While theoretically all abrading (or grinding) may be said
to involve a cutting action, the cutting instrument being a natural
one, for example, the sharp edges of randomly oriented crystals,
as opposed to the teeth of a file, milling tool, or the like, nevertheless
there is a practical distinction between an abrading (or grinding)
device on the one hand, and a cutting device on the other, as means of
working various materials, which is sufficiently well understood
throughout the industrial world to permit this distinction to be
made in the classification of inventions relating to such devices.
The present classification therefore excludes any and every form
of cutting, milling, or filing if the abrading is done with materials
of sufficiently fine grain to produce a light-reflecting surface
or polish. The term "abrading" may include a polishing
device that acts by removal of an integral portion of the material
acted upon, but not such as depends upon the application of a coating
capable of taking a polish by friction or upon a compression, consolidation,
or swaging of the material, for which see Lines With Other Classes
and Within This Class, below.
Every invention relating to abrading must have to do either
with an abrading element; a tool consisting of an abrading element
or material and a holder by which it may be put to use; a machine
embodying an abrading material or tool and means for moving it or
the work, or an action equivalent to that of a tool; a holder for
the work; a method or process of abrading; an attachment or accessory
to a tool, machine, or process; or a plurality of these features.
An abrasive tool distinguished solely by the abrasive material or
composition will be found elsewhere. See References to Other Classes,
below.
Abrading machines are herein broadly classed under either
of two headings, viz., an abrading machine using a tool or material
of definite shape or character or an abrading machine having no
such tool or material. The known types of tool are an endless band
of abrasive material, a nonrotary block or pad, and a rotary cylinder or
disk. Machines using a tool are differentiated from one another,
first, by the character of the tool as to the motion given thereto
or by the absence of such motion, its function being accomplished
by movement of the work, and, second, by the manner of handling
the work.
A moving tool has either a continuous longitudinal motion
in one direction, a reciprocating motion, a rotary motion, or a
combination of two or more of these motions. In the present classification,
no patents are placed under the title "Machine, Reciprocating
Tool" in which the tool has other than a reciprocating
movement, nor any under the title "Rotary Tool" in
which it has other than a rotary motion. Those combining these motions
are placed under the title "Machine, Rotary Reciprocating
Tool." As to the second differentiation for machine, it
is to be noted that there is scarcely a type of work-handling means
which has not been applied to and used with each and every type
of tool.
In the case of a machine using a rotary tool, a further differentiation
is based upon whether the abrading is done by the peripheral or
curved face or by the radial or diametrical plane face of the tool
or by a combination of abrading surfaces (for example, a cup-shaped
tool), and upon the pluralization of tools with opposed working faces,
between which the work is treated.
In the case of a stationary tool machine, reciprocating tool
machine, or tool, per se, differentiation is based upon the flexible
or rigid characteristics of the tool.
An abrading machine is included which depends upon the use
of an amorphous or loose granular mass of abrading material in which
the work is immersed or through which it is passed or which is forcibly
carried in contact with the work. This will be found under the title "By
use of plural work holders, without tool" and the subclasses
indented thereunder, and under the titles, "Machine"; "Machine,
Rotary Tool"; "Sandblast"; or "Tumbling
device" and the subclasses indented thereunder.
A machine which uses abrading instruments of more than one
of the types recognized in this classification is placed under the
title "Machine, combined"; and those in which
an abrading means is inseparably organized with means for subjecting
the material handled to other treatment are placed under the title "Machine,
combined, with nonabrading operations."
With two exceptions (for which see Lines With Other Classes
and Within This Class, below), apparatus in which the abrading operation
is in the nature of cleaning by removal of foreign or extraneous
material from the surface of the work rather than of an integral
portion of the work itself is classified in this class.
A shot-peening machine and process for removing material from
a workpiece, as opposed to that for deforming or burnishing a workpiece
surface, are found in this class.
SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
The present classification of abrading excludes any and every
form of cutting, milling, or filing if the abrading is done with
materials of sufficiently fine grain to produce a light-reflecting
surface or polish. Abrading may include a polishing device that
acts by removal of an integral portion of the material acted upon,
but not such as depends upon the application of a coating capable
of taking a polish by friction or upon a compression, consolidation,
or swaging of the material, such as is involved in the method or
a device classified in Class 29, Metal Working, subclasses 90.01+ and
Class 144, Woodworking, subclass 49.
CLASS 15 EXCEPTIONS
Shotting apparatus for bottle cleaning is classified in Class
15, Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning and a machine or system
for cleaning the inside of tubular work by passing a solid (sometimes
abradant) cleaning instrumentality through such work in a fluid
stream is also classified in Class 15. A device for cleaning by the
use of brushes only, without an abradant and with or without a liquid,
are excluded from this class (451) and will be found in Class 15.
Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning,
subclass 3.5 for a machine or system for cleaning the inside
of tubular work by passing a solid (sometimes abradant) cleaning
instrumentality through such work in a fluid stream (and see also
the search note under subclass 3.5 for a further statement of the
line); subclass 95 for for shotting apparatus for bottle cleaning.
(See Lines With Other Classes, above, above.)
Metal Working,
subclass 28 for a lathe with a grinding attachment; subclass
89.5 for burning-in, wearing-in, and oil burnishing; and subclasses
90.01+ for a burnishing process or apparatus. (See Lines
With Other Classes, above)
Cutlery,
subclasses 35+ for a razor with a sharpening feature, subclasses
138+ for a knife with a sharpening feature, or subclasses
329+ for a holder for a detachable blade with a sharpening
feature, which sharpening feature may be used during normal use
of the knife or may be used during sharpening of the blade. See
the line expressed in the (2) Note after the definition of Class
30, subclasses 451+, for a pencil-sharpening implement
including a statically related tool and work holder or work guide.
Abrasive Tool Making Process, Material, or Composition, for an abrasive tool distinguished solely by the
abrasive material or composition is to be found in Class 51. A nominal
recitation of an abrasive tool with a specific composition will
be found in Class 51. (Also see the Class Definition, above.)
Abrasive Tool Making Process, Material, or Composition, for the process or method of making an abrading
tool or material to be used in the device or process of Class 451.
Metal Tools and Implements, Making,
subclasses 82+ for a process or apparatus relating to tool sharpening
by the removal of stock adjacent to the edge of same by a cutting
or filing action as distinguished from an abrading action.
Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, particularly
subclasses 518+ , 560+, and 623+ for apparatus for
abrading vegetable material for the purpose of hulling or removing
the peeling.
Woodworking, (see the Class Definition for Woodworking),
subclass 38 for planing combined with polishing of wood; subclass
47 for turning combined with polishing; and subclasses 28.1+ for
a pencil-sharpening machine which may include an abrasive tool.
Wheelwright Machines,
subclass 13 for apparatus and process for treating the outer
periphery of a rubber tire casing by a slitting, or another machine
operation other than abrading, which (in the absence of this subclass)
would ordinarily be classified in accord with the particular operation.
(The treating of a rubber casing by abrading is classified elsewhere.)
Tool Driving or Impacting, for subject matter directed to driving or impacting
a tool, when such subject matter includes combined features peculiar
to tool driving, but which does not include features limiting the
subject matter to a specific tool art, such as specific shape of
the work contacting portion of a tool, related tools, or an opposed
work support.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein,
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclass 93 for electrolytic coating in which a solid material
or member other than an electrode contacts the coating as it is
formed, subclass 222 for electrolytic coating combined with subsequent
contacting of a coated layer with a solid member or material (e.g.,
buffing, burnishing, polishing, etc.), and subclasses 640+ for
electrolytic erosion to change the shape or surface configuration
of an object, especially subclasses 661 and 662+ for electrolytic
erosion combined with mechanical abrasion.
Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,
subclasses 67 and 191 for a mercury adhesion or gravity-type
separator combined with means for rubbing the solids.
Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration, for a comminuting process or apparatus which may
involve an abrading action. See Lines With Other Classes and Within
This Class in Class 241 for the line.
Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions,
and Products, particularly
subclass 483 for a process of removing the outer covering of plant
material by abrading.
Manufacturing Container or Tube From Paper; or
Other Manufacturing From a Sheet or Web,
subclass 271 for a tube-making machine which burnishes to minutely
change the size of the tube.
Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers,
subclasses 149+ for a composition containing a synthetic resin
having utility as a friction element or to a process of preparation
thereof.
PRECISION DEVICE OR PROCESS - OR WITH CONDITION RESPONSIVE
CONTROL:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Process or apparatus comprising use of means for regulating
and limiting the depth of cut of the grinder by controlling the
feed of the grinder toward the work or of the work toward the grinder.
(1)
Note. Means for regulating and limiting the depth of cut
of the grinder are often referred to as "sizing" devices.
(2)
Note. The above definition is as it has been for a long time
(except that it now includes processes) and under which the indented
subclasses (except subclasses 2 and 76) are defined. It is intended
that the "condition responsive" art will be collected
in this and the indented subclasses, to be defined in the future,
as follows: WITH CONDITION RESPONSIVE CONTROL: Abrading (or grinding)
under the class definition including the process of or means for:
(1) detecting any of the following characteristics: (a) a state
or a property; (b) a change in a state or property or an occurrence
of a predetermined event in any of the following: (i) a workpiece
being abraded; (ii) the abraded product; (iii) the abrading machine
or tool; or (iv) the environment of the machine or tool affecting
the operation thereof; and (2) initiating or modifying (as a direct
result of such detection) a force or impulse other than that generated
or transmitted by the detecting means; and, (3) regulating or modifying
(as a direct result of such initiation) the operation.
(3)
Note. This definition requires that a patent claim at least
four instrumentalities or use of same, for original placement herein.
One of these is an abrading device. The other three are: (a) a sensor (e.g.,
a photocell system, trip lever, pressure diaphragm, etc.) to detect
a condition stated in (a) of the definition; (b) an activator (e.g.,
an element to make or break an electric circuit, a clutch, a valve,
etc.) to cause a release of energy more than or different from that accounted
by mere change in condition (e.g., position, movement, etc.) of
the sensor while it is functioning; and, (c) a controller (e.g.,
a motor or driver for said apparatus) to change or cause the operation
of said apparatus. Therefore, a cam follower (or sensor) directly
linked to a controller, whereby follower movement directly effects
controller movement, is not proper subject matter for this subclass
due to lack of an activator as defined. However, the same claimed structure
is included herein if, for example, a claimed cam follower is disclosed as
breaking an electrical circuit that energizes a motor.
(4)
Note. A voluntary act of the person operating the machine
(the "operative") is not proper subject matter
for this subclass; e.g., disclosure of an abrading machine having
an on/off switch adapted to be manipulated by the operative
to start or stop the machine (even though the switch initiates a
release of energy) is not included under the limitations of this definition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter as set forth in the (2) Note, including use
of means to propel a stream of fluent abrasive material to effect
the abrading operation.
(1)
Note. The stream may be propelled either by a compressed
fluid (i.e., a gas or a liquid), a magnetic field, or a mechanical
centrifugal device.
(2)
Note. The fluent abrasive material herein may be sand or
any other particulate material that will perform in like manner
when propelled against a workpiece.
This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Subject matter including use of means having the capacity
to program or regulate a sequence of operations and capable of programming
or regulating this sequence of operations so that once the means
is initiated, no manual intervention is required for the machine
to perform the sequence of operations.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter in which the operation is regulated by an
electronic device capable of performing calculations, or compiling,
correlating, or selecting data.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter in which a light responsive means regulates
the abrading operation.
(1)
Note. Included herein is a device in which a beam of light
is reflected from the workpiece or an index mark thereon to the
light sensitive means; a micrometer operably connected to a light
source; or a device in which a tool or a workpiece covers or uncovers
the light sensitive means for sensing a condition of the tool or
the workpiece.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter using or having means which regulate the
thermal level of the abrading machine or of the workpiece.
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Subject matter using or including means to show the location
of an abrading tool or workpiece gripping means.
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Subject matter combined with the use of means to relatively
move an abrading tool and workpiece gripping means.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter combined with use of means to relatively
move an abrading tool and workpiece gripping means.
This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Subject matter combined with use of means which shifts the
position of a movement blocking member relative to the tool or work
holder.
This subclass is indented under subclass 12. Subject matter in which the position of the blocking member
is changed by engagement of an eccentric surface of a rotary member.
This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Subject matter wherein the abrading tool is caused to move
with respect to the work holder by a member adapted to turn about
an axis, the member having a helical thread adapted to engage a
relatively movable second member and force relative displacement
of the second member upon rotation of the helically threaded member.
This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Subject matter including use of a circular toothed wheel
(i.e., ratchet wheel) which is held in position or propelled by
a feather (i.e., pawl), which wheel serves to turn the screw.
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter including use of a selected removable member
of a physical configuration to regulate the operation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter wherein the ratchet is caused to move by
engagement of an eccentric surface of a rotary member.
This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Subject matter comprising means to make allowance for the
deterioration or impairment of the tool caused by wear.
This subclass is indented under subclass 21. Subject matter including use of a selected removable member
of a physical configuration to regulate the operation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Subject matter wherein the feeding means is caused to move
by engagement of an eccentric surface of a rotary member.
This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Subject matter including use of a selected removable member
of a physical configuration to regulate the operation.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Method of performing a grinding operation falling within
the main ... or method of performing an ancillary operation not
elsewhere provided for.
(1)
Note. For a process of making an article or blank wherein
abrading is included in addition to metal working, see the appropriate
metal working class.
Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, for a process of cleaning and liquid contact with solids
not involving (a) the use of an abradant or (b) the causing of plural
workpieces to tumble or rub against each other, particularly
subclass 7 for a process involving the use of particulate
or comminuted solid treating agents.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein,
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclasses 640+ for electrolytic erosion to change the shape or
surface configuration of an object, especially subclasses 661 and
662+ for electrolytic erosion combined with mechanical abrasion.
Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions,
and Products,
subclass 483 for a process of removing the outer covering of
plant material by abrading.
This subclass is indented under subclass 28. Method wherein an abradant-resist is relied on to define
the work area and to protect underlying portions of the workpiece.
(1)
Note. Included in this and indented subclasses is a process
including application, formation, or modification of the resist
on the work surface.
This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Method wherein, preliminary to erosion of the defined work
area, a non-abrasion-protective portion of the shield member is
removed from a position overlying the work area.
(1)
Note. Included herein is the method wherein an abradant in
its initial function cuts through a nonresist portion.
This subclass is indented under subclass 28. Method wherein abrading of one or more workpieces is accomplished
during a series of free fall movements, or propulsions, resulting from
forces imparted thereon by a work receptacle in motion (generally
rotational), and wherein the abrading contact may be: (a) that of
mutual attrition between similarly freely moving work bodies; and/or
(b) that between a work body and the receptacle wall structure; and/or
(c) that exercised by an encompassing fluent particulate mass.
Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration,
subclasses 5 , 22, and 26 for a related process including mutual attrition
and having the function of comminuting.
This subclass is indented under subclass 32. Method auxiliary to the abrading operation and including,
relative to work or tool, a step of heating, cooling, or maintaining
a constant temperature condition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 32. Method including (a) a nonabrading step of altering the
state or shape of work to facilitate the tumbling operation; or
(b) tumbling in a particularly defined fluid medium, abradant carrier,
or atmosphere; or (c) any defined altering of state or shape of
work or product by a claimed fluid medium, abradant carrier, or atmosphere
in which the tumbling operation is accomplished.
This subclass is indented under subclass 28. Method utilizing an unbonded particulate mass through or
across which work is carried, or which accomplishes its cutting
function during motion as a fluid body.
for a method of abrading in which an unbonded particulate
film is dependent for cutting contact upon frictional forces thereon
developed by a backup plate having motion relative to and paralleling
the work surface.
This subclass is indented under subclass 36. Method including plural grinding operations one of which
is performed on a single workpiece by a fluent abradant and occurs
either concurrently with, but over a separately defined work surface,
or sequentially with another grinding operation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 36. Method wherein cutting is accomplished by forceful propulsion
of the particulate mass, as free flung bodies, against the work
surface.
the subclass from which this subclass depends, especially
subclass 37, for "liquid honing," a nonblasting
scouring operation by a stream having motion substantially parallel
to the work surface.
This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Method of blasting wherein the abradant or at least a component
of an abradant mixture is in character other than a sand (i.e.,
silica) bearing material.
Glass Manufacturing,
subclass 37 for a process of lens making involving fusion bonding
of glass and grinding, subclass 61 for a process of glassworking
combined with grinding, and subclass 181 for glassworking or treating
apparatus combined with grinding means.
This subclass is indented under subclass 28. Method for sharpening the cutting edge of cutlery comprising
a razor, knife, or a blade of a pair of scissors by an abrading
operation.
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