Class Definition for Class 434 - EDUCATION AND DEMONSTRATION

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CLASS 434,	EDUCATION AND DEMONSTRATION
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

This is the generic class for apparatus and processes not elsewhere classifiable for: providing instruction about a subject or means; testing or grading a person’s knowledge, skill, discipline, or mental or physical ability; displaying for purpose of comparison contrast, or demonstration; demonstrating characteristics and advantages of apparatus, objects, or processes; and cryptography apparatus.

SECTION II - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

40,	Card, Picture, or Sign Exhibiting, for means to display cards, pictures, and signs of both a fixed and changeable nature. Class 40 contains devices which are directed to the general purpose of conveying information by displaying words or the like (e.g., alpha-numeric indicia). This class contains devices limited to the specific purposes of comparing, contrasting, or demonstrating the qualities of objects, machinery, and materials.
54,	Harness for Working Animal, subclasses 71+ for breaking and training harness.
73,	Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for physical measuring and testing.
84,	Music, subclasses 470+ for devices and methods of teaching music.
116,	Signals and Indicators, for signals and indicators which may be used for educational purposes, especially subclasses 306+ for hand set indicators which indicate some fact or information.
119,	Animal Husbandry, subclasses 712+ for animal breaking and training, and subclass 905 for a breaking and training method.
177,	Weighing Scales, appropriate subclasses for a weigher not limited to mere teaching or demonstrating.
250,	Radiant Energy, appropriate subclasses for testing objects or materials by invisible radiation.
273,	Amusement Devices: Games, for a game which tests the skill of a person in accomplishing some sought result or for a means by which a contest of skill or chance may be engaged in among two or more players.
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for general electric testing.
345,	Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclasses 1.1 through 3.4for operator interfaces.
356,	Optics: Measuring and Testing, for the testing of visible light or material by means of visible light or optical principles, particularly subclass 51 for the testing of materials by optical means by means of ultraviolet or infrared radiation.
358,	Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, subclasses 1.1 through 1.18for methods or apparatus for processing data for static presentation (hard copy).
436,	Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, subclasses 1+ for chemical analytical processes.
446,	Amusement Devices: Toys, appropriate subclasses for a device whose purpose is for amusement rather than education. An amusement device having a specific modification in its design or operation to effect instruction of the individual is classified originally in Class 434.
472,	Amusement Devices, for an amusement device proper therefor which may simulate an actual event or apparatus or provide an environment in which physical training may occur.
473,	Games Using Tangible Projectile, for an amusement game or sport device adapted to be used in a competitive and amusing contest of skill or chance between two or more participants, whereby the results of the contest can be indicated according to rules defined for the game or sport, which device may also have an educational effect, benefit, or value. Class 473 contains devices which are to be used for practice by, or for perfecting the skill of, a person who already knows how to play the game, sport, or the like. Class 434 contains devices which are to be used for instructing an unknowledgeable person in some aspect of the game, sport, or the like. A device which is used for both instruction and practice or perfecting game skills is classifiable in Class 434 and cross-referenced into Class 473.
482,	Exercise Devices, for an exercise device proper therefor which may involve training a human user in an exercise activity.
715,	Data Processing: Presentation Processing of Document, Operator Interface Processing, and Screen Saver Display Processing, appropriate subclassesfor document processing performed by a computer for presentation.

SUBCLASSES

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 1]

DETECTION OR RANGE DETERMINATION OF DISTANT OBJECT BY APPARATUS USING SENSOR OF ELECTROMAGNETIC OR SOUND ENERGY:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to teaching or demonstrating the operation or characteristics of a means for locating, or finding the distance to, a remote object (e.g., an enemy aircraft, etc.) by use of electromagnetic or sound energy detecting means.

(1) Note. Instruction can be done by any means, actual or simulated; however, when using actual means the input signal representing the remote object is a simulated signal.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

340,	Communications: Electrical, subclasses 850+ for underwater systems.
343,	Communications: Radio Wave Antennas, subclass 17.7 for devices which use a simulated signal for testing or calibrating equipment.
367,	Communication, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and Devices, subclasses 87+ for echo systems.
701,	Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative Location, subclasses 207+ for equipment which determines position.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 2]

Radar:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter relating to teaching or demonstrating the operation or characteristics of radar.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

343,	Communications: Radio Wave Antennas, subclasses 5+ for radio wave energy object detecting and ranging systems.

3	Cathode ray screen display simulated by light means (e.g., light spot projected onto screen, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Subject matter wherein light is used to provide a display that looks like a blip or sweeping line seen on the face of a cathode ray tube.

4	Optical means (e.g., image projector, etc.) or light or sound sensor (e.g., television camera, microphone, etc.) included in a simulator:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Subject matter wherein an apparatus simulating a radio wave sensing means includes some optical device (e.g., a lens, etc.), a light detector, or a sound detector.

5	Interference simulation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Subject matter relating to the limitation of means or conditions interfering with detection of reflected radio waves, such as pieces of metallic material dropped into the atmosphere (chaff or window), interfering radio waves transmitted by an enemy (jamming), or natural electrical disturbances of the atmosphere.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 6]

Sonar:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter relating to teaching or demonstrating the operation or characteristics of sonar.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

340,	Communications: Electrical, subclasses 850+ for underwater systems.
367,	Communication, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and Devices, subclass 1 for sonar counter-measure apparatus; and subclasses 87+ for echo systems.

7	Interference simulation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Subject matter relating to the limitation of means or conditions interfering with the detection of reflected sound waves, such as water turbulence or propeller sound associated with a ship carrying a sound-sensing means.

8	Simulation of doppler shift of echo:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Subject matter relating to an imitation of the effect of the direction of movement of a distant object upon the frequency of sound waves reflected therefrom.

9	Simulation of plural detector system:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Subject matter relating to an imitation of apparatus using multiple means for sensing sound.

10	Simulation by use of sound recording:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 6. Subject matter relating to an imitation of sound produced by object detecting apparatus by employing a sound recording, e.g., a magnetic tape or a phonographic disk.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 11]

ORGANIZED ARMED OR UNARMED CONFLICT OR SHOOTING:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to conducting wars between nations and states, to tactics employed by a military, police, or like unit, or to the discharging of firearms or other ordnance.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

42,	Firearms, subclass 1 for dummy guns.
89,	Ordnance, for means used in waging war.
124,	Mechanical Guns and Projectors, subclass 28 for devices converting a firearm into a mere target masking device for practicing aiming.
273,	Amusement Devices: Games, subclasses 348+ for targets, per se.
348,	Television, subclasses 121+ for training devices utilizing television systems to simulate conditions relating to activities in war.
352,	Optics: Motion Pictures, subclass 39 and 95 for motion picture methods and apparatus used in marksmanship training.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 12]

Self-propelled projectile:

This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Subject matter relating to a missile that is moved by some means contained therein.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

89,	Ordnance, subclasses 1.8+ for rocket-launching means.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 13]

Launched underwater:

This subclass is indented under subclass 12. Subject matter wherein the missile is released from a carrier below the surface of a body of water.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

114,	Ships, subclasses 238+ for torpedo-launching means.
235,	Registers, subclass 403 for computers used in torpedo direction.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 14]

Aerial warfare:

This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Subject matter relating to conflict involving an aircraft or means carried thereby.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

235,	Registers, subclasses 400+ for computers associated with ordnance or weapon systems.
273,	Amusement Devices: Games, subclasses 360+ for airplane-towed targets.
343,	Communications: Radio Wave Antennas, subclass 18 for targets with radio wave absorbing, reflecting, or countering features.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 15]

Bombing:

This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Subject matter relating to attacking an enemy target with an explosive or incendiary device dropped from an aircraft.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

235,	Registers, subclasses 401+ for computers associated with bombing apparatus.

16	Gunnery:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Subject matter relating to the effective use of guns.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 17]

Gunfire spotting:

This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter relating to training in observation of the impact of projectiles, generally for the purpose of supplying information to a gun crew from an observation point.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

27,	for means for teaching the proper use of range-finding apparatus.

18	Gun recoil simulation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter relating to an imitation of the kickback of a gun when it is fired.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 19]

Gun aiming:

This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter relating to pointing a gun toward something intended to be hit by a projectile discharged therefrom.

(1) Note. Devices which are used to instruct an unknowledgeable person in the use of a gun are classified in this subclass and subclasses indented hereunder. Devices which are used for practice by a person who already knows how to use a gun are classified elsewhere. (See the search notes below). Devices which are used for both instruction and practice are classified in this subclass and indented subclasses and cross-referenced into Class 463, appropriate subclasses.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

42,	Firearms, subclass 1 for gun-sighting devices.
235,	Registers, subclasses 404+ for computers used in gun-aiming apparatus.
273,	Amusement Devices: Games, subclasses 348+ for combinations of targets with projectile projecting or aiming devices used for amusement.
463,	Amusement Devices: Games, subclasses 2+ and 49+ for a simulated projectile game.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 20]

Cinematographic or cathode ray screen display:

This subclass is indented under subclass 19. Subject matter wherein a motion picture film or a cathode ray tube presents a representation of an object or scene to a person.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

352,	Optics: Motion Pictures, appropriate subclasses for motion picture methods and apparatus.

21	Training apparatus using beam of infrared, visible light, or ultraviolet radiation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 19. Subject matter wherein apparatus for instructing a person in pointing a gun uses a beam of electromagnetic radiation having a wave frequency in the range of infrared, visible light, or ultraviolet energy.

22	Beam sensor included in apparatus:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 21. Subject matter including means for detecting the electromagnetic radiation.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 23]

Means (e.g., target, terrain model, etc.) marked or pierced to simulate projectile impact point:

This subclass is indented under subclass 19. Subject matter wherein the place where a projectile contacts a target or other surface is represented by applying something (e.g., an ink spot) to, or puncturing, an object (e.g., a simulated target or a terrain model used as a background for a target).

(1) Note. This subclass does not include a projectile such as a frangible ball that contains a dye or the like for marking a target at the point of impact of the projectile, since a projectile of this type actually strikes the target and there is no simulation of an impact of the type included in apparatus herein.

24	Gun loading or projectile preparation (e.g., fuse setting, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Subject matter relating to making a projectile ready for use or placing a projectile in a gun.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 25]

Water warfare:

This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Subject matter relating to conflict waged on or below the surface of a body of water.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

13,	for training means relating to torpedoes.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

114,	Ships, subclasses 1+ for warships.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 26]

Periscope view simulation:

This subclass is indented under subclass 25. Subject matter including means for presenting to a viewer an imitation of a scene observed through the tube used for viewing a seascape from an underwater combat vehicle.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

114,	Ships, subclass 340 for actual submersible vessels having periscopes.
359,	Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, subclasses 402+ for periscopes.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 27]

Range finding:

This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Subject matter relating to determining the distance between an object such as an enemy target and a second point such as a gun site.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

235,	Registers, subclass 414 for computers used in range finding.

28	AIRCRAFT WIND DRIFT SIMULATION:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to means for imitating the effect of wind upon the path of an aircraft.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 29]

VEHICLE OPERATOR INSTRUCTION OR TESTING:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to controlling a conveyance during its movement or operation preparatory thereto.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

348,	Television, subclasses 121+ for television systems utilized in a vehicle simulator.
472,	Amusement Devices, particularly subclasses 27 and 28 for an amusement roundabout having a carriage which may simulate a vehicle, subclasses 59+ for a device for causing a person to experience an illusion of being in motion, e.g., travel simulating, etc., subclasses 88+ for a surface for a wheeled or gliding vehicle which may be used to simulate travel, e.g., skiing, skating, etc., and subclass 130 for an amusement device for simulating an aircraft or space vehicle or the movement thereof.
701,	Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative Location, subclasses 1+ for vehicle operation or guidance involving data processing or calculating techniques.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 30]

Flight vehicle:

This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Subject matter relating to an aircraft-type conveyance.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

244,	Aeronautics and Astronautics, subclass 229 for dual control aircraft used for student instruction.
446,	Amusement Devices: Toys, subclass 7 for a toy simulation of an aircraft cockpit; and subclasses 30+ for remotely controlled tethered toy aircraft.
472,	Amusement Devices, particularly subclass 130 for an amusement device for simulating an aircraft or space vehicle or the movement thereof used primarily for entertainment.
701,	Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative Location, subclasses 120+ for traffic control of aircraft.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 31]

Automatic pilot:

This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter relating to means for automatically directing the course of the conveyance.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

701,	Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative Location, subclasses 1+ for computers used in vehicle guidance.

32	Model viewed and maneuvered by trainee from point remote therefrom:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter including a miniature or model of a conveyance, the movement of which is controlled by a student or examinee watching the conveyance from a location spaced therefrom.

33	Helicopter:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter wherein the conveyance is supported by blades rotating in a substantially horizontal plane and located above its passenger-carrying fuselage or framework.

34	Outer space vehicle:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter wherein the conveyance is a type that travels outside the atmosphere of the earth.

35	In flight:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter wherein a real conveyance that flies through the atmosphere without restriction of its path is used for instruction.

36	With simulation of night or reduced visibility flight:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Subject matter wherein travel in darkness, or under conditions which restrict a pilot"s view, is imitated.

37	Aircraft, aircraft simulator, or means connected thereto travelling on ground or water during simulated flight training:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter wherein a real aircraft, a representation of such a vehicle, or something connected to the aircraft or representation (e.g., a boat or truck attached to an airplane by a universally pivoting boom, etc.) travels in any desired direction on land or water during simulated flight training.

38	Simulation of view from aircraft:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter relating to an imitation of the scene observed by a person looking out from the conveyance.

39	View simulating means located on belt or cylinder:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Subject matter including a continuous flexible band or a barrel-like element on which a drawing, painting, print, photograph, or other graphic scene imitation (e.g., a terrain model, etc.) is carried.

40	View simulating means located on element having spherical surface:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Subject matter including a means having a surface all points on which are equidistant from a point (e.g., a hemisphere) and on which a drawing, painting, print, photograph, or other graphic scene imitation (e.g., a terrain model, etc.) is carried.

41	Simulation of night or reduced visibility flight:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Subject matter wherein travel in darkness, or under conditions which restrict a pilot"s view, is imitated.

42	Runway outlining or approach lights simulated:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 41. Subject matter including an imitation of a light source used to show the limits of an airfield landing strip or the path leading thereto.

43	View simulated by cathode ray screen display:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Subject matter wherein the scene is imitated by a cathode ray tube.

44	View simulated by projected image:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Subject matter wherein the scene to be viewed is contained on a film slide, or the like, and is projected upon a viewing surface.

45	Simulation of feel of control means (e.g., flight control stick, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter wherein touch-perceived handling characteristics of means for operating the conveyance are imitated.

46	Ground trainer agitated to simulate rough air buffeting or engine induced vibration of aircraft:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter wherein movement imparted to an aircraft by turbulent air or engine vibration is imitated.

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 47]

Display or recordation of simulated flight path of ground trainer:

This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter including an earth supported representation of the conveyance and means for exhibiting or recording the path that would be followed by the conveyance if maneuvered in accordance with a trainee"s handling of its control means.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

340,	Communications: Electrical, subclass 24 for means for plotting the position of a vehicle.
346,	Recorders, subclass 8 for means for recording the course of a vehicle.

48	Aircraft sound simulation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter including an imitation of noise made by an aircraft.

49	Aircraft or ambient condition simulated electrically or indicated by instrument or alarm:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter wherein the functioning of an aircraft or a characteristic of the environment in which an aircraft is operated is imitated by electrical apparatus or is indicated by a dial, audible warning, or other informative means.

50	Takeoff or preparation therefor:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Subject matter wherein departure of an aircraft from the ground, or preparation therefor is imitated.

51	Aircraft attitude (e.g., roll, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Subject matter wherein the condition simulated or indicated is roll, pitch, or yaw of an aircraft during its maneuvers.

52	Ice formation or aircraft weight:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Subject matter including means for imitating (a) an accumulation of ice on an aircraft, e.g., on its wings or in a fuel tank, or (b) the weight of such a conveyance.

53	Pressure:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Subject matter including a means for showing force per unit of area in some component of an aircraft.

54	Propulsion means or accessory:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Subject matter relating to apparatus for moving an aircraft, e.g., an engine or the fuel supply means associated therewith.

55	Tiltable or turntable ground trainer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter wherein an earth supported representation of the conveyance is mounted so that it can be inclined or pivoted to imitate roll, pitch, yaw, or turning movement during flight.

56	With fan or simulated propeller:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 55. Subject matter wherein a spinning blade is mounted on or associated with the representation of the conveyance.

57	With means for stabilizing trainer when idle:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 55. Subject matter including apparatus for preventing movement of the representation of the conveyance when it is not being used.

58	By fluid actuated piston/cylinder ram:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 55. Subject matter wherein the representation of the conveyance is moved by a fluid driven means comprising a piston slidable in a cylinder.

59	Simulation of flight generated force applied to aircraft occupant:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter relating to an imitation of a force exerted upon a person by motion of an aircraft, e.g., the force exerted upon a pilot when his aircraft is pulled out of a dive.

60	Sail-equipped vehicle:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Subject matter relating to a conveyance having a panel against which wind force is exerted to propel the conveyance.

61	Bicycle or motorcycle:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Subject matter relating to a conveyance having only two wheels and propelled either by a person or an engine.

62	Automobile or truck:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 29. Subject matter relating to a powered nontrack land conveyance commonly known as an automobile or truck.

63	Model viewed and maneuvered by trainee from point remote therefrom:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Subject matter including a miniature or model of a conveyance the movement of which is controlled by a student or examinee watching from a location spaced therefrom.

64	Driver"s skill measured by time or vehicle travel distance:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Subject matter wherein the ability of a person in controlling operation of the conveyance is appraised in terms of time lapsed or distance travelled by the conveyance during the performance of a task (e.g., stopping the conveyance, etc.).

[List of Patents for class 434 subclass 65]

Recordation of driver"s performance:

This subclass is indented under subclass 62. Subject matter including apparatus for making a record of the manner in which a student or examinee controls the conveyance.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

340,	Communications: Electrical, subclass 24 for means for plotting the position of a vehicle.