This class provides for (1) a mixture of materials intended
to catalyze a reaction or to sorb a component of a fluid or (2)
certain single materials specifically structured to catalyze a reaction
or sorb a component.
In this class, many subclasses are based on the groupings
of elements in the periodic chart. Below are listed elements in
the group as used in the class.
Group I metals: Lithium(Li), Sodium(Na), Potassium(K), Rubidium(Rb),
Cesium(Ca), Francium(Fr), Copper(Cu), Silver(Ag), and Gold(Au)
Group II metals: Beryllium(Be), Magnesium(Mg), Calcium(Ca),
Strontium(Sr), Barium(Ba), Radium(Ra), Zinc(Zn), Cadmium(Cd), and
Mercury(Hg)
Group III: Scandium(Sc), Ttrium(Y), Aluminum(Al), Gallium(Ga),
Indium(In), and Thallium(Tl)*
Group IV: Titanium(Ti), Zirconium(Zr), Hafnium(Hf), Germanium(Ge),
Tin(Sn), and Lead(Pd)
Group V metals: Vanadium(V), Niobium(Nb), Tantalum(Ta), Arsenic(As),
Antimony(Sb), and Bismuth(Bi)
Group VI metals: Chromium(Cr), Molybdenum(Mo), Wolfram(W),
Tungsten(T), and Polonium(Po)
Group VII metals: Manganese(Mn), Technetium(To), and Rhenium(Re)
Group VIII: Iron group metals, Iron(Fe), Cobalt(Co), Nickel(Ni),
and the platinum group metals, Ruthenium(Ru), Rhodium(Rh), Palladium(Pd),
Osmium(Os), Iridium(In), and Platinum(Pt)
Lanthanides: Elements with atomic numbers 57-71 inclusive,
Lanthanum(La), Cerium(Ce), Praseodymium(Pr), Neodymium(Nd), Promethium(Pm),
Samarium(Sm), Europium(Eu), Gadolinium(Gd), Terbium(Tb), Dysprosium(Dy),
Holmium(Ho), Erbium(Er), Thulium(Th), Ytterbium(Yb), and Lutetium(Lu)
Alkaline earth metals: Calcium(Ca), Strontium(Sr), Barium(Ba),
and Radium(Ra)
Alkali metals: Lithium(Li), Sodium(Na), Potassium(K), Rubidium(Rb),
Cesium(Cs), and Francium(Fr)
Actinides: Elements with atomic numbers 89 and above inclusive,
Actinium(Ac), Thorium(Th), Protactinium(Pa), Uranium(U), Neptunium(Np),
Plutonium(Pu), Americium(Am), Curium(Cm), Berkelium(Bk), Californium(Cf),
Einsteinium(Es), Fermium(Fm), Mendelevium(Md), Nobelium(No), Lawrencium(Lr)*
Halogens: Fluorine(F), Chlorine(Cl), Bromine(Br) Iodine(I),
and Astatine(At)
Lithium(Li), Sodium(Na), Potassium(K), Rubidium(Rb), Cesium(Cs),
and Francium(Fr)
Rare earth: Scandium(Sc), Yttrium(Y), and Lanthanide group
* La is grouped with the Lanthanides and Ac with
the Actinides.
SECTION II - NOTES TO THE CLASS DEFINITION
(1)
Note. Except as indicated in the title and definition, the
subclasses in this class provide for both a product and a process
of making the product.
SECTION III - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
Lines Within This Class
In this schedule some subclasses, namely 6, 8+, 104+ and
151 provide for methods only and a claim to a product must be classified
in another subclass, while other subclasses, e.g., 11+,
20+, and 418+ although developed on a process
theme, provide also for the products of the process. Except for
those situations in which a subclass for a specific process is provided,
a method of making a composition of this class is classified with
the composition, per se.
Lines With Other Classes
(1) Classes directed to element or compound
Superiority is dependent on comprehensiveness. A patent claiming
a new compound and a composition of this class including such compound
is placed here as an original and cross referenced to the compound
class. A patent claiming a new compound or process of making it,
and a composition of this class which is used in making the compound
is placed in the compound class as an original and cross-referenced
here.
(2) Chemical Composition Placement
The rules for determining Class placement of the Original
Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in
the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER
CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY,
which includes a hierarchical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.
References to Other Classes, below, are directed to the following:
Classes Providing for Related Matter; or Classes Which May Have
Catalytic or Sorbent Functions.
Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical
Modification of Textiles and Fibers, for a process of dyeing, bleaching or cleaning a textile
which may utilize a catalyst or sorbent. (Class Providing for Related
Matter.)
Fuel and Related Compositions, for a composition designed to initiate or sustain
a flame and which may include a catalyst or sorbent. (Class Providing
for Related Matter.)
Gas Separation: Processes,
subclasses 90+ for processes of gas separation using solid sorbents.
Class 95 will take the combination of gas separation using a solid
sorbent and regenerating the solid sorbent. (Class Providing for Related
Matter.)
Gas Separation: Apparatus,
subclasses 108+ for solid sorbent apparatus for gas separation. Class
502 will take zeolite or other solid sorbent compositions having
details of the physical characteristics of the composition itself (e.g.,
porosity, particle size, etc.). Class 502 will also take zeolite
or other solid sorbent compositions that are layered, laminated,
or otherwise affixed to another zeolite or other solid sorbent composition
or to a support material. Class 96 takes apparatus having (a) an inlet
for the fluid mixture to be treated, (b) a means effective to cause
separation into constituent parts, and (c) an outlet for at least
one constituent separate and distinct from an outlet for another
constituent or a single outlet used at different times to remove
the separated constituents. The means causing separation into constituent
parts confines the zeolite or other solid sorbent composition inside
an enclosure that contains the fluid mixture being separated. Class
96 also takes filter elements having zeolite or other solid sorbent
compositions held in an open structure or rim that encases, holds,
or borders the zeolite or other solid sorbent composition or held
on a skeletal structure. (Class Providing for Related Matter.)
Animal Husbandry, particularly
subclasses 171+ for material used for absorbing moisture from an
animal waste product, i.e., excrement or urine. (Class Providing
for Related Matter.)
Explosive and Thermic Compositions or Charges, for a composition of that class which may include
a catalyst or sorbent. (Class Providing for Related Matter.)
Distillation: Processes Thermolytic, for a process producing char or a carbon residue
which may have catalytic or sorbent properties. (Class Providing
for Related Matter.)
Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, for an electrode of that class which may be catalytic or
a process of treating an electrolyte of that class which may include
sorbing. (Class Providing for Related Matter.)
Special Receptacles or Package,
subclass 0.7 and 204 for a container of that class including
a sorbent. (Class Which May Have Catalytic or Sorbent Functions.)
Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, for a process which may employ a catalyst or sorbent
in treating petroleum. (Class Providing for Related Matter.)
Liquid Purification or Separation, for a process which may utilize a catalyst or sorbent
in treating water or liquids in general. (Class Providing for Related
Matter.)
Compositions, for a composition of general or of some specific
utilities and the relative position of this class (502) with the
various uses and functions provided for in that class. (Class Providing
for Related Matter.)
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, (or the 520 and 530-570 series of classes incorporated therein)
for either an organic compound which may be used as a catalyst or
sorbent or a process using a catalyst or sorbent in making or purifying
an organic compound. (Class Providing for Related Matter.)
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing, particularly
subclass 30 , 69+, 88+, 122, 177+,
190+, 211+, and 312 for a process using, or apparatus including,
a catalyst or sorbent. (Class Which May Have Catalytic or Sorbent
Functions.)
Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, Digest 13 and 16 for specific techniques which may
be useful in using or regenerating a catalyst or sorbent. (Class
Which May Have Catalytic or Sorbent Functions.)
Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, for either an inorganic compound which may be used as a
catalyst or sorbent and especially
subclasses 700+ for a zeolite or a process using a catalyst to
make an inorganic compound. (Class Providing for Related Matter.)
Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Compositions,
or Product Thereof, for a light sensitive composition which may include
a catalyst. (Class Providing for Related Matter.)
Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, appropriate subclasses for chemical analysis or
testing processes involving the use of a sorbent. (Class Which May
Have Catalytic or Sorbent Functions.)
Chemistry: Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or Purification
or Recovery of Products Thereof, for a process of that class using a catalyst and see especially
subclass 701 , 707, 709, 713, to 721 and subclass 722 for a process
using a sorbent. (Class Providing for Related Matter.)
Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, for a process in which a catalyst or sorbent may
be used to produce a hydrocarbon. (Class Providing for Related Matter.)
The meaning to be given to the various "art" terms appearing
in this class, but which have not been included in the glossary
below, is the same as that generally accepted or in common usage.
However, certain terms employed in this class, which are included
below, have been assigned definitions tailored to meet the needs
of this class and therefore those may be more restricted or less
limited or even altogether different from those in common usage.
ACTIVATED
The state or condition of a material which has been treated
or acted upon to enable it to function as intended. In general a
change is effected which is discernible often only in the ability
to perform such function. For instance, activated charcoal.
ACTIVE CARBON
Sorbent form compressing carbon with either additive or
porous structure enhancing sorbability.
ANIMAL CHARCOAL
See Bone Black
BONE BLACK
Solid residue from chafing bones - @10%carbon,
80% Ca3(PO4),
used particularly in decolorizing sugar solutions.
CATALYST
An agent which affects or effects a chemical reaction
by its presence in the reaction mass (other than by dissolving or
dispersing the reactants) generally being recoverable from the products
as if it did not enter into the reaction and merely provided the
impetus for reaction of other materials. While it was originally
thought that a catalyst did not enter the reaction and instead provided sites
at which the reactants, per se, interacted, it is understood now
that at least some transitory intermediates may involve the catalyst.
The catalyst, however does not contribute substance to the desired
final product even though it may remain inseparable from such product.
CATALYZE
Affecting, effecting, promoting, or initiating a reaction by
being present-generally by presenting a contact surface and usually
recoverable from the product in essentially unchanged form and operating
other than by merely acting as a solvent. The strict classical concept of
a catalyst is not rigidly adhered to now and the catalyst may disappear,
change or be included as an incidental moiety in the final product.
A catalyst may inhibit one reaction while promoting or allowing
another reaction but an agent strictly preventing or retarding a
reaction is a preservative for Class 252 Compositions, subclasses
380+. Examples of these retardants or inhibitors are anti-oxidant
and anti-knock compositions. An agent that encourages a reaction
by dispersing the reactants such as a more effective solvent is
not a catalyst. A catalyst may be gaseous, liquid or solid.
CHAR
Carbonaceous reside from pyrolysis of organic material generally
of a hard burned pitch appearance.
CLAY
A naturally occurring hydrated aluminum silicate originally
derived from the earth, having physical properties due at least
in part to the size and distribution of colloidal particles, and
properties including plasticity. Thirty or more percent of the particles
are under 0.002 mm in diameter.
(1)
Note. The use of the term clay in a document is considered
to meet the above definition.
(3)
Note. Some earthy silicon compounds that are not clay
or zeolite include Asbestos, Diaspore, Diatomaceous earth, Diatomite, Feldspar,
Guhr, Kieselgahr, Mica, Quartz, Sand, and Silica.
METAL
An element that is not designated a nonmetal as listed infra.
Nonmetals are H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, Halogens (F, Cl,
Br, I, At,) and noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn). The various
types or groups of metals are as set out at the beginning of the
schedule.
ORGANIC
A compound in which carbon is bonded to (1) a second carbon;
(2) at least one atom of hydrogen or halogen; or (3) nitrogen by
a single or double bond; except cyanic and (HOCN) cyanogen (NCCN),
cyanamide (H2NCN), cyanogen halide (HalCN),
hydrocyanic acid (HCN) isocyanic acid (HNCO) fulminic acid (HCNO)
and metal carbides (MeCCMe). See class definition of Class 260.
SORB
The attracting and holding of a constituent of a contacting
fluid, on the surface, within pores, or throughout its mass by a
material of solid character. The sorbing is often selective, preferentially
attracting a component and not attracting another but it may apply
to a complete fluid. The sorbent may comprise a solid impregnated with
a normally liquid material in which the mixture has a solid property
but does not encompass a solution of a solid in a liquid.
SPECIFICALLY STRUCTURED
Having shape or size designed or calculated to increase the
catalysis or sorbency of a material, generally by presenting a greater
surface area per unit volume or a pore size of critical dimensions.
Examples of specifically structured single materials are Raney nickel
and activated carbon. Since porosity and specific pore size are inherent
in zeolites, critical dimensions of the pores of a Zeolite alone
are not considered to constitute specific structure.
ZEOLITE
A hydrous alumino silicate characterized by a three dimensional
framework of Si04 and Al04 tetrahedra, cross-linked
by the sharing of oxygen atoms being chemically balanced by a cation,
usually sodium or calcium and of crystalline structure such that
openings or pores allow access to a relatively large absorption
area inside the crystal. The cation may be ion exchanged for other
metal ions, ammonia, an amine or hydrogen. Zeolites may be activated
for sorption by driving off the water of hydration.
(1)
Note. Terms Recognized as being Zeolite include Analcite,
Cancrinite, Chabazite, Clinotilolite, Cordierite, Edingtonite, Erionite,
Faujasite, Ferrierite, Gmelinite, Heulandite, Laumontite, Levynite,
Mesolite, Mordenite, Natrolite, Offretite, Paulingite, Phillipsite,
Ptilolite, Scolecite, Thomsonite, ZSM, and ZK.
(2)
Note. See the list in (3) Note of the definition of Clay,
supra, for some silicon compounds not treated as clays or zeolites
in this class (502).
HAVING FOREIGN OR DIVERSE FUNCTION (E.G., PREVENT CORROSION, ETC.):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Composition having utility in addition to catalysis or sorbency.
(1)
Note. The diverse function may comprehend myriad uses, e.g.,
impart color, etc., but a claimed function provided for in Class
252, Compositions in the schedule higher than subclass 478 is superior
and will govern classification.
(2)
Note. Some wick compositions may be classified here on the
basis of a heat conductivity in addition to sorbency, but the bulk
of wick compositions are classified in subclasses 400+.
(3)
Note. A composition intended to function as an ignitor by
catalytic and incandescing action is proper for this subclass.
Compositions,
subclass 1 for a generically claimed composition having several
disclosed uses and the appropriate subclass for a composition having
a claimed utility provided for in that class schedule down to subclass 194,
inclusive. The rules for determining Class placement of the Original Reference
(OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in the Class Definition
of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN
THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY, which includes
a hierarchical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Composition having a shape or dimension serving a purpose
other than as a carrier for or to enhance the surface contact area
of catalytic or sorbent material.
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for a nominally claimed (a) self
cleaning oven wall or (b) exhaust muffler with catalytic activity.
(2)
Note. The foreign or diverse function is usually provided
by the physical form of the composition in this subclass, while the
other function in subclass 1 is usually due to the chemical nature
of the composition.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Composition intended to function in the liquid phase, and
which at standard temperature and pressure would be solid.
(1)
Note. To be classified here, a patent must include a claim
reciting the liquid phase, or molten feature.
(2)
Note. A sorbent which would normally be solid at room temperature
but is claimed as a liquid or melt is classifiable here.
Liquid Purification or Separation,
subclass 500.21 for a membrane for treating liquids, in general,
and water, in particular, by selective diffusion therethrough of
components of the liquid.
IRRADIATION BY, OR APPLICATION OF, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC
OR WAVE ENERGY:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Process of preparing or perfecting a composition under the
... by subjecting it to a flow or current of electrons, a sonic,
magnetic, or electromotive field, or bombardment by sub atomic particles
or radiant energy (e.g., ion implantation, ultra sonic vibration,
actinic light, X-rays, etc.).
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes involving a process control which is responsive
to a sensed condition, (e.g., temperature, pressure, etc.).
(1)
Note. A process of regenerating a composition of this class
with automatic control of temperature is classifiable here.
BIOSPECIFIC MATERIAL, OR PRODUCED BY ENZYME OR MICROORGANISM:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Composition peculiarly adapted to affect or bind a unique
or very narrow spectrum of biological material, or produced by a
living plant or animal of a size normally visible only through a
microscope.
(1)
Note. Microorganism includes bacterium, yeast, fungus, virus
and unicellular alga.
(2)
Note. A composition in which a catalytic function is supplied
only by an enzyme is classifiable in Class 435, Chemistry: Molecular
Biology and Microbiology.
Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, appropriate subclasses especially 183+, for an
enzyme (also known as a biological catalyst), per se, or a process
using an enzyme, and see the definition of that class (435) for
lines with other classes involving enzymes, and
subclass 815 for a cross-reference art collection for a process
of separating enzymes.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Method in which catalytic, sorbent, or carrier material
is shaped as an orb or ball, or such material so shaped, is processed
to perfect it for a utility of this class.
(1)
Note. The material may be a catalyst precursor or a carrier,
per se, claimed or disclosed solely for use in a composition of this
class.
(2)
Note. This and the indented subclass provide for process only,
and a claim to a sphere of a composition of this class must be classified
in this schedule on some other basis, generally being crossed down
to the appropriate class providing for the composition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Process in which a previously made sphere is subjected to
the action of an agent which perfects it for use as a catalyst or
sorbent.
INCLUDING ION EXCHANGING, EXCEPT ZEOLITES OR
PRODUCT THEREOF:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Process in which a dissociably charged chemical moiety is
released by the composition and a different charged moiety of the
same polarity is captured, effecting a reversible chemical replacement
reaction.
(1)
Note. While an ion exchange process for a zeolite for this
class is not classifiable here, such a process involving a clay
is classifiable here.
This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Process, , of treating a composition which has been in use,
to restore it to a state of intended function.
Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, for processes of converting or refining mineral
oils which also includes the steps of reactivating the catalyst
or adsorbent used in the process.
REGENERATING OR REHABILITATING CATALYST OR SORBENT:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Process of treating a composition , which has been in use,
to restore it to a state of intended function by (a) removing accumulated extraneous
material, (b) replacing a lost essential or perfecting component,
(c) rearranging disturbed elements into a former functionally useful
configuration, or (d) subjecting spent material to a force or environment
serving to make it again active for its intended function.
(1)
Note. A steam treatment which is claimed to activate spent
carbon sorbent is provided for in this or an indented subclass even
though there is no disclosure of removal of contaminant or addition
of material.
(2)
Note. Combinations of regeneration or reactivation of an adsorbent
and the recovery of the adsorbed material are classified on the
basis of the material recovered.
Mineral oils: Processes and Products, for processes of converting or refining mineral
oils which also includes the steps of reactivating the catalyst
or adsorbent used in the process.
This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Process wherein components of the catalyst or sorbent are
separated on the basis of specific gravity, density, size, shape,
or other property of differing discrete small bodies of the composition.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes abrasion with segregation of
the catalyst or sorbent from abraded particles. It also includes
segregation of catalyst and foreign particles such as dust.
(2)
Note. Flotation separation is an example of a process classifiable
here.
This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Process in which the catalyst or sorbent is contacted with
a liquid or wherein treatment is effected in a liquid medium.
(1)
Note. In a liquid medium includes either dissolved or suspended
catalyst or sorbents.
(2)
Note. The treating reagent is itself a liquid, is dissolved
or suspended in a liquid or is added to a catalyst or sorbent which is
dissolved or suspended in a liquid carrier, or is itself a liquid,
including molten.
This subclass is indented under subclass 22. Process in which the catalyst or sorbent is subjected to
dissolved oxygen under pressure and heat, below the critical temperature,
such that autogenic oxidation is effected.
(1)
Note. Generally undesired extraneous carbonaceous material
is converted to water and carbon oxides.
(2)
Note. The process is also known by several terms such as "flameless
combustion", "submerged combustion",
etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 22. Process in which an essential component of the composition
is (1) dissolved in a solvent or by reaction, or (2) caused to come
out of solution in a solid phase, permitting separation from reaction
products and/or extraneous material or providing such component
in an effective form.
(1)
Note. The subject matter of this subclass requires an intentional
dissolution of a component of the composition and does not include
incidental etching of an active material during an acid treating
to clean the metal surface.
(2)
Note. A process in which additional active material may be
added by precipitation is not proper for this subclass. The material
precipitated must have been present in the original catalyst composition,
though possibly in a different form.
This subclass is indented under subclass 22. Process in which the material utilized is capable of supplying
a nonprotonic positive ion.
(1)
Note. The treating material of the subclass generally gives
a basic or neutral pH, but may include soaps (salts of carboxylic
acids) and acid salts (e.g., NaHSO4, CaHPO4).
(2)
Note. The use of a base to neutralize a previous acid treatment
is provided for in this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 25. Process in which the alkaline material or salt comprises
NH3 or a derivative thereof e.g., amine, amide,
or quaternary ammonium salt.
This subclass is indented under subclass 22. Process in which the treating agent is a liquid carbon compound
as set out in the term organic in the glossary.
(1)
Note. The bulk of the disclosures in this subclass are directed
to solvent washing or extracting.
This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Process in which the treating material is a readily diffusive
fluid, tending to expand indefinitely and with molecules in free
movement.
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for the use of normally liquid
material which becomes gaseous under the prevailing conditions (e.g.,
temperature above its boiling point).
This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Process in which the treating material includes a nonmetallic
element of GP. VII, free or in a compound, in gaseous form or as
a liquid vaporizable upon contacting the spent material being regenerated.
Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, for a catalytic or sorbent process of that class which
may include regeneration of the catalyst or sorbent and see especially
subclass 140 .
This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Process in which uncombined element number 8 is introduced
with or after the halogen material, or a halogen compound including
element number 8 is a treating agent.
This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Process in which a second material or energy of value, apart
from the catalyst or sorbent composition is obtained.
(1)
Note. The by-product forming does not include recovering or
separating of a reaction product or a sorbed component resulting
from the process in which the composition of this class became spent. See
(2) Note of subclass 20. The by-product includes e.g., collected
carbon oxide gas from combustion of carbonaceous material fouling
a catalyst or heat of oxidation used to provide a source of power.
The use of heat generated in a process of rehabilitation to preheat
the treating agent, sorbent, or catalyst is not considered to be
forming a by-product.
This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Process in which a transfer of heat is effected by intimately
contacting the spent material and/or treating gas with
extraneous material having a higher temperature.
(1)
Note. Extraneous solid material includes recycled regenerated
material which may be mixed with incoming spent material to cool
such regenerated material and preheat the spent material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Process wherein particles of material are contacted by a
column of gas rising at a velocity which supports them in a state
of turbulence.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41. Process in which is recited a positive step or condition
serving to ensure that any carbon monoxide produced is further reacted
to form carbon dioxide before leaving the site of the regeneration
process.
(1)
Note. A process which is claimed to meet legally acceptable
emission standards for carbon monoxide is classifiable here.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41. Process including two or more sequential steps of energetic
oxidation.
(1)
Note. The serial combustion stages may occur in the same or
different reaction zones by, in the first case, utilizing distinctly
differing combustion conditions or, in the second case, causing
a continuous flow of material through different reaction zones.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41. Process employing a heat exchanger to change the temperature
of the sorbent or catalyst before or during contact with the treating
gas.
(1)
Note. Heating of the treating gas, autogenous heating and
directly contacting the material with a heating or cooling medium
do not satisfy the requirement of indirectly heating the spent material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Process in which the spent material is contacted by the
gas while progressing or being carried as a relatively compact mass.
(1)
Note. The moving bed may be supported on a belt or be a continuous
flow of material through a zone and includes a rising column of
material supported by sequentially added catalyst or sorbent. Additionally
rotary motion is included, as in a rotary kiln or screw conveyor.
(2)
Note. Disclosures for this subclass will either be silent
as to relative movement of gas and spent material or indicate all such
relative movement to be equivalent. Specified relative movement
between gas and material is provided for in an indented subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 45. Process in which the treating fluid and the catalyst or
sorbent move along the same path and in the same direction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 45. Process in which the treating fluid travel is normal (at
a right angle) to the direction of catalyst or sorbent feed.
(1)
Note. The gas may contact the material from above, below or
a side.
This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Process including a second treatment of the spent material
with an oxidizing agent differing in either location or reaction
condition.
(1)
Note. Recitation of two or more stages differing in temperature,
pressure, or oxygen content is considered to indicate plural distinct
stages.
This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Process in which, subsequent to the gaseous oxidation, the
spent material is subjected to reaction with a nonoxidizing gas.
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