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CLASS 455,	TELECOMMUNICATIONS
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

This is the generic class for modulated carrier wave communications not elsewhere classifiable.

Some art areas excluded from this class are: Alternating or pulsating current telegraphy; Antennas; Broadcast or multiplex stereo; Condition responsive indicating systems with a radio coupling link; Directive carrier wave systems; Multiplex carrier wave communications; Paging via modulated carrier wave; Pulse or digital communications which may be modulated onto a carrier wave; Reflected carrier wave systems (e.g., radar); Selective (e.g., remote control); Telemarketing; Television; Facsimile. (See References to Other Classes, below, for class references.)

SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

The combination of the subject matter of this class (455) and other art environment is generally classified with the other art environment where that environment is significant by virtue of the claimed relationship. For example: Directive systems; Geophysical systems; Radar systems; Radio remote control systems; Telegraph systems; Telemetering systems; Television systems; Facsimile systems (See References to Other Classes, below.)

Subcombinations specific to a modulated carrier wave communication system are classified herein unless classified elsewhere. For example: Demodulation and detector, oscillators, per se, Modulators, per se, and tuners, per se, are classified elsewhere. (See References to Other Classes, below.)

ORGANIZATION OF THIS CLASS

Subclasses 1-355 of this class (455) are limited to radio wave communication systems in which the carrier wave is modulated by a continuous (analog) signals. These subclasses exclude:

(A) Remote control of an external device which is classified in Class 340, subclasses 825-825.98.

(B) Multiplexing of signals which represent intelligence; see Class 370.

(C) Pulse or digital signals which represent intelligence; see Class 359, subclasses 109-195; and Class 375.

The above subclasses may include pulse signals which are used to control a transmitter or receiver; however, where the information content is represented by a pulse or digital signal, classification is in Class 375. Subclass 899 of this class (455) is miscellaneous analog or pulse modulation carrier wave communication not elsewhere classified, for example, modulated protons, muons, or neutrino particles utilized for communication of information.

SECTION III - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

SECTION IV - GLOSSARY

MODULATED CARRIER WAVE

A wave resulting when the necessary characteristics of an intelligence or information signal are impressed on a carrier wave.

RADIOTELEPHONE SYSTEM

A system for establishing a voice communication link between a base and a mobile transceiver via a wireless carrier wave channel that is allocated for use during a communication link, and wherein the mobile transceiver has a specific assigned call address number.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

All types of communications systems in which electric or electromagnetic signals are used to transmit modulated carrier wave information between points. The transmission media is via radio wave generally of a frequency above human speech, yet at a frequency lower than infrared frequencies. Radiotelephonic communication via wireless link is included in this class.

SUBCLASSES

1	INTERFERENCE SIGNAL TRANSMISSION (E.G., JAMMING):
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Subject matter including means to transmit an interference signal to interfere with a selected signal so as to prevent the intelligible reception of the selected signal. (1) Note. The combination of an interference transmitter with a receiver to select the frequency of the incoming signal it is desired to jam or block, and control means to tune the transmitter to said frequency, is classified in this subclass when the receiver serves solely to determine the frequency of the incoming signal and to control the transmitter. If the receiver portion of the combination is complete (reproduces the intelligence received) the combination is a transceiver and is classified in this class (455), subclasses 73+. (2) Note. Antijamming devices or methods are not classified here, but are found in subclasses 296+. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 343,  Communications: Radio Wave Antennas,   subclass 18 for jamming or radar transmissions. 380,  Cryptography,   subclasses 252 through 254for concealment of information by masking of an information bearing signal.

2.01	AUDIENCE SURVEY OR PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION USE ACCOUNTING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Subject matter including means for indicating, metering, or recording the number of receivers using a radio program, the length of time that a radio program is being used, which of several radio programs is being used, or which radio programs have been broadcast. (1) Note. This subclass is provided for generic devices of this type. Use survey and accounting systems which are designed for a specific type of signal such as television are not classified here but in the class appropriate thereto. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 3.01+, for wireless program distribution systems. 26.1, for systems to prevent unauthorized use of a signal. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 380,  Cryptography,   appropriate subclasses for a cryptographic system to prevent unauthorized use of a signal. 725,  Interactive Video Distribution Systems,   subclasses 1 through 8for billing in a video distribution system and subclasses 9-24 for surveying of receiver use, commercial or program airing verification, and awarding coupon, token, or credit, respectively.

3.01	WIRELESS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Subject matter including an organized arrangement of transmission links for connecting a plurality of discrete subscribers to a source of information signals. (1) Note. This subclass and its indents are intended to collect devices, such as community antennas (inclusive of wireless local loop or WLL) and national or global networks. (2) Note. Distribution systems including WLL which emphasize a specific type of signal such as television or digital are not classified here but rather in the appropriate class thereto. (3) Note. Police, fire, and other radiotelephone systems which may include some elements of a distribution system are classified elsewhere. See the search notes below. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 3.05, for two-way wireless local loop. 132, for plural receivers. 149, for a plural output receiver. 272, for plural separate wave collectors combined with a receiver. 500 through 528 and 59-72, for plural transmitters or receivers at separated stations (e.g., police, fire, and other radiotelephone systems which may include some elements of a distribution system). SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 307,  Electrical Transmission or Interconnection Systems,   subclasses 11 through 87for like systems without limitation of radiant energy path or analog carrier wave. 315,  Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems,   subclasses 39 and 39.3 for like systems with discharge devices. 327,  Miscellaneous Active Electrical Nonlinear Devices, Circuits, and Systems,   subclasses 365 through 508for miscellaneous gating systems. 333,  Wave Transmission Lines and Networks,   subclasses 1 through 137for plural channel systems. 340,  Communications: Electrical,   subclasses 825 through 825.98for selective systems with distribution characteristics. 343,  Communications: Radio Wave Antennas,   subclasses 850 through 865for an antenna, per se, with coupling network. 375,  Pulse or Digital Communications,   appropriate subclasses for distribution systems designed for a specific type of digital signal. 725,  Interactive Video Distribution Systems,   for appropriate subclasses.

3.02	Receiver for satellite broadcast:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 3.01.  Subject matter including an antenna for receiving satellite transmissions.

3.03	Remote control of distribution:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 3.01.  Subject matter wherein some functions of a modulated carrier wave source or receiver are supervised or controlled from a remote site. (1) Note. Because of a search note in subclass 3.05, only disclosures of more than mere control in the second directions should be cross referenced thereto. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 8, for repeater system with failure compensation. 26.1, for unauthorized use prevention systems. 31.1 through 38.5, for systems with additional selectively responsive means. 68 through 72, for control of communication system. 88, for transceiver controlling a separate transceiver or receiver. 92, for remote control of a transmitter. 132, for plural receivers of which one controls another. 352 through 355, for remote control of a receiver. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 340,  Communications: Electrical,   subclasses 825.69 and 825.72 for remote control over a radio link. 380,  Cryptography,   appropriate subclasses for a cryptographic system to prevent unauthorized use of a signal.

3.04	With subscriber selection or switching:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 3.03.  Subject matter including means for a subscriber to selectively receive desired information signals. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 340,  Communications: Electrical,   subclasses 825 through 825.98for generic selective systems.

3.05	Two-way:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 3.01.  Subject matter including means for establishing communication in both directions. (1) Note. Wherein the second communication is the notation or reporting of the program watched or listened to, classification is in audience survey and use accounting. (2) Note. Wherein any communication in a system is in pulse form, such system is classified elsewhere. See the search notes below. (3) Note. Wherein any communication in a system is in the form of light waves, such system is classified elsewhere. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 2.01, for audience survey and use accounting. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 340,  Communications: Electrical,   subclasses 310.11 through 310.18and 538 through 539.17 for carrier current or other combined systems without the limitations of this class. 359,  Optical: Systems and Elements,   subclasses 109 through 195for an information signal transmitted between an optical transmitter and optical receiver by means of variation in a characteristic of light waves. 375,  Pulse or Digital Communications,   for communication in a system in pulse form.

3.06	Combined with diverse art device (e.g., audio/sound or entertainment system):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 3.01.  Subject matter wherein the distribution system is combined with another art device. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 340,  Communications: Electrical,   subclass 825.24 for selective program control of audio system and subclass 825.25 for selective control of audio system by pulse signal. 381,  Electrical Audio Signal Processing Systems and Devices,   subclasses 2 through 18for stereo broadcasting and subclasses 77-85 for one-way audio signal program distribution.

7	CARRIER WAVE REPEATER OR REPLAY SYSTEM (I.E., RETRANSMISSION OF SAME INFORMATION):
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Subject matter comprising means whereby a radiant energy signal wave is received and reradiated at the same or different carrier frequency and usually at a higher energy level and/or in a desired direction. (1) Note. Where the transmitted signal has a different characteristic than the received signal or involves the addition or subtraction of information classification is not in this subclass, but in Class 343 (see notes under subclass 6.5 in the class definition of Class 343). However, if the transmitted signal is on a different carrier frequency from the received signal merely to avoid interference classification is in this subclass. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 178,  Telegraphy,   subclasses 70+ for repeaters specific to telegraphy. 330,  Amplifiers,   for amplifiers systems in general, particularly subclass 10 for modulator-demodulator type amplifiers for amplifying direct current or slowly varying alternating current signals. 332,  Modulators,   particularly subclasses 183+ for modulation converters for converting one modulated wave to a differently modulated wave (e.g., pulse modulation to frequency modulation or frequency modulation to amplitude modulation); subclass 108 for plural stage modulation systems wherein each stage is of the same or diverse type of modulation, the last stage being of the pulse modulation type; subclasses 119+ or 145, for plural stage modulation systems wherein the last stage is of the phase or frequency modulation type; and subclasses 151+ for plural stage modulation systems wherein the last stage is of the amplitude modulation type. 333,  Wave Transmission Lines and Networks,   subclass 117 for hybrid-type networks. 340,  Communications: Electrical,   subclass 291 for signal box repeaters which repeat, for example, signals received at a central station to a plurality of fire houses. 343,  Communications: Radio Wave Antennas,   subclasses 5+ for systems and apparatus which include a receiver-transmitter station designed for control by a wave transmitted from a first transmission station and designed to transmit a signal which is different from the received signal, i.e., adds additional information, the system including means to receive the signal transmitted by the receiver transmitter station. Where the signal which is transmitted by the receiver-transmitter is of the same character as the received signal, even though a time-delay is interposed between the time of reception and the time of transmission, the patent is classified in this subclass. 370,  Multiplex Communications,   subclasses 274 , 279, 293, 315+, and 492+ for repeaters using multiplex frequency channels.

8	Failure compensation (e.g., spare channel):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 7.  Subject matter including apparatus for compensating for failure in operation of a repeater station.

9	Monitoring:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 7.  Subject matter including means for measuring or testing the operating condition at a repeater station.

10	Fading compensation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 9.  Subject matter where the measured quantity is the strength of the received signal and variations in said received signal strength are compensated for.

11.1	Portable or mobile repeater:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 7.  Subject matter wherein a receiving or transmitting station is not permanently mounted in one location, but is either carried by a person or associated with a movable object, such as a vehicle (i.e., mobile repeater station).

12.1	Space satellite:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 11.1.  Subject matter wherein the repeater or relay is associated with an artificial satellite orbiting the earth. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 342,  Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation),   subclasses 352+ which include a satellite. 343,  Communications: Radio Wave Antennas,   digest 2 for satellite mounted antenna. 370,  Multiplex Communications,   subclasses 316+ for a space satellite repeater using communication techniques.

13.1	With plural repeater or relay systems:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 12.1.  Subject matter having more than one modulated carrier wave and having a repeater or a relay for each modulated carrier wave. (1) Note. The subject matter of this subclass is limited to plural single channel repeaters; whenever plural independent messages are simultaneously transmitted, classification is elsewhere. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 370,  Multiplex Communications,   for plural independent messages are simultaneously transmitted,

13.2	Synchronizing of satellites or system:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 12.1.  Subject matter wherein stations in a system are regulated such that each transmits a carrier wave of the same frequency and phase as those carriers transmitted by the other stations. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 370,  Multiplex Communications,   subclass 324 for time division multiple access synchronization of space satellites. 375,  Pulse or Digital Communications,   subclasses 354+ for digital network synchronization.

13.3	With antennas feed network or multiple antennas switching:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 12.1.  Subject matter wherein the space satellite has more than one antenna or has a regulation means to control the selection of an antenna. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 343,  Communications: Radio Wave Antennas,   subclasses 705+ for antennas with aircraft.

13.4	Power control:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 12.1.  Subject matter including means to regulate the output power in the satellite system.

14	With transmission line:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 7.  Subject matter where the repeater or relay is inserted in a waveguide or other type of transmission line.

15	Two separate way transmission:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 7.  Subject matter where the relay or repeater operates in at least two directions. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 178,  Telegraphy,   subclasses 71.1+ for automatic two-way repeaters specific to telegraphy. 370,  Multiplex Communications,   subclasses 276+ for duplex communications.

16	Simultaneous using plural repeaters at each location:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 15.  Subject matter where the repeater operates in at least two directions at the same time by means of a plurality of repeaters at the same location.

17	Plural modulated carriers:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 7.  Subject matter wherein there is more than one modulated carrier wave being repeated or relayed at the same time. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 370,  Multiplex Communications,   subclasses 204+ for plural diverse modulation techniques.

18	With delay or recording:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 7.  Subject matter including a device to time delay or make a permanent record of the modulated carrier wave. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 327,  Miscellaneous Active Electrical Nonlinear Devices, Circuits, and Systems,   subclasses 261+ for miscellaneous output waveform production delay. 333,  Wave Transmission Lines and Networks,   subclasses 138 through 164for passive delay networks.

19	Common antenna:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 7.  Subject matter where the modulated carrier wave is received and transmitted on the same antenna.

20	With frequency conversion:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 7.  Subject matter including apparatus to change the frequency of the modulated carrier wave. (1) Note. For classification in this subclass it is not necessary that the carrier frequency of the transmitted signal be different from the carrier frequency of the received signal. For example, the frequency of the received carrier wave may be converted to a lower frequency for purposes of amplification and then be reconverted to the original frequency for transmission. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 327,  Miscellaneous Active Electrical Nonlinear Devices, Circuits, and Systems,   subclasses 113+ for miscellaneous frequency control or conversion. 331,  Oscillators,   subclasses 37+ for means to produce a beat frequency by combining the output of two or more oscillators. 332,  Modulators,   appropriate subclasses for frequency conversion modulation systems, per se.

21	With demodulator:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 20.  Subject matter including apparatus for removing the intelligence from the received signal. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 329,  Demodulators,   for demodulators, per se. 330,  Amplifiers,   subclass 10 for direct current or low frequency alternating current amplifiers of the modulator-demodulator type.

22	Plural conversion stages:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 20.  Subject matter including more than one successive conversion stage. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 332,  Modulators,   especially subclasses 108, 119+, 145, and 151+ for plural modulation stage modulators.

23	Frequency or phase modulation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 7.  Subject matter where the carrier wave is modulated by varying its frequency or phase in accordance with the information signal. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 329,  Demodulators,   subclasses 315+ for frequency demodulators and subclasses 345+ for phase demodulators. 332,  Modulators,   subclasses 183+ for modulation converters (e.g., FM. to A.M.); and subclasses 144+ and 117+ for phase or frequency modulators, per se.

24	Transmitter-receiver feedback compensation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 7.  Subject matter including apparatus to prevent unwanted feedback between the transmitter and the receiver. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 78, for a transceiver with transmitter-receiver interaction prevention. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 327,  Miscellaneous Active Electrical Nonlinear Devices, Circuits, and Systems,   subclass 593 for miscellaneous oscillation prevention. 330,  Amplifiers,   subclasses 75+ for amplifiers with feedback means including negative feedback for preventing oscillation. 370,  Multiplex Communications,   subclasses 278 and 282+ for transmit/receive interaction control in duplex communications.

25	Directive antenna:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 7.  Subject matter including an antenna which is more responsive in one direction than in another. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 343,  Communications: Radio Wave Antennas,   subclass 18 for structure for reflecting radio waves; subclasses 100+ for means for sending and/or receiving radio wave energy which is characterized by some quality that varies according to the relative direction, position and/or plane or polarization of the sender and receiver; and subclasses 700+ for antennas, per se, including directional antennas and antennas combined with reflecting and/or refracting means.

26.1	USE OR ACCESS BLOCKING (E.G., LOCKING SWITCH):
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Subject matter which blocks access to a signal source or otherwise limits usage of modulated carrier equipment. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 194,  Check-Actuated Control Mechanisms,   appropriate subclasses for a coin controlled device of general utility. 380,  Cryptography,   appropriate subclasses for signal scrambling and subclasses 252 through 254for encryption by signal masking.

39

TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER AT SEPARATE STATIONS:

This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Subject matter including at least one transmitting device which converts analog information signals (e.g., audio) into modulated carrier wave signals, a carrier wave transmission medium, and at least one receiving device whereby the information or modulating signal transmitted will be derived from the received modulated carrier wave signals. (1) Note. A system, in order to be classified in this subclass and its indents must include a means whereby the information transmitted is transmitted by means of a sinusoidal electromagnetic carrier wave. Systems wherein the intelligence to be conveyed is transmitted by dot and dash (i.e., presence or absence of a unidirectional or direct current wave) are found elsewhere. Systems wherein the intelligence conveyed is pulse or digital information are found elsewhere. Systems wherein the intelligence to be conveyed by a varying current without a carrier wave are found elsewhere. Systems which are properly classifiable, as a result of some significantly claimed art limitations, in another class will not be classified here. (2) Note. The subject matter classifiable here will generally comprise both the means for origination and modulating a carrier wave according to the information, desired to be transmitted, and a means for receiving the modulated carrier wave and deriving the desired information. However, where the claimed subject matter includes claims reciting the specific details of a transmitter or receiver or transceiver and broadly include another receiver, transceiver, or transmitter of different type by name only, the patent will be classified here and cross-reference down to the appropriate subclass below which contains the particular transmitter, transceiver, or receiver claimed. (3) Note. The systems in this and the indented subclasses comprises at least one transmitter and receiver device which devices are located at an appreciable distance one from the other. However, patents in which the claimed subject matter includes transmitter-receiver means at a single station (transceiver) are also to be found here providing sufficient structure is recited whereby the transmitter-receiver means cooperates with and influence or is influenced by a further receiver or transmitter at a distance; providing, that the claimed subject matter does not include a structure limiting the system to use of radiant energy as defined in the definition of Class 343 or to use in some other art class device. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 7+, for transmitter-receiver repeater systems. 73+, for complete stations wherein the transmitter and receiver are at the same point. 91+, for transmitter, per se. 130+, for receivers, per se. 600+, for light wave communications. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 178,  Telegraphy,   subclasses 2+ for various telegraph systems which are limited to the transmission and reception of telegraph signals; subclasses 24+ for teleprinting systems; subclasses 45+ for loaded carrier wave transmission lines; and subclass 118 for miscellaneous telegraph receivers. 244,  Aeronautics,   particularly subclasses 175+ for systems for automatically controlling aircraft by means of electrical apparatus which may utilize modulated carrier waves for control. 246,  Railway Switches and Signals,   particularly subclasses 7+ and 28+ for carrier wave systems employed in railway signalling. 307,  Electrical Transmission or Interconnection Systems,   subclass 117 for switching systems controlled by radiant energy; and subclass 129 for frequency responsive switching space discharge device or lamp systems. 315,  Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems,   subclasses 149+ for radiant energy controlled space discharge device or lamp systems. 318,  Electricity: Motive Power Systems,   subclass