminuted or particulate material. (refer to CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS, FOODS AND BEVERAGES section of this class (241))
425, Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus, subclass 202 for a molding machine for shaping nonmetals combined both with a separate and distinct agitating or kneading means upstream of the shaping area and a comminuting means; and subclass 223 for the combustion of means providing an endless casting surface and harvesting means cooperating thereunder. (refer to the COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products, appropriate subclasses, for comminution or disintegration processes combined with some other food working operation. (refer to CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS, FOODS AND BEVERAGES section of this class (241))
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products, appropriate subclasses, for the process of forming colloidal suspensions or emulsions of food materials. (refer to SUSPENSION AND COLLOIDS section of this class (241))
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products, appropriate subclasses, for shaping and 289 and 302+, for coating edible material. (refer to the COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products, appropriate subclasses, for treating grain to be made into a food. (see GRAIN, FLOUR AND STARCH section of this class (241))
427, Coating Processes, for coating processes in general. (refer to the COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
432, Heating, subclass 61 for a residual material heating
device including structure breaking up lumps formed by the heating or otherwise serving merely to perfect the heating of the material. (see the HEATING, COOLING, OR DRYING MATERIAL section of the class definition of this class (241)).
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, for disclosures pertinent to fermentation.
451, Abrading, and the notes thereto. (refer to the COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL section and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition of this class (241)).
451, Abrading, 326 for apparatus for removing husks from grain by tumbling. (see GRAIN, FLOUR AND STARCH section of this class (241))
460, Crop Threshing or Separating, for processes and apparatus for separating grain from the plant. (see GRAIN, FLOUR AND STARCH section of this class (241))
464, Rotary Shafts, Gudgeons, Housings, and Flexible Couplings for Rotary Shafts, appropriate subclasses for flexible shaft to comminuting elements connections where no significant structure of the comminuting elements, other than that necessary to effect the connection, is included. See particularly 107. (see COMMINUTOR OR COMMINUTOR ELEMENT SUPPORTS AND MOUNTING MEANS section of this class (241)).
494, Imperforate Bowl: Centrifugal Separators, for apparatus or and process for breaking up a mixture of fluids or fluent substances into two or more components by centrifuging within a generally solid-walled, receptacle-like member. (see SEPARATION OF MATERIAL of the class definition of this class (241)).
504, Plant Protecting and Regulating Compositions, subclasses 116.1-367 for processes of treating seed by the mere application of a chemical for the purpose of affecting the growth of the plant. (see GRAIN, FLOUR AND STARCH section of this class (241))

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes in which the comminution or disintegration is effected by an operation of the material other than the application of force to the material by contacting it with a solid surface.
(1) Note. Contained in this subclass, for example, are those processes in which the mere application of heat results in
comminution and those where the material is disintegrated by the generation and sudden release of internal pressure. The term "solid surface" has been considered to include particles of the material undergoing treatment, so that processes in which the material is disintegrated by contacting it with other portions of the same material will be found classified in other appropriate subclasses in this class.
(2) Note. Operations on material which result in a chemical change are not included. See CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS, FOODS AND BEVERAGES of the class definition.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
99, Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, 323.4, for apparatus for puffing cereal wherein the seed is not comminuted.
175, Boring or Penetrating the Earth, 11 for a process or means for boring a hole in the earth by directly applying heat to fluidize or comminute the material forming the earth.
606, Surgery, subclass 2.5 for subject matter relating to removal of a calculus (e.g., stone) from the body wherein the calculus is fractured or disintegrated by use of light energy.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes in which the comminution or disintegration results in the rupturing of cells in the material or the liberation of liquids in the material or some operation in addition to the comminution or disintegration, to rupture the cells or liberate contained liquids.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
99, Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, appropriate subclasses.
100, Presses, 104 for presses not elsewhere classified, having drain means for expressed liquid.
260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, appropriate subclasses.
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, subclass 259 for processes wherein a microorganism is ruptured by added material or mechanical means and subclass 306.1 for apparatus with means to lyse or rupture microorganisms by addition of material or by mechanical means other than comminution.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes in which the material (1) is solidified, consolidated, or shaped into a desired form prior to comminution, or (2) a portion only of the material is formed into a desired shape, simultaneously with the comminution of that portion of the material which is not shaped.
(1) Note. See COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL of the class definition for notes to related art and a statement of the line followed in relation to other classes as to processes including shaping operations.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
100, Presses, 94, for processes and apparatus for consolidating material and such steps or means in combination with a precedent comminuting step or means.
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, subclass 7, for processes and apparatus for selectively changing the shape (without comminution) of certain ingredients in a mixture to enable better separation of the material into grades.
264, Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes, appropriate subclasses for processes for shaping or molding plastic material within the class definition, which may include a comminution or disintegration step, see particularly 5, 115+, 118, 138+, and 603+.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes in which fibrous or laminated mineral material (e.g., mica, asbestos, etc.) is the material being comminuted or disintegrated.
(1) Note. This subclass includes physical steps of separation of the laminations of material when combined with the comminuting or disintegrating step.
(2) Note. See FIBROUS AND LAMINATED MATERIAL of the class definition of this class for notes to related art and a statement of the lines followed with other classes relative to fibrous or laminated mineral material.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
19, Textiles: Fiber Preparation, subclass .56 for methods of and means for opening bundles of substantially parallel stapled fibers in combination with a stapilizing step or device, and subclasses 66 and 80+ for fiber mass opening processes and apparatus of general application.
125, Stone Working, 23.01, for processes and apparatus for splitting mineral laminated material without comminution.
252, Composition, subclass 378, for processes of exfoliating or expanding mineral laminated material where no comminution or disintegration is involved or processes in which comminution or disintegration is a step, but including operations not provided for in this class (241).
264, Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes, appropriate subclasses, see reference in the class definitions of this class (241), COATING OR SHAPING OF MATERIAL, B.
432, Heating, subclass 13 for a heating process including a melting, expanding or comminution step.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes which include the step of suspending particles of the material in a moving fluid or otherwise projecting them through space and utilizing the developed kinetic energy of the particles to effect the comminution or disintegration thereof (as by impinging them against an impact surface or against other particles).

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
26 for processes of comminuting material by contacting it with other portions of the material but without the use of kinetic energy.
27 and 185.5-197, for processes and apparatus for comminuting by subjecting the material to a blow by a moving surface, but which do not utilize the kinetic energy of the material to aid in the comminution.
39 for related apparatus including means to suspend particles in a moving fluid and then utilizing the kinetic energy to effect the comminution.
91 and 274, for related apparatus including means to gravity project material against a surface or other material to effect the comminution.
275 for related apparatus for centrifugally projecting
material against surfaces or other material to effect the comminution.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
99, Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, subclass 519 and 571 for apparatus employing kinetic energy for separation of food portion.
406, Conveyors: Fluid Current, appropriate subclasses for processes and apparatus for conveying solids by a fluid current. See particularly 157 for a deflecting surface at the conveyor outlet.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes in which the material being comminuted or disintegrated is cereal seed (wheat, corn, etc.) or other seed (coffee, cottonseed, etc.) or parts of such seed.
(1) Note. See GRAIN, FLOUR, AND STARCH of the class definition of this class for notes to related art and the lines followed with other classes, as to grain, flour, etc.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
99, Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, appropriate subclasses, for apparatus relating to the treatment of cereal and other seeds.
127, Sugar, Starch, and Carbohydrates, for processes and apparatus for producing and recovering purified starch from cereal starch-bearing materials.
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products, appropriate subclasses for processes involving the treatment of cereal and other seeds.

This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Processes in which the comminution or disintegration is combined with an operation on the seed or seed part which functions to loosen or remove the outer coating or husk portion from the seed or seed part.
(1) Note. The operation to remove or loosen the husk portion must be of a character other than comminution of the inner
body of the gain.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products, especially 287 and 482+, for processes of removing food grain husks, per se, or combined with chemical or other food working operations.

Processes and apparatus in which the comminution or disintegration is combined with the step of operating on the whole seed prior to comminution by the application of a fluid thereto or the heating or cooling thereof.
(1) Note. See HEATING, COOLING, OR DRYING MATERIAL of the class definition of this class for notes to related art on heating, cooling, or drying, and a discussion of the lines followed with other classes.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
7 for processes involving the application of a fluid to, or the heating or cooling of, whole seeds in order to detach or loosen the husk portions.
12 for processes in which fluid is applied to comminuted seed parts rather than whole seed.
15 for processes in which fluid is applied to material other than cereal or other seeds.
62 and 65, for apparatus in which the comminutor or disintegrator is combined with means to apply a fluid to or heat or cool the material prior to being treated in the comminutor.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
99, Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, appropriate subclasses, for apparatus including the application of a fluid to or heating or cooling of cereal or other seeds to carry out operations not provided for as combinations in this class.

This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Processes in which the comminution or disintegration is combined with an operation on the material to separate or classify it into classes or grades according to their physical
characteristics.
(1) Note. See SEPARATION OF MATERIAL of the class definition of this class for notes to related separating classes and a statement of the lines followed relative to those classes.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
19 and 20, for related processes applied to material other than cereal or other seeds and involving the use of a fluid.
24.1 for a process related to that of this subclass, applied to material other than cereal or other seed.
68 for comminuting or disintegrating apparatus combined with means to separate or classify the material.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, for processes and apparatus for separating or classifying material.

This subclass is indented under subclass 9. Processes in which one or more of the grades or classes of separated material is recombined with another separated part or is recirculated to combine with material not yet operated on by the separator.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
52 61 and 80, for apparatus in which material is recirculated between the comminutor and separator.

This subclass is indented under subclass 9. Processes in which the material is subjected to successive alternate comminuting and separating operations, each operation occurring two or more times.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
19 and 20, for processes including alternate successive comminuting and separating steps in which the latter includes the use of a fluid.
24.1 for a process having the above defined characteristic applied to material other than cereal or other seed.
76 and the notes thereto, for corresponding apparatus.

This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Processes in which the comminution or disintegration is combined with the step of applying a fluid to the material.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
8 for processes involving the application of a fluid to whole seeds.
15 for processes directed to the comminution or disintegration of materials other than cereals or other seeds and including the step of applying fluid to the material.
38 for comminuting or disintegrating apparatus combined with means to apply a fluid to the material.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, appropriate subclasses, for processes and apparatus of drying and/or gas or vapor contact with material.
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products, appropriate subclasses, especially subclass 288, 482+ and 507+, for processes involving the application of a fluid to cereal and other seeds.

This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Processes in which the seed or seed part is subjected to a plurality of comminuting or disintegrating operations.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
29 for plural successive comminuting or disintegrating steps applied to material other than seeds or seed parts.
152.1 for apparatus including a plurality of comminuting zones arranged for serial flow of material therethrough.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes in which solids comprising mixed or bonded materials of diverse character are subjected to such a step of comminution or disintegration that one of the mixed or bonded materials is reduced in size to a greater extent than another of the materials.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
3 for processes in which, during the comminution of the material, a shape is imparted to certain ingredients.
6 for differential comminution or disintegration of cereal or other seeds.
102 for comminuting apparatus in which the surface of the elements are deformable.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, 4, for treatment other than comminution for selectively changing the characteristics of ingredients of a mixture to enable better separation of the material into grades.
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products, subclass 483, for the process including abrading to remove outer covering of food plant material.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes in which operation of comminuting or disintegrating is (1) combined with one or more steps of applying a fluid or lubricant to the material or (2) is carried out in the presence of a previously applied fluid.
(1) Note. The fluid may be applied before, during, and/or after the comminuting operation.
(2) Note. See Suspensions and Colloids under the Class Definition of this class for a statement relative to related art and the lines with other classes as to the formation of suspension or colloids by comminution.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
5 for processes in which material which is movably suspended
in or projected through, a fluid is comminuted or disintegrated by utilizing its kinetic energy.
8 9+ and 12, for processes of comminuting cereals or other seeds or seed parts combined with steps of applying a fluid to the material.
38 for apparatus in which the comminutor or disintegrator is combined with, or embodies, means to apply a fluid to the material.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, for processes and apparatus for contacting solids with gas or vapor.
406, Conveyors: Fluid Current, for processes and apparatus for conveying material by a fluid current.

This subclass is indented under subclass 15. Processes in which a fluid is applied (1) to aid dispersion of the comminuted particles in a fluid, or (2) to prevent chemical reaction in the material (including oxidation or ignition), deliquescence, agglomeration of the comminuted particles or frothing of the fluid suspending medium.
(1) Note. See Suspensions and Colloids under the Class Definition of this class for a statement relative to related art and the lines with other classes as to the formation of suspension or colloids by comminution.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
22 for comminuting processes involving the addition of solids to the material which may have one of the above stated functions.

This subclass is indented under subclass 15. Processes in which the steps of comminuting or disintegrating and applying a fluid to the material are combined with an additional heating or cooling step.
(1) Note. The added step of heating or cooling may be effected by a further application of a heated or cooled
fluid.
(2) Note. See HEATING, COOLING, OR DRYING MATERIAL of the class definition of this class for a statement of the line followed between this class and those dealing with the heating, cooling, or drying of material.
(3) Note. See Suspensions and Colloids under the Class Definition of this class for a statement relative to related art and the lines with other classes as to the formation of suspension or colloids by comminution.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
18 for processes in which the comminuting or disintegrating is combined with a single application of a gas or vapor to effect a heating or cooling of the material.
41 for apparatus including means for applying fluid at a plurality of points.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, appropriate subclasses, for processes and apparatus involving plural steps of applying gas or vapor to solid material.

This subclass is indented under subclass 15. Processes in which the fluid applied to the material comprises a gas or vapor.
(1) Note. See Suspensions and Colloids under the Class Definition of this class for a statement relative to related art and the lines with other classes as to the formation of suspension or colloids by comminution.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
38 for apparatus including means for applying gas or vapor to the material.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, and the notes thereto, for processes and apparatus for applying gas or vapor to solid material.

This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Processes in which the gas or vapor is applied to effect a separation or classification of the material.
(1) Note. See SEPARATION OF MATERIAL and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition of this class for a statement relative to related art and the lines followed with other classes.
(2) Note. See Suspensions and Colloids under the Class Definition of this class for a statement relative to related art and the lines with other classes as to the formation of suspension or colloids by comminution.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
9 for similar processes applied to cereals or other seeds.
38 for apparatus including means to apply a gas or vapor to effect a separation of the material.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, appropriate subclasses, especially 133, and the notes thereto, for processes and apparatus for separating or classifying material through the use of a gas or vapor.

This subclass is indented under subclass 15. Processes in which there is applied to the material a liquid which functions to effect a separation or classification of the material according to its physical characteristics.
(1) Note. See SEPARATION OF MATERIAL and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition for a statement relative to related art and the lines followed with other classes.
(2) Note. See Suspensions and Colloids under the Class Definition of this class for a statement relative to related art and the lines with other classes as to the formation of suspension or colloids by comminution.

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9 for processes involving the use of a liquid separating or classifying agent as applied to cereal or other seeds.
38 for comminuting or disintegrating apparatus combined with means to apply a liquid to the material either to effect a
separation or classification or for some other purpose.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
209, Classifying, Separating and Assorting Solids, appropriate subclasses, for processes and apparatus for separating and classifying material including steps of or means for applying liquid to the material.

This subclass is indented under subclass 15. Processes in which the liquid is applied to the material or the material is treated in a liquid, for the purpose of forming a pulp or suspension of the material particles therein.
(1) Note. See SUSPENSION AND COLLOIDS and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition of this class for a statement relative to related art and the lines followed with other classes as to the formation of suspension or colloids.

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38 especially 46.01+, for apparatus in which the comminution or disintegration is effected in a body of liquid.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
162, Paper Making and Fiber Liberation, appropriate subclasses for processes and apparatus for paper making, and see Lines With Other Classes of the class definition of this class for the stated line between Class 162 and Class 241.
366, Agitating, for processes and apparatus for mixing solids and liquids to form a pulp or suspension but including no comminution.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes in which the comminution or disintegration is combined with the step of adding a solid to the material.
(1) Note. See CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, COMPOSITIONS, FOODS AND BEVERAGES and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition of this class for a statement of the line followed with the composition classes as to processes including the addition of solids to the material.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
15 for processes including the application of a fluid to the material. Where the added material is solid when applied, but changes its form to a fluid while applied to the material, this has been considered to be fluid application for subclasses 15+.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
106, Compositions: Coating or Plastic, for processes for forming coating or plastic compositions by the comminution or disintegration of a plurality of ingredients.
252, Compositions, for processes of forming compositions by comminution of a plurality of solids.
451, Abrading, 32 for an abrading process involving the addition of a loose abrasive to the material.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes in which the step of comminution or disintegration is combined with the step of modifying or maintaining the temperature of the material by the application of heat to, or the extraction of heat from, the material, other than by the application of a fluid directly thereto.
(1) Note. See HEATING, COOLING, OR DRYING MATERIAL and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition of this class for notes to related arts and a statement of the lines followed with related classes.

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8 for processes involving heating or cooling of whole seeds.
15 for processes in which a fluid is applied to the material to modify the temperature thereof or for other purposes, including, in subclass 18, the combination with an additional heating or cooling step.
18 see note to subclass 15 above.
65 and the notes thereto, for comminuting or disintegrating apparatus combined with means to modify the temperature of the material.

With classifying or separating of material:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Process in which the material, in addition to undergoing the comminuting or disintegrating operation, is subjected to sorting, (i.e., a classification or separation) according to the physical characteristics of the component separated from other components of the material.
(1) Note. See SEPARATION OF MATERIAL and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition of this class for notes to related art and for a statement of the lines followed with related classes.
(2) Note. Included herein is sorting a single-type material according to size, color, or quality.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
9 for a process including the combined steps of comminuting and separating or classifying as applied to cereal and other seed or seeds parts.
19 for a process of comminuting combined with sorting by use of a gas or vapor.
20 for a process directed to the combination of comminuting with separating or classifying by use of a liquid.
68 for comminuting apparatus combined with means to classify or separate the material.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, for a process for subjecting the material to a classification or separation when not combined with significant comminuting.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation, and see the reference to Class 210 in References to Other Classes of the class definition of this class.

Including separating liquid from solid:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24.1. Process of comminuting and separating including sorting a component in the flowable state from a component in the nonflowable state.
(1) Note. Pelletized solid material is not a liquid since it is not "in the flowable state" even though it may flow.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
19 for comminuting combined with sorting by use of material in the gaseous state wherein the gaseous material is utilized to enhance the sorting operation.
20 for comminuting combined with sorting by use of material in the liquid state wherein the liquid material is utilized to enhance the sorting operation.

Of plural, diverse materials:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24.1. Process of comminuting and separating including sorting out a first component of a first material from a second component that is of a distinct material.
(1) Note. Sorting of material according to size, quality, or color is not included herein.

Including metal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24.12. Process of comminuting and separating including sorting out a component that is of any category of electropositive elements that are usually whitish, lustrous, and in the transition metals, typically ductile and malleable with high tensile strength.

Magnetically, electrostatically, or by use of eddy currents:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24.13. Process of comminuting and separating (a) utilizing magnetic attraction to draw out a ferrous, or ferrouslike component, (b) utilizing an electrostatic charge on the particles of a certain component of the material and sorting accordingly, or (c) utilizing the waves generated by moving electrical current to effect the sorting.

Sorting by use of sieve:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24.13. Process of
comminuting and separating including utilizing a member having a mass of restrictive openings to pass through the small particles of a first component of material and prevent passage of the large particles of the second component.
(1) Note. The first and second components of this subclass are of different material, not simply large and small particles of the same material.

Including food:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24.12. Process of comminuting and separating including sorting out a component to be used for edible consumption by an animal or fish.
(1) Note. Sorting of waste food product to be used as plant fertilizer is not included herein.

Including rubber:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24.12. Process of comminuting and separating including sorting out vulcanized sap of the rubber tree, or sorting out manufactured material that is similar thereto.

Including plastic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24.12. Process of comminuting and separating including sorting out a petroleum based solid component, or a component that is similar thereto.

Including fibrous material, e.g., paper:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24.12. Process of comminuting and separating including sorting out a component consisting of masses of strands which may be aligned to enhance their strength.

Wood or bark:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24.19. Process of comminuting and separating including sorting the fibrous component of material in the state produced by a growing plant.
(1) Note. Included herein is comminuting and separating of bagasse, material made from the sugar cane plant.

Sorting by use of sieve:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24.19. Process of comminuting and separating including utilizing a member having a mass of restrictive openings to pass through the small particles of a first component of material and prevent passage of the large particles of the second component.
(1) Note. The first and second components of this subclass are of different material, not simply large and small particles of the same material.

Including glass:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24.12. Process of comminuting and separating including sorting a component comprised of brittle, siliceous material that has previously been melted, or material that is similar thereto.

Including clay:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24.12. Process of comminuting and separating including sorting out a component comprised of very fine earthen particles.

Including coal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24.12. Process of comminuting and separating including sorting out a component
comprised of hard, carbonaceous earthen material.
(1) Note. "Soft" coal is considered to be hard under this definition; peat is not.

Of metal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24.1. Process of comminuting and separating including sorting of material that is of any category of electropositive elements that are usually whitish, lustrous, and in the transition metals, typically ductile and malleable with high tensile strength.

Of food:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24.1. Process of comminuting and separating including sorting material to be used for edible consumption by an animal or fish.
(1) Note. Sorting of waste food product to be used as plant fertilizer is not included herein.

Of rubber:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24.1. Process of comminuting and separating including sorting vulcanized sap of the rubber tree, or sorting manufactured material that is similar thereto.

Of plastic:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24.1. Process of comminuting and separating including sorting petroleum based solid material, or sorting material that is similar thereto.

Of fibrous material:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24.1. Process of comminuting and separating particularly adapted to sort material consisting of masses of strands which may be aligned to enhance their strength.

Of glass:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24.1. Process of comminuting and separating including sorting brittle, siliceous material that has previously been melted, or material that is similar thereto.

Of coal:
This subclass is indented under subclass 24.1. Process of comminuting and separating including sorting hard, carbonaceous earthen material.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes in which the step of comminuting the material is combined with process steps for other purposes and not provided for above.
(1) Note. The combined steps are in addition to the steps of feeding and/or discharging the material from the comminuting zone, controlling the flow to, through or from the comminuting zone, additional comminuting or disintegrating steps, and altering the atmospheric pressure within the comminuting zone.
(2) Note. In this subclass, for example, will be found comminuting steps combined with steps of adding material to the feed to clean the comminuting surfaces, or steps of polishing the comminuted particles.
(3) Note. All preceding subclasses must be investigated for particular combinations within this definition but which are specifically provided for above.
(4) Note. See the class definition for combinations of comminuting steps with steps of other types that are provided for in other classes.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
101.01 for corresponding combined appara-tus.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes in which the comminution is effected by causing one portion of the material to move relatively to another portion and in contact therewith.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
5 and 39+, for processes and apparatus in which fluid suspended material is comminuted by mutual attrition.
30 and 170+, for processes and apparatus in which the comminution or disintegration is effected by loose comminuting bodies which move relative to the material.
274 and 284, in order to complete the search.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
451, Abrading, 32 and 326+ for a process or apparatus for abrading by tumbling.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes in which the comminution or disintegration of the material is effected by subjecting the particles thereof to a blow by a moving surface.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
5 and 39, for processes and apparatus in which material in a fluid stream is subjected to a blow by a moving surface.
86 185.5-197, for apparatus for comminuting material by subjecting it to the action of rotary striking members.

This subclass is indented under the class definition.
Processes in which the material which is comminuted is wood or other fibrous plant material.
(1) Note. See FIBROUS AND LAMINATED MATERIAL and Lines With Other Classes of the class definition of this class for notes to related art and a general statement of the lines followed relative to classes dealing with fibrous material.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
2 for processes of comminuting or disintegrating wood or similar material to release liquids contained therein.
6 for processes of treating cereal or other seeds.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
83, Cutting, for cutting methods and apparatus.
144, Woodworking, for a miscellaneous process or machine for wood working to form a shape.
162, Paper Making and Fiber Liberation, appropriate subclasses, for processes and apparatus for comminuting fibrous material combined with a chemical treatment.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes in which all, or a portion of, the material is subjected to a plurality of comminuting or disintegrating operations.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
13 for processes of subjecting seeds to a plurality of successive comminuting steps.
152.1 and the notes thereto, for apparatus for subjecting material to a plurality of successive comminuting operations.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Miscellaneous processes not provided for above.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus provided with means to prevent the occurrence of explosions, to relieve the effects thereof, or to shield certain parts of the apparatus therefrom.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
137, Fluid Handling, 455 for relief valves of general application.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus provided with a means which rigidly connects two comminutor parts under normal working conditions but which, on the imposition of an overload, will disconnect the parts to prevent damage to the comminutor.
(1) Note. Included are devices having parts connected by shear pins, resettable latches and the like. Mere relief means such as biasing means for comminutor members are not included but are classified on some other basis below. For example, see subclasses 121+, 127+, 211, 230+, and 286.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
100, Presses, subclass 169 for roll type presses having yieldable mountings for the roll.
192, Clutches and Power-Stop Control, 56.1 and 150 for stop mechanisms including overload releases.
464, Rotary Shafts, Gudgeons, Housings, and Flexible Couplings for Rotary Shafts, 30 for shaft couplings including overload release.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus having motor circuit control means, the control movement of which is governed by the particular orientation or position of a sink outlet stopper.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
4, Baths, Closets, Sinks, and Spittoons, 650 for sink details not restricted in utility to "garbage disposers".
200, Electricity: Circuit Makers and Breakers, subclass 61.86 for fluid controlling valve actuators whose operation concurrently makes or breaks a circuit, and subclass 81.9 for flow responsive switches.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus provided with means to sense a condition which means causes the operation of a control device.
(1) Note. Comminuting members, valve bodies, and like members, which are contacted and moved or operated by the material were considered to be excluded by the above definition and will be found classified below. See the appended notes.
(2) Note. References under "Search Class" below and similar notes to the definitions of the indented subclasses will be found to include only those classes having automatic control features most nearly analogous to the subject matter of this class.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
59 for nonautomatic gas flow control means.
82 for trap chambers having projected material operated closures.
121 127+, 211, 230+, and 286+, for yieldingly mounted comminutor elements adapted to move under abnormal pressure of the material thereagainst.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, 524 and the notes thereto, for automatic control for apparatus for applying gas or vapor to solids.
99, Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, 486 for automatic controls in food treating apparatus.
100, Presses, 43 for presses not elsewhere provided for and having automatic or material triggered control.
192, Clutches and Power Stop Control, 116.5, for automatically controlled stop mechanisms of general application.
222, Dispensing, 52, and the notes thereto for dispensers, per se, having automatic controls.

This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Apparatus in which the means automatically controlled is either the mechanism which feeds material to the comminuting zone or the feed control means.
(1) Note. The various feeding subclasses of this class and the notes thereto should be searched for non-automatic feed controlling means.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
32 for automatic feed controls for comminutors which comprise overload release means.
63 for nonautomatic feed control means which simultaneously controls the drive and/or surface positioning means of the comminutor.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
100, Presses, subclass 45, for presses not elsewhere provided for and having automatic or triggered control of material addition, depositing or discharging.
198, Conveyors: Power Driven, appropriate subclasses, for conveyors, per se, having automatic controls.
222, Dispensing, 52, for automatically controlled feeders, per se.
414, Material or Article Handling, appropriate subclasses, for material handling devices, per se, having automatic controls.

This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Apparatus in which the condition to which the feed control is responsive is the speed of, or the effort exerted by, the comminutor drive means.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
36 for devices including means to automatically control the
comminutor drive means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Apparatus in which the automatic control effects a change in the operation of the drive means for the comminutor.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
32 for automatic control devices for comminutor drive mechanisms which comprise overload release means.
63 for nonautomatic drive control means which simultaneously controls the feed and/or surface positioning means of the comminutor.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
100, Presses, subclass 48 for presses not elsewhere provided for, and having automatic or material triggered control of the press actuating means.
192, Clutches and Power-Stop Control, 116.5, for stop mechanisms, per se.

This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Apparatus in which the automatic control means effects a change in the spacing of cooperating comminuting surfaces from each other.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
32 for automatic control devices for comminuting surface positioning means comprising overload release means.
63 for nonautomatic surface positioning means which simultaneously controls the feed and/or drive means of the comminutor.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus provided with a safety feature to guard the user
from physical harm.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
83, Cutting, subclass 478 for tool-guard means, and subclasses 544+ for guard means, any of which means protects the user as it protects the tool.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Apparatus including, or combined with, means for applying a fluid to the material.
(1) Note. The application of the fluid may occur before, during, or after, the comminution.
(2) Note. The term "means" as used above has been interpreted for the purpose of this classification to include any apparatus including the mill elements themselves, for inducing the flow of a fluid current or any instrumentalities controlling or directing the passage of fluid to or from the material. Devices disclosed for treating solids in fluid suspension, but claiming no "means for applying a fluid" as defined and interpreted above were not classified in this group but will be found in other subclasses on the basis of the claimed combination.
(3) Note. In general this class provides (in this group) the generic place for the combination of a comminutor with means to apply a gas, vapor, or liquid to the solid material being treated, without regard to the nature of the fluid applied or the purpose of the application. Accordingly, the devices found here include comminutors combined with means employing a fluid to heat or cool the material, separate it into grades, convey it, subject it to a chemical reaction, cook the material, etc. Class 34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, provides the generic place for apparatus, per se, for applying gases or vapors to solids (see the class definition of Class 34 for the line with this class) and Class 134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, provides for the generic subject matter, per se, of applying liquids to solid material. For the various special fluid application classes, a study of the notes to the aforementioned two classes should be made.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
1 5, 8, 9+, 12, and 15+, for corresponding processes.
68 for apparatus including means for contacting the material with mercury coated plated or other coated objects. These devices were not interpreted to be fluid treatment
combinations.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, see (3) Note. above.
99, Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, 516 for apparatus that applies a fluid to food.
100, Presses, 73 for presses not elsewhere classified, having additionally, means to apply fluid to the material.
110, Furnaces, subclass 106, for furnaces provided with means to apply a conveying fluid to the material as well as means to comminute it.
134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, see (3) Note above.
162, Paper Making and Fiber Liberation, appropriate subclasses, for paper making and fiber liberation apparatus combined with comminuting devices, and especially 234 and 261.
451, Abrading, 449 and 456 for an abrading device having structure similar to comminutors provided with fluid supply means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Apparatus in which the movement of a fluid by which the material is suspended is employed to effect the comminution of the material.
(1) Note. The distinction between the patents included in this subclass and those in the other fluid application subclasses, is that the devices herein employ the movement of the fluid, viz., its kinetic energy, to effect the comminution of the material to which it has been applied.
(2) Note. Comminuting devices which project the material against a surface without supporting it on a moving fluid current are not included herein. Numerous devices of this type will be found elsewhere in this class, see particularly subclasses 91 and 274+.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
5 for corresponding processes.
91 see (2) Note above.
185.5 through 197, and the notes thereto, for apparatus in which material is subjected to impact by rotary members but in which there is no substantial suspension of the material in a moving fluid current.
274 see (2) Note. above.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
99, Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, subclass 519 for corresponding grain hullers.
137, Fluid Handling, subclass 268 for fluid handling systems having holder means for solid, flaky or pulverized material to be dissolved or entrained.
239, Fluid Sprinkling, Spraying, and Diffusing, 310 and 336 for spraying devices provided with means to entrain a solid in a flowing fluid stream.
366, Agitating, 336 for agitation effected by fluid kinetic energy by means of a stationary deflector in a flow-through mixing chamber.
406, Conveyors: Fluid Current, appropriate subclasses, for fluid current conveyors, per se.

This subclass is indented under subclass 39. Apparatus in which the fluid type comminution is due solely to the impact of fluid suspended material carried at a right angle against a stationary abutment surface.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
118, Coating Apparatus, 300, for apparatus for projecting material against a stationary surface to be coated.

This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Apparatus provided with means for applying fluid to the same material or a portion thereof at a plurality of spaced points in the apparatus.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
17 for processes in which fluid is applied to the material a plurality of times at least one such application being for the purpose of heating or cooling the material.
39 for fluid comminutors having plural fluid applying means.
43 for plural comminutors each of which may be provided with a single means for applying fluid to the material.
52 and 61, for apparatus in which material is recirculated to the fluid applying zone.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
406, Conveyors: Fluid Current, 93 for fluid current conveyors, per se, provided with plural, spaced fluid applying means, and see the notes thereto.

This subclass is indented under subclass 41. Apparatus in which the material is treated in a plurality of comminuting zones which may be arranged so that the material passes serially or in parallel therethrough.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
43 for devices having a plurality of comminuting zones in which fluid is applied to the material in some manner other than that defined as characteristic of this group.
52 and 61, for apparatus in which the material is recirculated between a single fluid applying zone and a single comminuting zone.
134 and 152.1+, and the notes thereto for apparatus embodying plural comminuting zones without the fluid applying feature.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
99, Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, 520 for similar plural grain hulling zones.

This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Apparatus provided with a plurality of distinct comminuting zones.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
39 for plural fluid comminutors.
42 for apparatus provided with a plurality of distinct comminuting zones and in which fluid is applied to the same material at a plurality of spaced points.
52 and 61, for apparatus provided with fluid applying means in which the material is recirculated to the same comminuting zone.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
99, Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, 520 for similar plural grain hulling zones.

This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Apparatus in which the material flows in parallel paths through the plural comminuting zones.
(1) Note. The fluid may be applied to the material before it has separated into parallel flow paths, while it is flowing in separate paths, or after the paths have been joined.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
134 for parallel flow plural comminutors.

This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Apparatus in which the fluid is applied in the form of a generally horizontal current which flows successively past the plural comminuting zones.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
54 for devices employing a horizontal gas current through a rotary comminuting drum, which provides only a single comminuting zone.

Liquid submerged comminuting zone:
This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Apparatus provided with means for maintaining the comminuting zone wholly or partially submerged in a liquid.
(1) Note. The comminuting zone of this subclass may contain standing liquid or may direct passage of liquid.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
39 for apparatus intended to comminute material supported in moving fluid.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:
99, Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, 516 for means to apply fluid to treat food.

Combined with dishwasher:
This subclass is indented under subclass 46.01. Apparatus in combination with means to remove foreign material from a vessel intended to contain food.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:
101.2 for a comminutor combined