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CLASS 428,	STOCK MATERIAL OR MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

This class accommodates certain products of manufacture which are not provided for in classes devoted primarily to manufacturing methods and apparatus. The bulk of the documents are directed to stock material composites, that is, materials having two or more distinct components which are more ordered than a mere random mixture of ingredients.

Certain finished articles, generally of an ornamental or readily disposable nature, are placed herein when this class specifically provides for them. Unfinished articles, e.g., blanks requiring further significant shaping to be suitable for ultimate use, and stock materials from which an indefinite number of usable portions may be cut, are placed herein unless specifically provided for elsewhere. The determination whether a product is a finished article or a stock material is made on the basis of the amount of structure included in the body of the claims.

A patent for this class is placed herein generally without regard to the process by which it is made, for example, without regard to whether the plural layer product was formed by extrusion, coating, or assembly of preformed layers.

Therefore, unless otherwise clearly stated, the term "coating" or "layer" will include a preform as well as a layer formed by covering a base with a fluent material which then solidifies. A comprehensive search for processes of making the products of this class will be found in the manufacturing classes listed below.

An asterisk has been applied to certain terms throughout this bulletin to indicate that these terms have specific definitions in the Glossary, which should be consulted.

The asterisk has been applied to identify the term in the first appearing definition which must be considered for the desired subclass title.

It should be noted that there are two sections for the glossary. The first one applies generally to the structural areas of the schedule; the second applies to materials (e.g., compound, composition, etc.). It should further be noted, however, that the structural areas of the class also include some subclasses directed to materials.

Both sections of the glossary should be consulted.

This is the residual class for:

A. Stock material in the form of a structurally defined web*, sheet*, rod*, strand*, fiber*, filament*, cell*, flake*, particle* not provided elsewhere.

B. Stock material in the form of a web*, sheet*, mass* or layer* which consists of or contains a structurally defined constituent* or element* not provided elsewhere.

C. A nonstructural laminate defined merely in terms of the composition of one or more layers* not provided elsewhere.

D. An article* of manufacture not provided for elsewhere.

E. An intermediate-article* which is not provided for elsewhere and from which a final article is to be made.

F. A process for applying an impregnating material to a naturally solid product such as a wood beam, a sheet of leather or a stone, or for applying a coating to a base, and which process includes no significant method step. Such a patent is placed in the schedule on the disclosed product produced, whether structural or nonstructural. See section VI, C, 6, below, reference to Class 427, Coating Processes, for guide lines which are to be followed in determining whether or not a process step is significant, for classification in Class 427, or not significant for placement in Class 428.

FRAMEWORK OF THE CLASS

This class comprises several major subclass groups which can be identified by reading down the first-line indent subclasses, and a special category for metallic* materials which parallels the arrangement provided for nonmetallic* materials, insofar as this arrangement is applicable. These major groups and parallel metallic* groups are:

A. Subclasses 1 through 39 and 576 provide for special articles* generally defined in all three dimensions, for which there is no provision elsewhere, and subclasses 542 and 577+ provide for intermediate-articles*.

B. Subclasses 40 through 84, 571 through 575 and 586 through 591 provide for a special web* or sheet*.

C. Subclasses 85+ for special surface characteristics of the pile or nap type.

D. Subclasses 98+, 357+, 544-570, 592-604, 606-614, and 687 provide for stock material either in the form of a web* or sheet*, or an element* (e.g., rod*, fiber*, filament*, particle*, flake*, etc.), respectively, which of and by itself is structurally defined as claimed.

Some examples of a structurally defined web* or sheet* are: (1) particular shape, particular size, or other physical configuration. (2) including an external mechanical fastener so as to be attached to another object. (3) components* or elements* arranged relative to each other or to a surface. (4) components* having same characteristic but in different degree. (5) a discontinuous coating, impregnation or bond. (6) variation in thickness or in planarity. (7) attachment of components* by stitching and bond or coating. (8) apertures. (9) surface finish. (10) any recitation of a measurable extent, no matter how wide, (e.g., "up to .075 mil", "between 10 and 25 microns", etc.).

Some examples of structurally defined elements* are:

(1) particular size or shape or other physical configuration (see above). (2) nonlinearity of a fiber or filament (e.g., crimped or coiled, etc.). (3) specific depth of impregnation of a fiber or filament.

SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

The organization of this section is as follows:

A. INTERMEDIATE ARTICLES* - 1. Packages, 2. Blanks, etc.

B. COMPOUNDS AND COMPOSITIONS

C. ARTICLES* AND STOCK-MATERIALS* - 1. Life-science related; 2. Textiles and related materials (a. Fibers, strands, rods, etc.; b. Interengaged fibers or strands; c. Belts, etc.; d. Associated fabrics; e. Textiles and their manufacture in general) 3. Static objects and materials (a. Receptacles, chambers, etc., b. Other hollow subject matter, c. Structures related to radiant or wave energy, d. Other structures and static objects); 4. Electric and magnetic elements, 5. Mechanical elements (a. Joints, b. Cutting, separating and related elements, c. Friction elements, d. Other machine elements); 6. Coating and coated products, 7. Assembling and/or shaping, 8. Other manufacturing and treating, 9. Miscellaneous devices

D. CLATHARATES AND INTERCALATES

In section II, the symbol # is used at the end of the definition to designate a class or part of a class which provides for certain stock-material*. Here follows the number and full title of classes which have been discovered as having a defined relationship with this class, as explained below in Subsection INTERMEDIATE-ARTICLES*, and in the subclass definitions:

A. INTERMEDIATE-ARTICLES*

1. Packages, Class 206, provides, in general, for mercantile units in which a plurality of articles* are held together by an extraneous element which is discarded before the article is used. A plurality of articles which are not yet detached from each other, being held together by material intrinsic to the material of which the articles are made, generally is classified in this class (428); however, Class 59, subclass 77 provides for a series of staple blanks which are partially shaped and integrally connected. Class 229, subclass 75 provides for a plurality of envelope blanks integrally connected in strip form. A package designed to be used or disposed of in toto is generally classified herein; see subclasses 2 and 576. See also the references to Class 252 in part B, below.

Stock material in roll or coil form, or wound in the form of a coil, will be classified in Class 428; however, any further limitations as to the roll, or coil or package, as for example, an overlapping roll edge, an edge or convolution taped or secured to an under layer*, or a detail as to the mandrel, etc., is considered to be significant structure for the roll and placement in Class 206, subclasses 389+ is indicated.

A separate and distinct interliner or sheet* wound into the convolutions and which is not ordinarily part of the stock material is considered to be significant roll structure for Class 206. A liner sheet adhered to a portion of a composite* sheet* or web* and rolled together therewith and removable is considered to be part of the stock material and proper for Class 428.

Generally, a product or stock material falling within the definition of this class (428) and further modified by the bare recital that such product or material (a) is in the form of a roll, reel, drum, coil, stack, pile, bale, etc., or (b) is within a container or in the form of a package is classified in this class (428).

For purposes of classification in Class 428, the coil, packaged or wound form is disregarded and placement is on the basis of the web*, sheet*, or other form of product or stock material.

See Class 206, subclasses 45.31+ for a pouch adapted to receive an identification card (unless of the paper envelope type, see Class 229, Paper Receptacles).

In regard to wall structure of Class 206-type receptacles, see part C,3,a, below.

A wound strand package is in Class 242, subclasses 159+, which also has a search note setting out its line with Class 206.

An intermediate-article* so shaped as to be suitable for handling is in this class (428); however, a claim to a pile or stack of such articles, when it does not form a work-piece* which is subsequently worked as a unit, is in Class 214, subclass 10.5.

2. Blanks, etc.

A claim, even though stated to be a "blank" which describes or is readable on the structure of a completed article* is classified with the article*, for such a claim is either generic to both the blank and the article, and, therefore, considered to be best classified with the completed article, or is to a subcombination which is best classifiable within an appropriate subcombination class, or, if none, in the article class.

Class 2, subclass 143 provides for blanks which are to be used in making collars for garments.

Class 10, subclasses 11+ provide for bolt blanks, and subclass 62 provides for spike blanks.

Class 24, subclasses 20+ provide for a package tie which is a metal band which is to be bent, cut, or formed up to make a connection.

Class 36, subclasses 47+ provide for blanks used in the production of shoe uppers.

Class 59, subclasses 8, 12 and 35 provide for chain blanks, subclass 62 provides for horseshoe blanks, and subclass 77 provides for staple blanks which are partially shaped and integrally connected.

Class 63, subclasses 15+ provide for a finger-ring blank which already is a ring.

Class 76, subclasses 101.1+ provide for a metal tool or implement blank.

Class 101, subclasses 404.1+ provide for blanks for printing plates and printing members.

Class 138 provides for tube and ring blanks which are tubes which can hold fluid.

Class 150, subclasses 127+ provides for blanks used in making pocketbooks.

Class 220, subclasses 62+ provides for a can or other metallic receptacle blank.

Class 229, Envelopes, Wrappers, and Paperboard Boxes, subclasses 100+ for a blank for forming a paperboard box.

Class 248, subclass 248 provides for a blank from which a sheet-material supporting bracket can be made.

B. Compounds and Compositions

A patent claiming a single layer*, film, filament*, or fiber*, or a mass*, with a limitation to the material(s) of which it is comprised, but with no recitation of significant structure, will be placed in the appropriate compound or composition class. The following are considered to be significant structure:

1. An external configuration which is not planar or cylindrical, e.g., aperture, fold, varying thickness, etc.

2. The recitation of a numerical dimension or designation of metal as a foil or leaf

3. A product composed of at least three layers*.

4. A coated strand, wire, fiber, filament, rod or strand.

5. An interconnected void structure.

6. Porosity in a nonparticulate metal.

The following are not considered to be significant structure:

1. Random distribution of elements* such as fillers or reinforcements (e.g., fibers*) within a product or randomly disposed pores or cells (i.e., no particular pattern or arrangement) in a porous, cellular or foamed product, wherein the overall structure is neither limited nor influenced by these elements*, even though the elements* or pores themselves may have structural limitations.

2. Internal characteristics, such as crystalline form, molecular orientations, etc., when such characteristics have no relation to the shape of the product.

3. The presence of the composition as a coating on an unnamed substrate.

A product described by a functional or chemical name only (e.g., table, wood, etc.) is not considered to have significant structure; however, limitations such as plywood (indicating layers*), tables with legs, etc., are considered to define structural limitations.

Also, a patent for a product where the presence of structure (e.g., cellular) or the degree thereof is a mere manifestation of the material or composition will likewise be placed in the appropriate material or composition class. Further, a product defined in terms of its properties (e.g., tensile strength, elongation) is not considered a "structurally defined" product, as provided for in this class.

In regard to a patent which has a claim to a product which is classifiable in this class (428), subclasses 411+, but which recites no significant structural limitations, and a claim to a coating material compound or composition which is included in at least a part of the claimed product, and claim to a significant process of coating, the patent is classified according to the coating material.

The rules for determining Class placement of the Original Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY, which includes a hierarchical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.

The enumeration of classes below, in general, follows the priority list of Class 252 and covers some additional classes. Thus, this enumeration is not authoritative insofar as priority of classes is concerned. The definitions of these classes should be studied to determine the proper placement of patents therein.

Class 504, subclasses 116+ provide for plant growth regulating compositions and subclasses 101+ provide for a fertilizer containing an insecticide, fungicide, or deodorant.

Class 424 provides for drug, bio-affecting and body-treating compositions. Subclasses 1.21, 1.25, 1.29+, and 400+ provide for some articles* and stock-materials* which contain a composition of that class. A stock-material* suitable for this class (428), containing a Class 424 composition to preserve the stock material itself from biological attack, is in this class (428). Residual methods for preserving, disinfecting or sterilizing stock-materials are in Class 422.

Class 426 provides for food, beverages and other edible compositions, and certain edible articles* and stock-materials*.

Class 71, provides for fertilizers.

Class 208, subclasses 14+ provide for compositions made up exclusively of mineral oil components.

Class 585, subclasses 1+ provides for compositions made up exclusively of hydrocarbons or a hydrocarbon with a preservative, etc.

Class 149 provides for explosive and thermic compositions and charges, subclasses 2+ providing for one in which at least one ingredient has a particular shape or structure, and subclasses 14+ for one having at least two separate and distinct superimposed or contiguous layers or forms of different components or of components having different properties. The layers must be in direct contact and not be separated by a space or by a nonexplosive or nonthermic body.

Class 508, subclasses 100+ provide for shaped lubricants and massive rigid solid bodies, including bearings, which carry a fluent lubricant, and subclasses 110+ provide for lubricant compositions generally.

Class 44 provides for fuel compositions and some combustible fuel articles* and stock-materials*.

Class 148, subclasses 240+ and 22+ provide for certain compositions for treating solid metal, and subclass 400.1 for certain stock-materials* and compositions produced by a process of that class (148). See the references to this class in parts 4 and 6, below.

Class 75, subclasses 228+ provide for consolidated metal powder compositions, in subclasses 251+ for loose metal powder compositions, and in subclasses 95, 256 and 257 for certain additives for molten metal.

This class (428), subclass 576 provides for a shaped article* to be melted in a metallurgical furnace.

Class 252, in subclasses other than those listed above or below, provides for special utility compositions. In most cases, Class 252 provides for compositions having a random mixture of components, while stock-materials* are classified in this or another stock-material class. However, it is noted that some subclasses in Class 252 provide for more than mere compositions; for example, subclass 176 provides for packages and heterogeneous arrangements of water-softening and related-function compositions.

Class 510 provides for cleaning compositions and auxiliary or perfecting compositions therefor, while certain subclasses therein, such as subclasses 404, 438+, etc., provide for packages or heterogeneous arrangements, while subclasses 445+, etc., provide for solid, shaped macroscopic articles or structures.

Class 106 provides for a composition which is in fluent or solid noncoherent form which is adapted for coating or impregnating and for change to a less fluent form, or solid coherent form, by setting (e.g., concrete, plastic, etc.), by chemical reaction, by removal of solvent, by solidification from a molten state, etc. In a patent directed to a filler or pigment for a coating composition, the recitation of size or structure of the constituent* particles or fibers is not sufficient to exclude said patent from Class 106. See especially subclasses 36, 117, 235, 241, 251, 253+, 266, 272, 275, 276, 280, 281+, 288+, 636, 784, and 816.

Class 51 provides for abrading composition or some stock material; see especially subclasses 294, 295, and 297 for other abrasive stock material, or for a method of making abrasive material such as "sandpaper."

Class 451 provides for abrading materials in usable form, as a "tool" under that class definition. For example, subclasses 526+ provide for "sandpaper."

Class 260, subclasses 2+ and 520 Classes provide for a synthetic resin or Natural Rubbers (spinnable, film-forming, etc.), and Class 260, subclasses 709+ provide for a vulcanizable natural gum (e.g., rubber).

Under certain circumstances, the relation between Class 260, 520 Classes and Class 428 shifts between combination and subcombination. For example, the subcombination of a resin composition is in Class 260 and 520 Classes; a layered product structurally defined and containing the resin composition as a layer is now a combination which is classified in Class 428. However, the combination of the layered product and a resin, when the layered product is used as filler for the resin is again classified in Class 260 and 520 Classes as a resin composition.

Class 252, subclasses 299.01+, 625+, 363.5, 367.1, 372+, 378, 182.11+, and 183.11+ provide for compositions on a nonfunctional basis.

Class 423 provides for inorganic compounds, and in subclasses 265+ provides for compositions having an inorganic compound and an agent which improves the general utility of the compound.

Class 430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof, appropriate subclasses for stock material and products which are radiation sensitive and limited to use in imagery and a finished imaged article chemically defined. A claim to a finished picture or photograph is classified in Class 428.

Class 520 provides for synthetic resins, natural rubbers, compositions and modifications thereof.

C. Articles* and Stock-materials*

1. Life-sciences related materials.

Classes 3, 47, 433, and 449 take articles*, but not stock-materials*. A cut, natural plant, treated to prolong the characteristics of life, is in class 47, and that class (47) provides for the combination of a receptacle and a cut plant either treated or with means to prolong the characteristics of life.

Class 128 is the locus for a patent directed to a stock-material* product when (1) solely disclosed to be worn by, or attached to, the body (e.g., sanitary napkin, diaper, etc.) and to be a receptor for a body discharge (2) solely disclosed as a shield or protective device to be worn on, or attached to, a body member or part (e.g., bandage, dressing, etc.) and having a therapeutic use or (3) a patent to a stock-material* product whose disclosure includes a Class 128 utility as set out above or in the class definition thereof, and a general utility for Class 428, but in which one claim is specific to the Class 128 disclosed use.

2. Textiles and related materials

Certain textile manufacturing classes provide for their own products, and Classes 2, 5 and 245 provide for products only, while some other textile products are provided for in this class.

a. Fibers, strands, rods, etc.

Class 19, subclasses 144+ provide for a process of, or means for, assembling fibers* together into a lap, sliver or web*, with some other material. Stock-material* products of a Class 19 process are classified in this class (428).

Class 52, subclasses 720.1+ provide for a miscellaneous article* which is an elongated, rigid structure. See also the reference to Class 52 in part 3d, below.

Class 57, subclasses 200+ provide for a stock-material* strand* consisting of, or comprising, a claimed twisted or twined constituent*; or for a stock-material* product (e.g., web*, sheet*, etc.) distinguished only by such twisted or twined strands* (as claimed) employed in the manufacture thereof, or a stock-material* product comprising coated or impregnated strands* in which the coating or impregnation took place prior to assembly of said strands* to form the product, no matter how the twist was made, whether by a Class 57 process or apparatus or otherwise.

The "twist" or its equivalent term is applicable either to plural fibers* or filaments* which are twisted about each other, or to a monofilament which is turned or twisted about its longitudinal axis. A crimped fiber is classifiable in Class 428, the crimp being out of the plane of the fiber.

This class (428) does not exclude a yarn, strand*, or other constituent* unless the claim recites at least a "twist" or its equivalent; or a property due to, or resulting from, twisting a fiber* or filament*. There are certain terms which have been accepted as denoting a twisting fiber* or filament*, and, if used in a claim, classification in Class 57 is indicated, provided all other requirements therefor are met. Some of these terms are:

i. plying, doubling, twining, twisting (all such terms are considered to be synonymous) and indicate turning about the longitudinal axes of the fiber* filament or yarn or bundles of yarns;

ii. filament looped upon itself;

iii. turns of twist per inch;

iv. false twist;

v. twist to treat, followed by untwisting;

vi. spun staple fiber yarn e.g., wool, cotton, etc.;

vii. "Z" or "S" twists or piles;

viii. roving.

In the event of a disclosure which includes (1) "twisted" strands, fibers, filaments for Class 57, and (2) nontwisted elements proper for Class 428, the following guidelines are to be followed in accordance with the claims:

1. A claim generic to both modifications will be classified in Class 428 as an original with a cross-reference, if needed, to Class 57.

2. A claim specific to either the twisted or nontwisted fibers will be classified in Class 428 or Class 57, respectively, with a proper cross-reference to the other class as needed.

3. A claim to the twisted Class 57 modification and a claim to the nontwisted product will be classified as an original in Class 428 with the proper cross-referencing.

Class 84, subclasses 199 and 297+ provide for strings for musical instruments.

Class 256, subclasses 6+ provide for barbed-strand fence stock-material*, and in subclass 46 for analogous nonbarbed stock-material*.

Class 464, Rotary Shafts, Gudgeons, Housings, and Flexible Couplings for Rotary Shafts, subclasses 51+ provides for flexible shafting; and subclasses 179+ provides for rigid shafting.

b. Interengaged fibers or strands

Class 59, subclasses 78+ provide for a chain formed of linked elements.

Class 66, subclasses 69+ provide for a knitted article or stock-material*, and especially subclasses 190+ for stock-material* including knitted material with nonknitted material held in its loops.

Class 87, subclasses 1 through 13, provide for (1) stock-material* which consists of, or includes, a braid, net, or lace component, or (2) a product resulting from an operation(s) within the scope of that class (87), which product is either coated or combined with a material which is the product of an operation beyond the scope of Class 87 (e.g., lamination, etc.).

Class 131, subclasses 321+ provide for stock-material* specified as being a filter and of indeterminate shape (e.g., mass), or approximating the shape (e.g., coil, tube, cylinder, rod*, etc.), of the article or appliance with which it is intended to be used, requiring no further treatment than tearing or cutting to proper size* stock-material* of any other shape, recited so that some shape modification is required, is classified in Class 428.

Class 139, subclasses 383+ provide for a single or plural layer* woven stock-material* product made only by a Class 139 process and no other operation. A patent directed to a woven product possessing deformed, coated or impregnated strands will be placed in Class 139 where the sole disclosure is that a coating, impregnation or deformation of the constituent strands took place prior to the weaving.

Two layers woven together are classified in Class 139. Two woven layers adhered together are classified in Class 428, one layer of woven material next to a layer of nonwoven material is classified in Class 428.

Class 162 provides for a nonstructural (1) single-layer* waterlaid fibrous product, (2) plural-layer* product including a layer* of fibers* applied to a second layer* by a process provided for in that class (162), or (3) paper homogeneously impregnated throughout, even after the web* is formed, and note particularly subclasses 141-181.1+, which include any nonstructural fiber* (or fiber-containing) product (e.g., particular blend of fibers*), whether waterlaid or not. Also, see notes in Class 162, referring to Class 428, e.g., Class 162, subclasses 141 and 150 for examples of structural fibers. This class (428), subclass 596, provides for metallic wire cloth formed by welding plural all-metal wires at their points of intersection; in subclass 605 for a mass of metal fibers, including plural layers of wire cloths joined by mechanical compression and sinter bonded into a fibrous mass, and in subclass 608 for a mass which includes metal wires, strands or strand portions mechanically intertangled, interwoven or interlooped, coated with a metal or a layer of metal or nonmetal fibers located between two metal layers.

Class 245 provides for a wire fabric* which is the product of a bending or analogous wire-working operation.

Class 256, subclass 5 provides for barbed-fence fabric*, and in subclass 45 for analogous nonbarbed material.

Classes 289, subclass 1.2 provides for an interlacement (knot) of portions of one or more elongated flexible elements (e.g., strand, rope) forming a tie or fastening and including any bend or hitch.

c. Belts, etc.

Class 198, appropriate subclasses provide for an endless conveyor belt or a stock material* disclosed solely for use as a conveyor belt.

Class 474, appropriate subclasses provide for an endless power transmission belt or a stock material* disclosed solely for use as a power-transmission belt.

Class 162, subclasses 348+ provide for a flexible endless band-type paper-making mold of the Fourdrinier variety.

Class 400, subclasses 237+ provides for an inked typewriter ribbon.

d. Associated fabrics

Class 2 provides for a stock-material* product of that class, and especially subclasses 244 and 274, respectively, for an apparel trimming or binding, and 260 for coated stays or stiffeners.

Class 5, subclass 500 provides for a stock-material* product solely disclosed for use as an underpad or cover pad for a mattress, and which protects the mattress by receiving discharges of the body, for example, infants or hospital patients. Those cover pads are usually made of absorbent material.

Class 112, subclasses 400+ provides for sewn stock-material*, except for sewn stock-material* which includes a discrete mechanical fastener(s), a coating, or an adhesive bond, for which see subclasses 102+ of this class (428).

e. Textiles and manufacture thereof in general

Class 8 provides for a process of (1) dyeing or bleaching stock-material*; (2) treating hides, skins, feathers, or animal tissue with chemicals or fluids; (3) improving the felting properties of fibers*; (4) treating textile* fabrics* or fibers with fluids, with or without chemical modification of the treated material; or (5) a product resulting from any of the processes above, where not specifically provided for elsewhere. Structured stock is classified in Class 428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, or other appropriate class.

Class 26 provides for mechanical, nonliquid treatment of textile* fabrics* (e.g., napping), subsequent to fabrication, which is not provided for elsewhere. Stock-material* products of a Class 26 process are provided for in this class (428).

Class 28, subclasses 72+ provide for a mechanical textile* process not elsewhere provided for, a combination of such a process with another textile* operation or with a nontextile* operation provided for in some other textile* class with a nontextile* operation where such combination is not specifically provided for in the other textile* class. Stock-material* products of a Class 28 process are provided for in this class (428).

Class 140 provides for processes of wire-working, e.g., uniting, shaping or deforming, but generally not for the products thereof. For the line between Class 140 and the other textile classes, see the main class definition of Class 140.

3. Static objects and materials.

a. Receptacles, chambers, etc. Articles* in the form of receptacles or chambers are provided for in a number of classes and portions of classes, the most important of which are listed below. Those which also provide for sheet* or web* material, claimed in terms of significant wall structure, are indicated by the symbol "#". Significant wall structure includes seam structure (not merely the composition of the seam and adjacent portions), spaced wall components, etc. Also significant for placement in the classes marked "#" is specified wall structure in relation to the container (e.g., inside or outside). Thus, a coated or laminated wall in which the composition of a layer is recited as being on the inside (or outside) of a container is considered to be significant wall structure and placement in classes marked "#" is indicated.

See reference to Class 138 in this section for examples of wall structure which would also be considered to be significant for placement in such classes, and for example which would not be so considered.

Class 123 provides for certain chambers in an internal combustion engine.

Class 126, subclasses 19+ provide for ovens.

Class 164, subclasses 349+ provide for sand molds, and subclass 374 for a flask section to be used in a metal-casting operation.

Class 206 provides for a special receptacle.

Class 215 provides for bottles and jars.

Class 217 provides for wooden receptacles.

Class 220 provides for receptacles in general, and for metallic receptacles in particular. See subclasses 23.9, 62.21, 574.3, 495.01+, and 908.1+ for a receptacle having a liner.

Class 229 provides for paper receptacles. See especially subclass 71 for a paper-like display envelope for receiving an identification card, and other appropriate subclasses for receptacle structure as provided for therein; a coated wall structure, where the coating is specifically defined to be either on the inside or outside of the bag or receptacle will be considered receptacle structure and will indicate placement in Class 229. This coating may be for the purpose of acting as a vapor barrier, waterproofing layer, or antislide means, etc., and is especially related to the contents of the bag or receptacle.

Class 249 provides for articles* which are static molds.

Class 266, subclass 39 provides for articles* which are receptacles for treating molten metal.

Class 432, subclass 247 provides for an article* which is a heating or heat-retaining chamber.

b. Other hollow subject matter.

Class 89 provides generically for an article* which is a gun, shield or gun mount.

Class 138 provides for an article* which is a tube and for tubular stock-material* in which the claims include a limitation regarding wall structure. A claim which recites a particular composition as being the inside or outside wall of a tube is considered to be significant wall structure and placement in Class 138 is indicated. However, a claim which recites a tube or conduit having two or more layers* and then recites the compositions of the layers*, but does not specify which layer is inside or outside, is not considered to include significant wall structure and will be placed in Class 428. Examples of significantly recited coated wall structure for classification are:

1. A tube having a wall comprising a layer of metal and on the outer (or inner) surface thereof a layer of polypropy lens.

2. A tube having a laminated wall of three layers, in order from the inside to the outside, comprising polyethylene, epoxy, and polypropylene.

Examples of coated or laminated wall structure which are not significantly claimed and which indicate classification in Class 428.

1. A tube having a wall structure comprising a layer of metal and a layer of polypropylene.

2. A tube having a laminated wall of three layers comprising, in order, polyethylene, epoxy, and polypropylene.

Class 239, subclasses 548+ provide for a unitary plural-outlet means, and subclass 589 for a rigid fluid-confining distributor for ejection of fluents and slurries by slinging, sloshing, centrifugally throwing, etc., such material in the form of fog, mist droplets, etc.

384, Bearings, subclasses 276+ provide for an article* which is a bearing sleeve, or liner. See also the reference to Class 508, above.

Class 406, subclass 191 provides for conduits for fluid-current conveying.

c. Structures related to radiant or wave energy

Class 181, subclasses 33+ provide for an article* or a stock-material* with particular claimed structure (either internal or external) for the purpose of deadening, attenuating, or amplifying sound.

Class 250, subclass 515.1 provides for an article* which is a radiation shield.

Class 274, subclasses 41+ provide for a stock-material* having significant structure disclosed for receiving records of sound or having such records formed therein or thereon.

Class 333 provides for an article* of use in an electrical wave transmission line or network.

Class 343 provides, especially in subclasses 741+, an article*, e.g., an antenna, used in radio-wave communications.

Class 359, subclasses 36+ provides for a liquid crystal device, per se, which controls light direction or intensity by (1) deforming or relatively displacing portions of, or changing the shape or size of an optically reflecting or transmitting medium, surface or interface, or (2) changing the composition, internal structure, or the physical or chemical properties of such a medium, surface or interface, and in subclasses 838+ for a mirror having claimed optically significant structure, e.g., concave, convex, polarizing, selectively absorbing, optically critical thickness, etc. A plural layer product, one layer of which merely acts as a support or base for a coating which affects the transmission of light therethrough, which one layer is uniformly opaque or transparent or translucent, is excluded from Class 359, and will be found in the appropriate subclasses of Class 428, see especially subclass 426.

Class 369 provides for a record of information which is to be reconstructed dynamically by other than magnetic means. See, in particular, subclasses 272+. A disc with/without grooves which does not include recorded information is classified in Class 428, subclasses 64.1; and see especially subclass 908 for a collection of stock materials having an impression retention layer. Class 430 provides for a finished photograph which is chemically defined. See the note to Class 428 in the main class definition of Class 430.

Class 422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, appropriate subclasses for certain receptacles and chambers in which a chemical reaction takes place.

d. Other structures and static object. A patent to a rigid laminate or stock-material* merely defined as a building component, e.g., floor, wall, stile, etc., will be placed in Class 428.

Class 40, subclasses 39+ provide for a fluid-operated, rotatable-changeable exhibitor which may resemble a special occasion ornament for Class 428, and subclasses 7+ and 156 for a frame, as defined therein, with or without an identification card therein, and not having any specific printed indicia thereon; see also the reference to Class 283, below.

Class 49, subclasses 440+ provide for a channel guide of stock-material* with specific structure to facilitate securing it to a support, and subclasses 475+ for a closure seal or striker gasket of stock-material* provided with means for attachment to a support.

Class 52, provides for a product in the form of a web* or sheet* generally employed as a portion of a building structure and including (1) a stiffener or edging extending along a face thereof, or (2) means facilitating securement of the web or sheet to a support, e.g., a flange at the edge of a panel for receiving a nail, or fastener apertures at the edge of a panel. Class 52 also provides for: a composite panel formed of separate sheets which are secured together by a mechanical fastener; a composite panel having spaced facing sheets with inturned, opposed flanges that form an edge of the panel; and a panel which interfits with a support such as a frame or shaft. See, particularly, subclasses 98+ for a fracturable building component, subclass 105 for a component with indicia, subclass 177 for a component having a specified wear or friction surface, subclasses 311.1+ for an ornamental or decorative component, subclasses 393+ for a yieldable component, subclasses 474+ for a panel held by a preassembled or prepositioned frame or shaft, subclasses 596+ for a stone-like module, subclass 631 for a bent component, subclasses 633+ for an openwork component, subclasses 656 for a frame, per se, subclasses 716.1+ for an in situ attached-type channel or trim member, and subclasses 782.1+ for a composite laminate with a disparate edging or an imperforate face.

Class 109 provides for safes and components thereof, bank protection and related devices, and in subclass 495 provides for a shield or protector for preventing a projectile, or knife or sword, or bomb fragment from contacting a person or thing. This could be a portable device or one which attaches (i.e., has attaching means such as belts, straps, etc.) to a bomb for containing the fragments.

Class 160 provides for a panel structure for use in a flexible or portable closure or partition, especially in subclasses 385+ for fabric having a modified edge (e.g., loops) for attachment to an elongated support.

Class 180, subclass 68.6 provides for an article* which is a motor vehicle radiator protector.

Class 228, subclass 56 provides for a metal article* useful as filler material in a metal fusion bonding operation.

Class 238 provides for an article* which is a railroad rail.

Class 248, subclass 248 provides for an article* which is a shelf support made from a single blank. The blank itself is classified in this class (428).

Class 283, subclasses 74+ provides for an identification card having printed matter thereon.

Class 404 provides for a road or pavement which has structure peculiar for pedestrian or vehicular traffic. A laminated or layered* product with no structure which peculiarly adapts it for use for vehicles or pedestrians, such as a crown, grading, contour, etc., is classifiable in Class 428.

Class 405, subclasses 276+ provide for metallic sheet piling.

Class 425, subclass 470 provides for a shaping or casting surface for nonmetal material.

Class 588, Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment, subclasses 249-260 for permanent containment of hazardous or toxic waste, particularly subclasses 252+ for solidification, vitrification, or cementation.

4. Electric and magnetic elements. The classes listed below, with the exception of those marked with the symbol "#", do not provide for electric or magnetic stock-materials*. The marked classes or portions of classes provide for stock-material* only when such material has a claimed internal or external structure which makes the material of utility only in a single class. In general, an electrode is either an article* for the classes listed, a stock-material* for this class (428), or a composition for a composition class, notably Class 75, or Class 252, subclasses 500+.

Class 136, subclasses 236+ provide for thermocouple junction stock-material*.

Class 148, subclasses 33+ provide for P-N junction stock-material* made by a process of that class.

Class 174 provides for stock-material* in the form of an electrical conductor with a covering of dielectric material wherein the conductor includes structure disclosed to be specially designed to conduct electricity, or the dielectric includes structure disclosed to be specifically designed to space the conductor from ground or from a device of otherwise different potential.

Class 191, subclass 22 provides for conductive articles* specifically designed to transmit electricity to vehicles.

Class 200, subclasses 262+ provide for electric switch contact elements which go beyond stock-materials*, e.g., by having two spaced conductors, etc.

Class 204, subclasses 194+ for articles which are elements of an electrolytic apparatus.

Class 219, subclasses 145+ and 552+ provide for articles* which are electric heating elements.

Class 257, Active Solid-State Devices (e.g., Transistors, Solid-State Diodes), provides for electronic devices or components that are made up primarily of semiconductor materials which operate by the movement of charge carriers - electrons or holes - which undergo energy level changes within the material and can modify an electrical input to achieve rectification, amplification or switching action. A mere named combination of doped semiconductor materials where the sole use of the device is disclosed as an active solid state device results in classification in Class 257. Recitation of electrical contacts or leads is not necessary to classification in Class 257.

Class 310, subclasses 248+ provide for articles* which are electric generator or motor brushes.

Class 313, appropriate subclasses, especially subclass 326, provide for electrode structure for electric lamps and other discharge devices which are defined by their structure for in such devices. A mere recitation of a wire, rod, strip, cylinder, etc., is not considered to be structure for Class 313, nor is a recitation only of the electrode composition or of a base and/or coating. Nonmetallic* rods, strands, fibers, etc., which are structurally defined, but do not include structure for use as electrodes for lamps, are found in Class 428, subclasses 357+; note especially subclasses 375+ for coated rods, strands, fibers, etc. A plurality of electrodes, unless specifically related structurally to each other or to other structure, for use in a lamp or discharge device will be found in Class 428, appropriate subclasses.

Class 317 provides for articles* of use in electrical applications not provided for elsewhere.

Class 318 provides for articles* used in electric-motive power systems.

Class 335, subclasses 296+ provide for a magnet or magnetic material (including structure, e.g., lamination of work at least two magnetic layers disclosed for use as a source of magnetic flux for performing external work).

Class 336, subclasses 233+ provide for a core or magnetic body comprising superimposed bundles or layers of magnetic material in the form of sheets, rods, or wires, and for single sheets, punchings, rods, or wire which have such configuration that they have no utility except in building up of a core or coil for use in an inductor device within the class definition (e.g., transformer, etc.).

Class 337, subclass 379 provides for an article* which is a bimetallic element of a thermally actuated switch. This class (428), subclasses 616+ provide for bimetal thermostat stock-materials*.

Class 338 provides for electrical resistor stock-material* which is claimed in terms of its resistance characteristics.

Class 340 provides for articles* used in electrical communications.

Class 360 provides, especially in subclass 131 for a product, which may be layered or otherwise structured, which is particularly or uniquely designed or arranged to store or record information by a change or variation in the magnetic state of the device. The line between Classes 360 and 428 is as follows:

Class 379 provides for article* used in telephony.

1. A product recited as magnetic tape or storage will not suffice to place a patent in Class 360 in the absence of recitation of structure of the overall product or internal structure of the material, or function, unique to magnetic memory or recording.

2. Layered products of general utility or otherwise not provided for utility are classified in Class 428. A patent disclosing both a Class 360 and a Class 428 function, and in which the claims are generic to both disclosures on which has a claim specific to the Class 428 disclosure will be placed in Class 428 as an original.

SECTION III - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS

For art terms relating to nonstructural laminates - see section II, Glossary of Terms, Part B.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

SECTION IV - GLOSSARY

A. Structural

Glossary terms below are characterized as either A. Structural or B. Nonstructural or Composition. The terms are identified as such.

Terms or phrases used in titles and definitions either repeatedly or in a special and limited sense are set forth below with the meaning each is to have in this class. For economy of space, an asterisk (*) following a word indicates that reference should be had to this glossary for the specific meaning thereof while an asterisk following an hyphenated phrase, (e.g., strand-portion*, etc.) indicates that the entire hyphenated term, as such, has been defined in this glossary.

Note. Where appropriate throughout the definition, the alternatively singular or plural forms of a noun have been indicated by the addition of (s) immediately following the noun, (e.g., layer(s) to mean a layer or layers, etc.).

ADDITION POLYMER FROM UNSATURATED MONOMERS

Any multiunit chain which is the product of the reaction of unsaturated bonds in the units. The product may be the result of interaction of molecules of the same compound (as polyethylene) or of different compounds (as acryronitrile-styrene). Vinyl acetate and methyl methacrylate are included within the scope of the term because the monomeric units are linked through the reacted unsaturated bonds and the ester groups are pendant - i.e., the units are not linked through the ester groups. (Nonstructural or Composition)

ALDEHYDE OR KETONE CONDENSATION PRODUCT

A resin resulting from the reaction of an aldehyde or a ketone and a polyfunctional active hydrogen containing compound, which, with the elimination of water, produces a chain of alkylidene units alternating with the residue of the hydrogen supplying compound. Phenol formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde and polyamino (e.g., melamine) aldehyde or furfural resins are within the scope of the term. (Nonstructural or Composition)

ANIMAL MEMBRANE

Material derived from an animal and found there originally in film or layer form, e.g., bladder,skin or scale. Glue or gelatin in a film form is not included here because neither exists in the animal as a layer or foil. (Nonstructural or Composition)

ANTIFERROMAGNETISM

Antiferromagnetism occurs when the exchange interaction between neighboring atoms cancel each other, so the net magnetic moment is zero. Examples of antiferromagnetic materials are (Pt, Ir, Cr , and Pd) Mn alloys, and select transition metal oxides.

ASBESTOS

A native magnesium calcium silicate. Asbestos is not considered to be included in the term "metal compound" for purposes of this class, but is included in silicon containing, unless specifically stated otherwise in a title or definition. (Nonstructural or Composition)

ARTICLE

A discrete determinate three dimensional thing substantially in its ultimate use form, as distinguished from stock material (e.g., sheet, etc.) from which such articles may be manufactured. These articles are limited to subclasses 2 through 34.1, part of subclass 542 and subclass 576. (Structural)

BASE

That substance or material which has been covered or saturated or permeated, either partially or completely by another material. This term is synonymous with Substrate. (Structural)

BITUMINOUS OR TARRY RESIDUE

A composition or compound having the characteristics of a tar or pitch no matter what the origin. This term includes all asphalts, bitumens, pitches and tars from coal, mineral oil, cotton seed pitch and the residue from the destructive distillation of wood, and natural oil distillations. Carbohydrate 1) polyhydroxy mono-aldehydes and polyhydroxy mono-ketones, generally having the formula C_n(H₂O)m and substances which are hydrolized to these. The term includes cellulose, starch dextran, dextrin, sugar, and lignin. (Nonstructural or Composition)

BLANK

See definition of intermediate-article*. (Structural)

BLOCK

A relatively large piece of material whose thickness is many times that of a web* or sheet* compared with its width. (Structural)

CARBON

Inorganic material. (Nonstructural or Composition)

CELLULOSIC

A carbohydrate material derived from the structural matter of plant life, usually from the stems. The term includes lignocellulose (e.g., wood and bark) relatively pure cellulose (e.g., cotton and linen) and chemically modified forms of cellulose as cellophane, pyroxylin, viscose and rayon. While pyroxylin may be plasticized with minor amounts of camphor and/or castor oil, for purposes of classification, pyroxylin is considered cellulosic. (Nonstructural or Composition)

CERAMIC

Clay containing, therefore silicon containing. (Nonstructural or Composition)

CORK

The outer bark of cork oak. The cork may be in the form of slabs or may be used as a filler in finely divided form. (Nonstructural or Composition)

CAVITY

A hole or a hollow place in a body. (Structural)

CELL

A closed cavity (which may be empty or full) in a component*. (Structural)

CLOTH

A fabric* which for purposes of this class is considered to be made of mechanically intertwined, interlooped, interwoven, or intertangled strands*, strand-portions* or strand like strips*. See Class 442, class definition. (Structural)

COMPONENT

A distinct unitary element of a composite stock material* which is longitudinally coextensive therewith and which, if separated from the remainder of such stock material*, would be recognized as a web*, sheet*, rod*, strand*, tube or block by itself. A component may consist of plural layers* as in the folded component shown in Figure 1. See also (2) Note under A, above. (Structural)

COMPOSITE

A stock-material* comprising a plurality of components*. (Structural)

COMPOSITION

A product having a plurality of constituents* or elements, none of which are in a defined spatial or ordered relationship to each other or to the surface or shape of the body in which they are contained, that is, a random mixture of elements. (Structural)

CONSTITUENT

A discrete element* (e.g., strand*, fiber*, particle*, etc.) of a component* or product.

CORE

intermediate portion of a composite* product. In a composite web* or sheet*, a core lies between two other components*; in a rod* or strand* or filament*, a core is the inner portion covered with another layer. If a core is claimed, per se, it is to be assumed for purposes of this class that the other layer(s)* or component(s)* are included. (Structural)

ELEMENT

See definition of constituent*. (Structural)

ESTER

A compound which is identical to that obtained by the replacing of a hydroxy hydrogen of an alcohol or a phenol with an acid radical. (Nonstructural or Composition)

ESTER LINKAGE

The chemical grouping obtained by replacing the hydroxy hydrogen of an alcohol or a phenol with an acid radical. (Nonstructural or Composition)

FABRIC

A web*, sheet* or film disclosed as used in the manufacture of household furnishings (e.g., draperies, upholstery, etc) shoes, etc., roofing, clothing, tires, etc. and is claimed as a textile*, cloth* or fabric. See Class 442, class definition. (Structural)

FERRIMAGNETISM

Ferrimagnetic materials exhibit exchange interaction between neighboring atoms leading to adjacent moments; however, the magnetic moments are unequal and opposite in direction. The magnetic properties of ferrimagnetic materials are strongly temperature dependent and are characterized by their Curie temperature. Examples of ferrimagnetic materials are rare earth-transition metal amorphous alloys, such as GdFeCo, TbFeCo, and select granular transition-metal alloys.

FERROMAGNETISM

Ferromagnetic materials exhibit exchange interaction between neighboring atoms leading to adjacent moments. Ferromagnetism is temperature dependent and field strength dependent. Typical ferromagnetic materials include transition metals such as Fe, Ni, and Co and their alloys.

FIBER

A relatively short, slender, flexible element of macroscopic size and finite length and having a width and thickness of the same order of magnitude. A fiber is generally of staple length to facilitate its being spun, twisted or otherwise secured together into a composite strand but may be of shorter length requiring bonding, felting or matting to form a strand or layer. It may be of animal (e.g., wool, rabbit hair), vegetable (e.g., cotton, jute, hemp), or mineral (e.g., asbestos, glass, metal) origin and may be either natural, modified or synthetic. See also Filament. (Structural)

FILAMENT

A fine threadlike body or structure whose width and thickness are of the same order of magnitude. See also fiber. (Structural)

FLAKE

A small thin mass having a width or length greater than its thickness. The term flake is considered to denote structure and is classified accordingly. (Structural)

GLASS

An amorphous, hard, brittle, often transparent material comprising a fused mixture of the silicates of the alkali and alkaline earth, or heavy metals. Glass is not considered to be included in the term "metal compound" for purposes of this class, unless specifically included in a title or definition. (Nonstructural or Composition)

GRAPHITE

Inorganic material as is carbon. (Nonstructural or Composition)

GUM

See natural oil, gum, rosin or lac below. (Nonstructural or Composition)

INTERMEDIATE-ARTICLE

A fully shaped article, all three dimensions of which are definite, even though one or more of these dimensions may be negligible. The article is not suitable for functional use in the claimed condition, but must be subjected to one or more further significant shaping steps to do more than merely occupy space. The following operations have been regarded as not involving a further significant shaping: (a) Assembling or uniting the article with other parts. (b) Distorting the article during an assembly operation to cause the article to conform to discrepancies in the size or shape of a coacting part. (c) Bonding or distorting those portions of the article which are to function as means for fastening the article to a coacting part, as, for example, the bending of ears or tabs. (Structural)

LAC

See natural oil, gum, rosin or lac below. (Nonstructural or Composition)

LAYER

A single thickness of material(s) in the form of web* or sheet*, or a plurality of any of these in side-by-side coplanar relation; or particulate material arranged in continuity to constitute a distinct stratum. A layer may include a plurality of components* as in Figure 2. See also (2) Note under A, above. (Structural)

MAGNETIC

A material exhibiting the inherent property of magnetism, which is dependent on the electronic configuration of the atom, crystalline and molecular structure, and coupling between electrons arising from the orbital and spin magnetic moments of the nucleus and electrons. A material is considered magnetic for the purposes of this class if it exhibits a nonzero magnetic moment, such as in paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.

MASS

A body of material of indefinite or indeterminate shape. (Structural)

METAL

A material having a continuous phase of any element of the periodic table except hydrogen, a noble gas, a halogen, a chalcogen (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium), nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon and boron. Elemental silicon is considered to be a metal, but a silicon compound is not considered to be a metal compound on the basis of silicon content. The term "metal compound" in a subclass title does not include glass or asbestos, unless specifically included by title or definition. The metal may be a pure metal or an alloy as defined in Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclass 122, (1) Note. An intermetallic compound of two or more metals, e.g., a metal silicide, aluminide, etc., is considered to be an alloy. (Nonstructural or Composition)

METALLIC

Composed entirely of metal* or having adjacent metal components. Since autogenous bonding of two metallic parts is thought to involve inherently either a diffusion or alloying between constituents of the two parts, this diffusion or alloy layer, even though of appreciable thickness, does not prevent the undiffused or unalloyed regions from being considered. (Structural)

NATURAL OIL OR GUM, ROSIN OR LAC

Any oil, gum or resin that occurs in nature, as cottonseed, linseed and castor oils, rosin, mineral oil and the exudation of insects known as lac. These three classes of oil; drying, semidrying and nondrying oil are included within the scope of the term. (Nonstructural or Composition)

NATURAL RUBBER

Containing the natural gum, know as caoutchouc, gutta percha, or balata obtained from the latex or sap of "rubber" trees. The word "rubber" standing alone is considered to denote natural rubber. (Nonstructural or Composition)

NOBLE METALS

Those metals not readily oxidized, i.e., silver, gold, platinum, polladium, mercury, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium. (Nonstructural or Composition)

NONTHICKNESS SURFACE

The surface of a web, sheet, layer or component on which both its length and width may be measured. See Figure 3. (Structural)

OIL

See natural oil, gum, rosin or lac, above. (Nonstructural or Composition)

PAPER

Unless otherwise specified, is a sheet or web of waterlaid felted cellulosic fibers. May also be made of asbestos, mineral or synthetic fibers or blends of fibers, but must be so disclosed solely, or must be so claimed for placement in a subclass other than cellulosic or paper. (Nonstructural or Composition)

PARAMAGNETISM

Paramagnetic materials have magnetic moments not completely canceled because of electronic configuration and exhibit a resultant moment. Paramagnetic susceptibility is strongly temperature dependent. Examples of paramagnetic materials are CoCr alloys at specific Cr concentrations and materials exhibiting specific size ranges of either the magnetic grains or particle dimensions.

PARTICLE

A very small quantity of matter, so small as to be considered without magnitude although possessing inertia and the force of attraction. (Structural)

POLYAMIDE

A polymeric compound containing amide groups through which the monomers are linearly linked, except urea-aldehyde (for which see alddhyde or ketone condensation product). The term includes 1, the reaction products of polyamines and polybasic acids or 2, the polymer of amino acids (e.g., nylon, peptides and proteins). The manner in which the amide groups linearly link the monomers or moieties, of which the chain is built is graphically indicated by the below: (Nonstructural or Composition)

POLY(AMIDO-ESTER)

A compound which is a polymer of linearly recurring amide and ester linkages. The monomers do not have to have an equivalent number of amide and ester groups and they do not have to occur in a regular pattern. The products of (1) a) polybasic acids b) polyhydric alcohols and c) polyamines or, (2) a mixture of hydroxy acids and amino acids or (3) polybasic acids and hydroxy amines are within the scope of the term. (Polyurethane is exemplary): The manner in which the ester and amide groups linearly link the monomers or moieties, of which the chain is built, is graphically indicated by the below structure. The ester groups need not be carboxylic esters but may be, e.g., sulfate ester groups. (Nonstructural or Composition)

POLYESTER

A polymeric compound containing ester groups through which the monomers are linearly linked to each other. The manner in which the ester groups linearly link the monomers or moieties, of which the chain is built, is s:graphically indicated by the below structure. The ester groups need not be carboxylic esters but may also be, e.g., sulfate ester groups. (Nonstructural or Composition)

POLYIMICAL

Included within the term polyamide. (Nonstructural or Composition)

PORE

A tiny opening, usually microscopic, through which certain fluids may pass. Generally, the pore opening is of such irregular direction that light will not pass through it. (Structural)

POWDER

A mass of particles, that is, portions of matter so small that they are not ordinarily handled as individual units. According to Metals Handbook, 8th Edition, 1961, volume 1, page 28, powders currently used in powder metallurgy had a particle size within the range of 0.1 to 1000 microns in their largest dimension, as determined by screens or other suitable instruments. Powder particles generally are distinguished from filamentary particles in that their shape and length-to-diameter ratio are such that in the dry state the particles will not hold together as a massive article without the application of pressure or heat. (Structural)

QUARTZ

A fused silicon dioxide (silica). (Nonstructural or Composition)

REFRACTORY

Various materials, but usually clays or other cementitious or silicon containing. Consider to be silicon unless clearly disclosed otherwise, as for example alumina. The refractory metals are those in Groups IVB, VB and VIB of the Periodic System. (Nonstructural or Composition)

ROSIN

See natural oil, gum, rosin or lac. (Nonstructural or Composition)

ROD

A relatively rigid and slender element having a width and thickness of the same order of magnitude, a length which may be either indeterminate or finite, and a cross-section which may be of any shape. (Structural)

SHEET

A portion of web* material of finite length, whose width is greater than its thickness, and which may be of any perimetric shape (e.g., triangle, circle, etc.). (Structural)

STOCK-MATERIAL

A sheet*, web*, rod*, strand*, tube or block, mass or layer. (Structural)

STRAND

A relatively slender and flexible element* having a width and thickness of the same order of magnitude and a length which is either (a) indeterminate or (b) coextensive with the length or width of a sheet* or layer* with which it may be associated. A strand may be a monofilament or it may include either a plurality of filaments* or fibers* disposed in parallelism (e.g., tow) or constituent fibers* and/or filaments* knitted, plaited, braided, twisted, interlaced, interlocked or otherwise secured together to form a unit such as roving, thread, yarn, cord, rope or cable. (Structural)

STRAND-PORTION

A strand* of finite length; or an unsevered but determinate length of a strand. (Structural)

STRIP

A web* or sheet* or relatively narrow ribbon-like material. A strip which is interwoven or intertangled with other strips or with strands, in the same manner as a strand, will be termed a "strand-like strip". (Structural)

SUBSTRATE

See Base*. (Structural)

TEXTILE

A fabric* which, for purposes of the class is considered to be cloth*. See Class 442, class definition. (Structural)

WAX OR WAXY

A compound described as a wax (e.g., beeswax) or having the physical characteristics of a wax or is a recognized wax (as carnauba). (Nonstructural or Composition)

WEB

A portion of material having length and width each greater than its thickness and with at least its longitudinal dimension indeterminate. A web may comprise (a) a single thickness of material or (b) a plurality of portions of a single piece of material folded on each other longitudinally or transversely, or (c) a plurality of individual web components* joined together in longitudinally coextensive face or edge contact to form a composite web. (Structural)

WOOD

The material of trunks and branches of trees or bushes, excluding bark. This term includes lumber and finely divided wood chips, fibers or flour. "Fiber board" from wood fibers or pulp will be considered wood or paper depending on the disclosure of the document in which this expression occurs. Fiber board formed by compression of wood fibers with or without a binder (and utilized as wood) is considered wood. Fiber board which is water laid (and, used as cardboard or paste board) is considered paper. (Nonstructural or Composition).

WORKPIECE

A stock-material* not suitable for functional use in the claimed condition, but requiring one or more further significant shaping steps to do more than occupy space. Usually it is the cross-sectional configuration which is to be further shaped. See the definition of intermediate-article* for a list of operations not considered to be significant shaping.

SUBCLASSES

1.1	Liquid crystal optical display having layer of specified composition:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Product which specify composition of at least one layer in a liquid crystal optical display. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 40,  Card, Picture, or Sign Exhibiting,   subclass 448 for display devices using liquid crystals. 250,  Radiant Energy,   subclass 331 for nonchemical infrared imaging including liquid crystal detector. 252,  Compositions,   subclass 299.01 for liquid crystal compositions containing a meso-morphologic state of matter. 345,  Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual Display Systems,   subclasses 38 , 50 - 54, and 87 - 104, for selective electrical control of liquid crystal display devices. 349,  Liquid Crystal Cells, Elements and Systems,   subclasses 1 - 18, and 182 - 186, respectively for structures of liquid crystal devices. 360,  Dynamic Magnetic Information Storage or Retrieval,   for liquid crystal used to store or retrieve dynamic information stored magnetically. 365,  Static Information Storage and Retrieval,   subclass 108 for liquid crystal used to store or retrieve static information. 368,  Horology: Time Measuring Systems or Devices,   subclasses 30 , 84, and 242 for timepieces using liquid crystal compositions. 430,  Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof,   appropriate subclasses for radiation imagery chemistry involving a process, product, or composition using a liquid crystal. 436,  Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing,   for analytical and analytical control processes employing liquid crystals. 552,  Organic Compounds,   particularly subclasses 502 through 652, for organic compounds having liquid crystal properties.

1.2	Alignment layer of specified composition:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.1.  Subject matter wherein a chemical composition has been stipulated for a layer that acts to selectively orient liquid crystal molecules.

1.21	Alignment layer is Inorganic:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.2.  Subject matter wherein the alignment layer is of an inorganic chemical composition (e.g., glass, metal oxide, etc.).

1.23	Silicon compound (i.e., organosilicon):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.5.  Subject matter wherein the layer is identified as including a compound of Silicon (Si). SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 1.32, for viewing layer composed of silicon compound. 1.51, for inorganic compounds of silicon bonding or intermediate layer for liquid crystal optical displays. 391, 405, 428, 429, and 446 - 454, for other products in which silane, silicone or siloxane is a coating or a material permeating or saturating a base.

1.25	Polyamide:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.2.  Subject matter wherein the alignment layer is an organic polymer, or derivative, with structural units linked by amide grouping.

1.26	Polyimide:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.2.  Subject matter wherein the alignment layer is an organic polymer, or derivative, with structural units linked by imide grouping.

1.27	Polyimidflouride:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.26.  Subject matter wherein the polyimide compound in the alignment layer contains fluorine.

1.28	Polyimidmetalo:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.26.  Subject matter the polyimide compound in the alignment layer contains metal.

1.3	With viewing layer of specified composition:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.1.  Subject matter further including a chemical identified layer for looking through.

1.31	Polarizer or dye containing viewing layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.3.  Subject matter wherein the viewing layer includes a chemically identified material polarizer, a material causing light ray or other radiation to vibrate in a pre-defined pattern, or a dye, a material imparting color or to.

1.32	Silicon compound (e.g., glass, organosilicon, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.3.  Subject matter wherein the viewing layer includes a compound of Silicon (Si).

1.33	Ester (e.g., polycarbonate, polyacrylate, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.3.  Subject matter wherein the outer viewing layer includes an ester, i.e., reaction product of an alcohol and an organic acid.

1.4	With charge transferring layer of specified composition:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.1.  Subject matter further including a chemical identified layer for carrying electrical charge.

1.5	With bonding or intermediate layer of specified composition (e.g., sealant, spacer, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.1.  Subject matter wherein a chemically identified material forms a layer or film functioning to join layers together or add an intermediate layer to the display.

1.51	Inorganic layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.5.  Subject matter wherein the film or layer is inorganic.

1.52	Silicon compound (i.e., organosilicon):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.5.  Subject matter wherein the layer is identified as including a compound of Silicon (Si). SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 1.51, for inorganic compounds of silicon bonding or intermediate layer for liquid crystal optical displays. 1.32, for viewing layer composed of silicon compound. 391, 405, 428, 429, and 446 - 454, for other products in which silane, silicone or siloxane is a coating or a material permeating or saturating a base.

1.53	Epoxy:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Subject matter wherein the layer contains an epoxy (e.g., epoxy resin, etc.).

1.54	Ester:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.5.  Subject matter wherein the film or layer is identified as including an ester, i.e., reaction product of an alcohol and an organic acid.

1.55	Unsaturated aliphatic polymer (e.g., vinyl, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.5.  Subject matter wherein the film or layer is identified as including an open chain organic compound, e.g., containing at least one double or triple bond.

1.6	With substrate layer of specified composition:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.1.  Subject matter wherein an underlying support or base of the display is chemically identified.

1.61	Releasable layer to expose adhesive:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.6.  Subject matter wherein substrate has a layer or component that is removable to reveal an adhesive. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 40.1, through 42.3, for a product in which a release layer is removed to expose another layer or component having an adhesive thereon. 352, which contains an additional layer or component that does not permanently adhere to a surface with which it may come into contact.

1.62	Inorganic substrate layer (e.g., ceramic, metallic, glass, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.6.  Subject matter wherein the alignment layer is chemically identified as being inorganic, e.g., glass, metal oxide.

2	COMPACTED TRASH OR REFUSE BUNDLE
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Product comprising the material usually discarded from a residence (e.g., table scraps, empty food packages, etc.) or from a business establishment (e.g., rags, paper, etc.) and which has been densified into a mass and handled as a unitary element. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 44,  Fuel and Related Compositions,   subclass 541 for a fuel product which is bundled, wrapped or covered and subclasses 589+ for a fuel briquette containing vegetation or refuse. 53,  Package Making,   appropriate subclasses, for the method of making a package, which may identify the contents as trash or refuse. 206,  Special Receptacle or Package,   appropriate subclasses, especially subclass 83.5 for bales or bundles of material other than trash or refuse. 588,  Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,   subclasses 249 through 260for permanent containment of hazardous or toxic waste.

3	RELIGIOUS ARTIFACT (E.G., CRUCIFORM, ETC.)
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Article* which is symbolic in a system of theism. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 2,  Apparel,   appropriate subclasses; for an article of religious attire; especially clothing. 40,  Card, Picture, or Sign Exhibiting,   subclass 124.5 , for an exhibiting device to be used on a memorial tablet. 52,  Static Structures (e.g., Buildings),   subclasses 103+ for an earth supported type monument, and 316 for an ornamental surface of a building type structure formed by relief or intaglio deformation of a surface. 63,  Jewelry,   appropriate subclasses, for a religious artifact which is also a distinct article of jewelry. 206,  Special Receptacle or Package,   subclass 19 , for a receptacle specifically arranged for sacerdotal use. 312,  Supports: Cabinet Structure,   subclass 33 , for cabinet structure designed solely for use in worship. 434,  Education and Demonstration,   subclasses 245+ for an educational device or method which may involve religious symbolism.

4	BOW, POMPOM OR ROSETTE
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Article* which comprises (1) ribbon or strand material doubled on itself about a transverse line of bend and knotted, or otherwise fastened to maintain the resultant looped structure; or (2) feather or filamentary material formed loosely into a tuft or ball; or (3) material gathered, pleated or looped about a central point or axis suggestive of the petals of a flower seen in plan view but lacking sufficient floral fidelity or similarity to constitute a simulated or artificial flower; or (4) plural strands, or portion of a single strand, knotted together. (1) Note. A patent to a bow, pom-pom rosette or knot combined with another article (i.e., as an embellishment thereon) is to be placed with patents to such other article. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 17+, for an artificial plant or portion thereof; particularly, subclasses 24+ for an artificial flower. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 2,  Apparel,   subclasses 243+ and 300, for an apparel trimming or a garment supporter, respectively, comprising or including an ornamental bow. 28,  Textiles: Manufacturing,   subclass 147 for apparatus for binding thread or yarn in a bundle to form a tassel and/or tuft. 112,  Sewing,   subclasses 400+ for a stitched apparel trimming material not elsewhere provided for. 132,  Toilet,   subclass 47 for a bow-supporting hair fastener. 223,  Apparel Apparatus,   subclass 46 for a machine or process for making a bow or tassel trimming. 289,  Knots and Knot Tying,   appropriate subclasses, for a method or apparatus for tying a bow knot and subclass 1.2 for a knotted strand.

5	Looped type
	This subclass is indented under subclass 4.  Article wherein the ribbon or strand material is doubled on itself.

6	PLUME
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Article* comprising an embellished, treated or simulated feather or a group of feathers not elsewhere provided for. (1) Note. This subclass includes patents directed to (a) a reconstructed feather, i.e., a composite of feather element portions arranged to produce a desired configuration, (b) a simulated feather comprising artificial fibers or natural feather flues each extending laterally from a quill part; or (c) a cut of fur pelting in simulation of a feather or a group of feathers in the shape of a panache. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 22, for a feather utilized in the construction of a product imitative of natural vegetation. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 34,  Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,   subclasses 280+ for treatment of a feather, broadly; and see the search notes thereunder. 112,  Sewing,   subclass 404 , for a feather sewn to a web or sheet. 223,  Apparel Apparatus,   subclass 47 for a device or machine for working (preparing, curling, attaching, etc.) feathers for plumes, ornaments, apparel trim, etc., not elsewhere provided for.

7	SPECIAL OCCASION ORNAMENT
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Article* which has as its intended function only the temporary embellishment or adornment of a place or thing in connection with a particular event (e.g., Halloween, birthday party, Christmas, etc.). (1) Note. A patent directed to a disclosure of an obvious abstraction of a simulated or modified natural article (e.g., planar paper cutout, etc.) may be found in this or an indented subclass. (2) Note. The occasion may be festive or somber. (3) Note. Wreaths are considered to be special occasion ornaments for indented subclass 10. (4) Note. This subclass is the locus for artificial Christmas trees unless provided for in an indented subclass. (5) Note. A patent directed to an occasion ornament in the form of a web* or sheet* (e.g., festoon, streamer, etc.) will be placed in the appropriate stocks material subclasses of this class (428). SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 40,  Card, Picture, or Sign Exhibiting,   appropriate subclasses, for related structure generally used in an advertising display; and see subclasses 446+ thereof, for a display ornament including a mobile element. 229,  Envelopes, Wrappers, and Paperboard Boxes,   subclasses 116.1+ for a paperboard box including a decoration or novelty feature. 446,  Amusement Devices: Toys,   appropriate subclasses for similarly constructed devices which are differentiated from ornaments by the intended interaction between the user and toy.

8	Knockdown
	This subclass is indented under subclass 7.  Ornament fabricated of plural parts which are completely separable as units without destruction thereof, for purposes of assembly and disassembly. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 20, for a knockdown type tree structure. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 211,  Supports: Racks,   subclasses 189+ for a knockdown or collapsible support rack. 446,  Amusement Devices: Toys,   subclasses 85+ for a knockdown toy which is played with by assembling and disassembling its component parts.

9	Collapsible
	This subclass is indented under subclass 7.  Ornament which is either articulated, or foldable, or inflatable and deflatable, or telescopic, for purposes of structural compactness (as for storage) and wherein said parts when so disposed retain a structural unity. (1) Note. Adjustability that achieves another display form only (e.g., a figurine, the arm of which may be exhibited in either an extended or crooked position) is not considered to include the characteristics of collapsibility. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 12, for some other miscellaneous collapsible article; and see the search notes thereunder.

10	Wreath type
	This subclass is indented under subclass 7.  Ornament comprising an annulus either simulating, or ornamented by ribbon or floral-like leaf material intertwined along the annular path. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 27, for frame work intended for a floral piece. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 47,  Plant Husbandry,   subclass 41.01 , for related structure including a moisture retaining core adapted to sustain the life-like characteristics of natural flora. 57,  Textiles: Spinning, Twisting, and Twining,   subclasses 200+ , for a twisted or twined textile strand; especially subclass 203, for chenille type; see class definition, section VI, reference to Class 57. 139,  Textiles: Weaving,   subclasses 393+ , for a woven chenille strand wherein the weft strands serve to form chenille.

11	Ornament under subclass 7 which:
	(a) approximates a sphere or spheroid; or (b) is an inverted deep cup, typically having a recurving brim and simulating a bell; or (c) comprises radially disposed points (e.g., geometric starpolygon) or lines (e.g., asterisk) which constitute the conventionally accepted pattern suggestive of the luminous heavenly body- "star". (1) Note. This subclass includes, for instance, the vari-shaped Christmas tree "ball". SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclass 899.1 , for a process of forming a hollow metal sphere. 116,  Signals and Indicators,   subclasses 148+ , for a bell, per se. 446,  Amusement Devices: Toys,   subclass 76 for an ornamental container convertible to use as a toy. 473,  Games Using Tangible Projectile,   subclasses 52+ for a ball adapted to be used in the game of billiards or pool, subclasses 125+ for a ball adapted to be used in the game of bowling, and subclasses 569+ for a game ball, per se.

12	COLLAPSIBLE ARTICLE (E.G., JOINTED, ELASTIC, ETC.)
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Article* comprising parts which are either articulated, or foldable, or inflatable and deflatable, or telescopic, for purposes of structural compactness (as for storage) and wherein said parts when so disposed retain a structural unity. (1) Note. Adjustability that achieves another display form only is not considered to include the characteristic of collapsibility. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 9, for a collapsible special occasion ornament. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 40,  Card, Picture, or Sign Exhibiting,   subclass 214 , for a balloon with a sign thereon. 138,  Pipes and Tubular Conduits,   subclasses 118+ , for a flexible tubular structure including a collapsible feature. 222,  Dispensing,   subclasses 92+ , for a collapsible wall type container; and see the search notes thereunder. 446,  Amusement Devices: Toys,   subclasses 220+ for an inflatable toy, subclass 388 for an animate figure formed from folded sheet material, and subclasses 487+ for other toys which are or collapsible.

13	Article* under the class definition in the form of an exhibit piece which is:
	(a) enclosed within a surrounding peripheral enclosure (separate or integral); or (b) encased, either loosely or embedded, in a self-sustaining, light transmissive enclosure: or (c) a three dimensional scenic representation including an article of commerce and/or a product of nature or a replica thereof. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 81+, for a product in the form of a sheet* including a modification or embellishment of the periphery thereof. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 40,  Card, Picture, or Sign Exhibiting,   appropriate subclasses, for an advertising display; and subclasses 700+ , for a picture mount where the picture is not an essential structural element of the combination. 47,  Plant Husbandry,   subclass 41.01 , for a living flower in a transparent casing. 472,  Amusement Devices,   particularly subclasses 57+ for a diorama related to an illusionary stage setting.

14	Peripheral enclosure or frame
	This subclass is indented under subclass 13.  Product comprising an exhibit piece which is enclosed peripherally by a distinct element.

15	Article* under the class definition wherein the primary structure is:
	(a) a replica of an article of commerce or a product of nature; or (b) a product of nature which is modified but retains the general structure and appearance of such a product. (1) Note. For placement herein, and indented subclasses, the disclosure of an article in the form of a reproduction does not require exactness of duplication; but a disclosure of a pictorial representation of a natural product, or a mere imitation of a material finish (e.g., grain, etc.), is excluded from this subclass. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 7+, for a simulated or modified natural product for a specific or special occasion, e.g., wreath, etc. 13, for a three dimensional object or a product of nature in a display casing. 85+, for a natural product having a pile type surface. 141+, for a web* or sheet* with a textured surface resembling a natural product (e.g., grained leather, etc.). 195+, for a web* or sheet* with a discontinuous or differential coating, impregnation or bond which may constitute a representation or imitation of a material finish. 409+, for a web* or sheet* with a surface feature not provided for in a subclass superior thereto. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 40,  Card, Picture, or Sign Exhibiting,   subclass 126 , for an advertising display dummy. 52,  Static Structures (e.g., Buildings),   subclass 311.1 for an ornamental product for that class involving defined coloring, thickness variation or dissimilar elements forming a pattern. 119,  Animal Husbandry,   subclasses 253+ for a three dimensional object or a product of nature used as aquarium ornamentation. 252,  Compositions,   subclass 1 for a composition for making artificial snow. 434,  Education and Demonstration,   appropriate subclasses, for a simulation used as an educational device.

16	Fauna
	This subclass is indented under subclass 15.  Article in animal form. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 446,  Amusement Devices: Toys,   subclasses 268+ for a figure toy.

17	Flora
	This subclass is indented under subclass 15.  Article comprising either simulated, or treated nonliving, natural plant form. (1) Note. Artificial turf, sod or grass will be found in this subclass. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 13, for a plant in a transparent display housing. 85+, for a pile or nap type surface which is not an artificial or treated natural product. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 24,  Buckles, Buttons, Clasps, etc.,   subclass 5 and 6 for a plant with means to attach to an article of clothing. 47,  Plant Husbandry,   appropriate subclasses for a cut plant treated to prolong the characteristics of life, and especially subclasses 41.01+ for the combination of a receptacle and a cut plant either treated, or with means, to prolong the characteristics of life. 206,  Special Receptacle or Package,   subclass 423 for the combination of a receptacle or container and either a freshly cut plant or an artificial plant. 239,  Fluid Sprinkling, Spraying, and Diffusing,   appropriate subclasses, especially subclasses 34+ for an aromatized artificial flower. 427,  Coating Processes,   subclasses 458+ for treating plants or flowers for preservation or ornamentation by a coating step. 504,  Plant Protecting and Regulating Compositions,   subclasses 114+ for compositions for treating a cut plant to maintain its freshness or to prolong the characteristics of life.

18	Tree
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.  Article wherein the product simulated or treated is at least part of the woody portion of a woody perennial plant, which plant is generally distinguished by a substantially sized single or main trunk with attached branches and foliage. (1) Note. A patent restricted to a bush or shrub type plant is not considered to be directed to a tree structure. (2) Note. A patent to a simulated tree trunk or branch is included in this subclass, but not one to a tree leaf alone (for which see subclass 17). (3) Note. An artificial or natural tree used for a special occasion (e.g., Christmas, etc.) is considered to be a special occasion ornament and will be found in the appropriate subclass above. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 7, for an artificial or natural tree disclosed as being for a special occasion, (e.g, Christmas, etc.).

19	With article holder or ornament
	This subclass is indented under subclass 18.  Tree, either (a) in combination with a decorative article thereon or with an attachment whose function is to support another article (e.g., card or confectionery holder, etc.); or (b) embodying integral tree structure (such as a curved branch) specifically designed to function as an article supporting means. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 7+, for a special occasion ornament. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 362,  Illumination,   subclasses 122+ for a tree with a decorative electric light thereon.

20	Knockdown
	This subclass is indented under subclass 18.  Tree fabricated of a plurality of parts which are structurally completely separable for purposes of assembly or disassembly. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 8, for a knockdown type special occasion ornament; and see the search notes thereunder.

21	Artificial fruit or garnishing leaf display strip
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.  Article including; (a) any simulation of a fruit, or (b) an extended ribbon-like structure having a leafy configuration along a longitudinal edge thereof and intended to embellish a food display. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 40,  Card, Picture, or Sign Exhibiting,   subclass 126 , for a simulation in the form of an imitation article (e.g., ice cream) intended for display purposes. 426,  Food or Edible Material, Processes, Compositions, and Products,   appropriate subclasses for an edible material intended for human or animal consumption.

22	Including naturally occurring article
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.  Article constructed, at least in part, of a material which is a product of nature (animal, vegetable or mineral) and which at least broadly retains a form characteristic of such product.

23	Cluster or with holder
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.  Plant form either (a) in combination with means (e.g., base or suspension structure) to support same other than an integral framework around which the plant form is constructed; or (b) a plurality of such forms e.g., bunched, etc.). SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 18+, for an artificial tree combined with a base-support. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 24,  Buckles, Buttons, Clasps, etc.,   subclasses 5 and 6, for a floral piece with clasp attachment. 47,  Plant Husbandry,   subclasses 41.01 and 55, for a cut flower holder and for a stem (usually of wire) for attachment to the short stem or calyx of a flower; and subclass 72, for a flower pot cover. 206,  Special Receptacle or Package,   subclass 423 for the combination of a receptacle and a floral decoration, whether growing, freshly cut or imitation. 211,  Supports: Racks,   appropriate subclasses, for an open framework type of a support rack. 248,  Supports,   subclass 27.8 , for a floral support structure, per se; and subclasses 44+ for a staff type stand or base support.

24	Flower or flower petal
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.  Article comprising either the bloom or blossom, or a leaf of such bloom or blossom, of a plant of the type that originates from seed. (1) Note. The bloom or blossom is that part of the seed plant which supports the reproductive spore in an envelope (corolla) that includes a calyx and petals. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 22, for a simulated flower constructed of a naturally occurring material.

25	Flower under subclass 24 fabricated of:
	(a) lacework or knotted mesh fabric*, or an open wire mesh whose continuity and integrity derive from the wire"s permanent set; or (b) free running strand lengths. (1) Note. Specifically excluded from this subclass, and included in subclass 26, is a patent to an artificial flower including filamentary material which is merely woven, knotted, or braided.

26	Of cloth, paper, or chemically plastic matter
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.  Flower fabricated from: (a) textile* fabric*, including ribbon; or (b) any of the paper* materials (e.g., crepe, Kraft, etc.); or (c) from any of the moldable, high molecular weight compounds whether manufactured by synthesis or chemical modication of naturally occurring high polymers (e.g., cellulose* acetate, polyvinyl* chloride, phenolformaldehyde resins, rubbers and urethane* foams, etc.). (1) Note. For a definition of paper, see the definition of Class 162.

27	Framework with or therefor
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.  Means restricted to the requisite structural skeleton integral with and around which a composite* floral-piece, or element* thereof, is or may be constructed. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 47,  Plant Husbandry,   subclass 41.01 , for related structure including a moisture retaining core; and subclass 55, for a flower support designed to appear as the stalk thereof. 211,  Supports: Racks,   appropriate subclasses, for a frame-like support, in general. 248,  Supports,   subclass 27.8 , for a support, per se, for a completed wreath, spray of flowers, etc. The framework onto which the natural or artificial vegetation is fixed, is proper subject matter for Class 428, subclass 27; however, such a framework combined with a hook for use in supporting the finished wreath, etc., or legs, which maintain the finished wreath off the ground is proper subject matter for Class 248, subclass 27.8.

28	FINIAL OR PENDANT TYPE ARTICLE
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Article* which is, or includes, an element* of decoration utilized in structural design to denote a termination of the structure to which it is applied, and which decoration is disposed on an end or at an edge of such structure. (1) Note. The final or pendent ornament may have a utilitarian function. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 7+, for a special occasion ornament. 19, for an ornament in combination with a tree. 115, for a fringed web* or sheet*. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 16,  Miscellaneous Hardware,   subclasses 110.1 through 430for a handle including a tasselled knob. 52,  Static Structures (e.g., Buildings),   subclass 57 for a roof attached finial. 135,  Tent, Canopy, Umbrella, or Cane,   subclasses 65+ for an ornamented cane or stick end.

29	Article* under the class definition comprising:
	(1) a picture or design at least part of which is in an invisible or dimly visible state and is so constructed as to become, by intended use, preceptible, or more clearly so, upon appropriate treatment; or (2) material intended to present apparent visible changes in an incorporated design or image when: (a) subjected alternatively to reflected or transmitted light; or (b) viewed on a single face thereof, along different sight lines; or (c) viewed alternatively on each face, and the included image or design is either completely light pervious or substantially identical on each such face. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 199, for a product comprising a discontinuous coating which may be latent and developable to indicate attempts at erasure or alteration. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 40,  Card, Picture, or Sign Exhibiting,   subclasses 106.51+ for a display including an illusion of motion; subclass 137, for a sign with a changeable reading; and other appropriate subclasses, for a latent image in a display device. 355,  Photocopying,   subclasses 78+ for contact printing. 430,  Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof,   appropriate subclasses for radiation imagery compositions, a latent radiation image, and a process of developing an exposed image. 434,  Education and Demonstration,   subclasses 327+ for a latent image the development of which involves the educative process. 472,  Amusement Devices,   particularly subclasses 57+ for an amusement device producing either a physical or optical illusion.

30	Striated for iridescence
	This subclass is indented under subclass 29.  Product including substantially parallel grooves or color bands, of minute width to effect a play of color. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 359,  Optical: Systems and Elements,   subclasses 558+ and 615 for optical elements or systems for diffracting or dispersing light. 362,  Illumination,   subclasses 326+ and 341+ for related structure specifically for use with artificial light.

31	VEHICLE BODY ORNAMENT
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  An article* which is to be placed on a vehicle to provide a decoration or embellishment therefor. (1) Note. So-called "trim" panels, usually used in upholstering and/or decorating the inside of vehicles, are not included under this definition of article. Such "trim" panels will be found below on other features, see for example, subclasses 156+ (embossed sheet material) or 355+ (sheet with cover or casing). (2) Note. Included herein, for example, are automobile hood ornaments, streamers or other similar devices to be attached to a vehicle body for embellishment thereof. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 7+, for a special occasion ornament. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 301,  Land Vehicles: Wheels and Axles,   subclass 37.101 for a wheel protector member (e.g., wheel cover, etc.).

32	ARTICLE HAVING ORNAMENTAL WOUND OR WOVEN STRANDS
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  An article* comprising as a portion only thereof, (1) a strand*, strand-portion* or strip* wound or coiled around the article or (2) a plurality of strands* or strand-like materials mechanically interlooped, interlaced, or intertwined on the article*, each of (1) and (2) above serving to ornament or embellish the article*. (1) Note. Examples of articles found in this subclass are; sword hilts or scabbards which are ornamented with the woven, braided or wound strands*. (2) Note. Excluded from this definition is a filament, rod or other indeterminate length and non three dimensional element having a wound or wrapped coating. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 37, for a spirally flat wound strand or strip (e.g., braided rug, etc.). 222, for a web* or sheet* having components* which are twisted or folded about one another, or a component* which is arranged in a series of mutually parallel convolution along the longitudinal axis of the web* or sheet*. 377, for a rod*, strand* or filament*, or a coating therearound, helically wound or twisted about an axis extending longitudinally thereof, the axis, in the case of the coating, being that of the core*, filament*, rod* or strand*.

32.1	INK JET STOCK FOR PRINTING (I.E. STOCK BEFORE PRINTING):
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Subject matter for use as a receiver for ink jet printing and that includes a top ink receptive layer, a support for the top ink receptive layer, and sometimes includes a specialized layer on the back of the support for protecting the support or providing specialized characteristics (e.g., antistatic, etc.). (1) Note. An ink receptive layer is defined as an involved layer or region of a layer that will absorb, fix, or permeate all or any component of the originally applied ink composition. Thus, a layer that fixes the pigment component of the applied ink or a layer that absorbs only the solvent component of the applied ink will be considered ink receptive for the subclasses hereinunder. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 162,  Paper Making and Fiber Liberation,   subclass 100 for fibrous products of Class 162 processes not elsewhere provided. Class 162 processes relate to depositing fibers from a liquid suspension thereof to form an interfelted fibrous product (paper), and combinations of such fiber depositing steps with other treatments of the deposited fibrous product prior to the final drying thereof not elsewhere provided. Class 428 provides for coated fiber containing sheets that are coated after the wet water laid sheet has been dried at least to room equilibrium moisture level. Lacking an indication to the contrary, it will be assumed that a coated fiber containing sheet is proper for Class 428, if it is a non-structural laminate or has sufficient structure according to theClass 428 definition. 346,  Recorders,   for making a record of the movements of machines or instruments whose movements are desired to be recorded and at least temporarily preserved, making a record of any phenomenon capable of being detected either quantitatively or qualitatively and recorded for at least temporary preservation, the record making means and its immediate actuating means as a subcombination of either, and watchmen"s and workmen"s time-recorders and time stamps. See Class 346, subclass 134 record receivers and/or driving means therefore for the material on which the record of the machine movement in response to mechanical stimulus (e.g., vibration, rotation of machine, etc.) is made. Thus, if the machine operates as a result of computer direction as in an ink jet printer or thermal printer, the receiver is proper for Class 428. 347,  Incremental Printing of Symbolic Information,   for processes and apparatus for conveying information by selectively creating on a medium a visibly distinguishable symbol or mark composed of a plurality of portions. Particularly note Class 147 subclass 105 for subject matter including means specific to the medium and its processing wherein the receiving medium has a special characteristic such as fluid receiving layer.

32.11	Having property to receive other media in addition to ink jet composition:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.1.  Subject matter which is adapted to act as a receiver for other material in addition to ink from an ink jet printing.

32.12	Retransferable:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.1.  Subject matter wherein ink jet receiving layer is intended to act as a receiving layer for the ink which will be transferred to another substrate in a subsequent step.

32.13	Image viewable from either side (e.g., OHP, projectable image, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.1.  Subject matter wherein the ink image to be formed will be viewable from either side of a transparent support and capable of being projected by light onto a screen.

32.14	Single recording layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.13.  Subject matter wherein there is a single ink receptive layer on the transparent support.

32.15	Particles in recording layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.14.  Subject matter wherein the single ink receptive layer contains particles (e.g., pigment, etc.).

32.16	Cloth or textile support
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.1.  Subject matter wherein a support is specified as being made of a cloth or textile.

32.17	Microporous synthetic resin support (e.g., microcracked, microembossed, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.1.  Subject matter wherein the support is a synthetic resin specified as having small open or interconnected randomly distributed microvoids.

32.18	Physical property (e.g., dimensions, optical, smoothness, etc.) of support specified:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.1.  Subject matter wherein a physical property (e.g., dimensions, optical, smoothness, etc.) of a support is given.

32.19	Optical property of support specified (e.g., opacity, brightness, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.18.  Subject matter wherein an optical characteristic (e.g., opacity, brightness, etc.) of the support is the specified physical property.

32.2	Smoothness or freeness specified:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.18.  Subject matter wherein a physical property of a paper support made from wood pulp is expressed as (a) the degree of uniform evenness and flatness of a paper surface or (b) as a rate at which water drains from a stock suspension through a wire mesh screen or a perforated plate.

32.21	Paper support composition specified:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.1.  Subject matter where the support contains a naturally occurring fibrous cellulosic material composition.

32.22	Specified property (e.g., antistatic, anticurl, adhesive, antifriction, etc.) of backing layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.1.  Subject matter wherein there is a layer having specialized characteristics (e.g., antistatic, anticurl, adhesive, antifriction, etc. located on the opposite side of the support from the ink receptive layer (i.e. not next to the ink receptive layer).

32.23	Terpolymer ink receptive layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.1.  Subject matter wherein the ink receptive layer contains a polymer derived from three distinct monomer units.

32.24	Plural ink receptive non-support layers:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.1.  Subject matter wherein there are more than one ink receptive layers.

32.25	Particle (e.g., pigment) containing layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.24.  Subject matter wherein at least one of the receptive layer contains particles (e.g., pigment, etc.).

32.26	Hardened, cured, or cross-linked ink receptive layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.1.  Subject matter wherein the ink receptive layer has reacted with a reactant that increases or interconnects polymer chains, or the ink receptive layer is referred to as hardened.

32.27	Gelatin ink receptive layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.1.  Subject matter wherein the ink receptive layer contains a proteinaceous (i.e., polypeptide) gel derived usually derived from a naturally occurring animal product (e.g., collagen, etc.) by boiling in water. (1) Note. Lacking an indication to the contrary, the use of gelatin, per se, will be assumed to meet the definition of this subclass. However, it is possible to have a material identified as a gelatin that is not proteinaceous (e.g., starch, pectin, polyamide resin, etc.) and does not meet this subclass definition.

32.28	Modified polyvinyl alcohol ink receptive layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.1.  Subject matter wherein the ink receptive layer contains a derivatized polyvinylalcohol polymer.

32.29	Quaternary ammonium compound ink receptive layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.1.  Subject matter wherein the ink receptive layer contains a hydrocarbon compound that contains four hydrocarbon groups covalently bonded to nitrogen.

32.3	Dye-fixing agent present in ink receptive layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.1.  Subject matter in which the ink receptive layer contains a mordant which will combine with an applied dye-containing ink composition to form an insoluble color precipitate on the substrate, (e.g., dye plus metal chelating agent, etc.).

32.31	Physical property of ink receptive layer specified:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.1.  Subject matter in which a physical property of the ink receptive layer is specified. (1) Note. For purpose of this subclass, the physical property of a particle, per se, is not considered a physical property of the ink receptive layer.

32.32	Pore size or pore volume:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.31.  Subject matter in which the physical property of the ink receptive layer is a void size (e.g., 60 to 150 A., etc.) or is void volume (e.g., cc, etc.).

32.33	Gloss specified:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.31.  Subject matter in which the physical property is expressed as the ability of the ink receptive layer to reflect light specularly from the surface thereof.

32.34	Particles (e.g., pigment, etc.) present in ink receptive layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.1.  Subject matter in which the ink receptive layer contains particles therein.

32.35	Particle size distribution:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.34.  Subject matter in which the particles present in the ink receptive layer are expressed as a range of particle sizes included in the ink receptive layer.

32.36	Surface of particle is modified (e.g., coated, charged, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.34.  Subject matter in which a surface on the particle present in the ink receptive layer is distinguishably characterized (e.g., coated, charged, etc.).

32.37	Property of particle specified (e.g., oil absorbitivity, surface area, pore size, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.34.  Subject matter in which a physical property of the particles (e.g., oil absobitivity, surface area, pore size, etc.) present in the ink receptive layer is given

32.38	Multiple polymers in ink receptive layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.1.  Subject matter in which the ink receptive layer comprises plural distinct polymers.

32.39	RECEIVER FOR THERMAL TRANSFER INK:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Subject matter that relates to a substrate onto which a non-chemically reactive color layer will be selectively conveyed from a thermal transfer donor through application of heat and direct contact to set a pattern thereon. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 32.52, for the combination of a receiver and a thermal transfer donor. 32.6, for a thermal transfer donor (e.g., ribbon, sheets, etc.) per se.

32.5	Particles in receiving media:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.39.  Subject matter wherein the receiver includes particles.

32.51	Retransferable (i.e., receiving layer utilizable as ink transferable donor):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.39.  Subject matter wherein an imaged receiver will act as an image donor to a secondary receiver.

32.52	Thermal transfer donor attached:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.39.  Subject matter that additionally includes a product for thermally forming a record that includes (a) a non-chemically reactive color transfer layer of which a portion is selectively conveyed through application of heat and direct contact to set a pattern on a receiver, (b) a non-transferable support (i.e., carrier) for the transfer layer, and (c) also may include on the support specialized non-transferable layer(s) having characteristics that promote easy handling of the support or removal of the selectively transferred portion.

32.6	THERMAL TRANSFER DONOR (E.G., RIBBON, SHEETS, ETC.):
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Subject matter that relates to a product for thermally forming a record that includes (a) a non-chemically reactive color transfer layer of which a portion is selectively conveyed through application of heat and direct contact to set a pattern on a receiver, (b) a non-transferable support (i.e., carrier) for the transfer layer, and (c) also may include on the support specialized non-transferable layer(s) having characteristics that promote easy handling of the support or removal of the selectively transferred portion. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 503,  Record Receiver Having Plural Interactive Leaves or a Colorless Color Former, Method of Use, or Developer Therefor,   for material which is used to form a visible record by a reactive or interactive, usually chemical or physico-chemical, phenomenon or a method of using such a material to form a record. The formation phenomenon is one of the following: (a) The chemical decomposition of a colorless substance to form a substance having color; (b) the chemical combination of two or more colorless chemical moieties to produce a substance having color; (c) The further chemical change of (a) or (b) above, to form a color different from an original color; and (d) The chemical or physico-chemical complementarity between the bottom surface of one sheet of a record receiver and the top surface of an adjacent sheet with which the first sheet is associated.

32.61	Multiple printing (i.e., reusable):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.6.  Subject matter wherein the thermal transfer donor is intended to be used multiple times.

32.62	Porous layer containing transferable material (e.g., ink, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.61.  Subject matter wherein the transfer layer is a porous layer containing a thermally transferable color therein. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 321.3, for a composite having a component wherein a constituent is claimed as a liquid ink that is contained within the pores of a carrier material (i.e., generally extrudable from the pores by application of pressure).

32.63	Support properties specified (e.g., shrinkability, thermal conductivity, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.6.  Subject matter wherein physical properties (e.g., shrinkability, thermal conductivity, etc.) of the support are set forth. (1) Note. Having multiple layers on the support will not be considered enough to qualify for this subclass unless physical properties of the support are specified. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 32.64, for a support having a specialized heat source contacting layer. 32.9, a support having a specialized non-transferable layer thereon.

32.64	Specialized heat source contacting layer (i.e., back layer) on support:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.6.  Subject matter wherein a non transferable backing layer on the support is specifically adapted for contacting of a heat source .

32.65	Having electrical resistance specified:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.64.  Subject matter wherein the layer adapted for contacting a heat source is resistant to the flow of electrically.

32.66	Having heat resistance and lubricity specified:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.64.  Subject matter wherein the layer adapted for contacting a heat source has a numerically specified heat resistance and a capacity to reduce friction.

32.67	Having lubricity specified:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.64.  Subject matter wherein the layer adapted for contacting a heat source has a capacity to reduce friction.

32.68	Having heat resistance specified:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.64.  Subject matter wherein the layer adapted for contacting a heat source has a numerically specified heat resistance.

32.69	Particles in transfer layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.6.  Subject matter wherein the thermal transfer layer contains particles.

32.7	Meltable particles:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.69.  Subject matter wherein the particles are capable of being melted during the transfer.

32.71	Glass or ceramic particles:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.69.  Subject matter wherein the particles are glass or ceramic.

32.72	Resin particles:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.69.  Subject matter wherein the particles are made from a natural or synthetic polymer.

32.73	Microcapsule particle:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.72.  Subject matter wherein the particles have a coated or encapsulated core.

32.74	Metal particles:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.69.  Subject matter wherein the particles are metal or metal alloy.

32.75	Multiple colors transferable (e.g., stacked, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.6.  Subject matter wherein the transfer layer contains more than one color that will transfer.

32.76	Lateral diverse colors:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.75.  Subject matter wherein the multiple colors of the transferable layer are in a side by side array.

32.77	Multiple layers transfer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.6.  Subject matter wherein there are more than one layer that comprise the thermally transferable material.

32.78	Separate adhesive layer transfers:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.77.  Subject matter wherein a layer identified as adhesive is one of the thermally transferable layers.

32.79	Adhesive outermost layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.78.  Subject matter wherein the adhesive layer will be a layer that first contacts the receiver.

32.8	Specialized non-transferable layer on support:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.6.  Subject matter wherein the support has a non-transferable layer thereon that has identified specialized characteristics. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 32.63, for supports having specified physical properties. 32.64, for having a specialized heat source contacting layer.

32.81	Release enhancing layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.9.  Subclass wherein the specialized non-transferable layer has a characteristic that enables easy removal of the transferable material.

32.82	Wax in release layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.81.  Subject matter wherein the release enhancing non-transferable layer contains a low melting mixture of organic materials or a compound of high molecular weight which is solid at room temperature similar to fats and oils except containing no glycerides and referred to as wax.

32.83	Wax in transfer layer:
	Subject matter under 32.6 wherein the transfer layer contains a low melting mixture of organic materials or a compound of high molecular weight which is solid at room temperature similar to fats and oils except containing no glycerides and referred to as wax.

32.84	Wax and resin in transfer layer:
	Subject matter under 32.83 wherein, in addition to wax, the transfer layer contains a natural or synthetic polymer.

32.85	Copolymer in transfer layer:
	Subject matter under 32.6 wherein the transfer layer contains a polymer derived from more than one monomer unit.

32.86	Multiple resins in transferable material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.6.  Subject matter wherein the transfer layer contains plural distinct polymers that are not covalently bonded to each other.

32.87	Physical property (e.g., melting point, softening point, glass transition point, etc.) of transferable material specified:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 32.6.  Subject matter wherein the transfer layer has a specified physical property of set forth in the claim.

33	PLURAL PARTS WITH EDGES OR TEMPORARY JOINING MEANS EACH COMPLEMENTARY TO OTHER
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Article* comprising a plurality of portions arranged with complementary areas to enable attachment of the portions to make different shapes, and to permit detachment of the portions at will. (1) Note. The portions herein are similar to jigsaw puzzle pieces and can be assembled and disassembled at will. If any tool must be used, or a portion permanently deformed so as to be further unusable, the article is excluded from this subclass and will be found below, or elsewhere, on other features.

34	LIGHT TRANSMISSIVE SHEETS, WITH GAS SPACE THEREBETWEEN AND EDGE SEALED (E.G., DOUBLE GLAZED STORM WINDOW, ETC.)
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Product which comprises at least two light transmissive components secured in spaced relation and cooperating to create an airtight void. (1) Note. At least one of the components must be transparent in order that objects may be seen therethrough. (2) Note. The term "gas" includes a vacuum as well as gas under pressure. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 38, for a plural layer* sheet* of light transmissive material having an opaque border or frame, which layers* are not spaced from one another. 426+, for a nonstructural laminate including a layer* of glass and especially 438+ for automobile safety glass in which an intermediate layer*, usually of cellulosic material, bonds two sheets* of glass, thus leaving no space therebetween. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 52,  Static Structure (e.g., Buildings),   subclasses 171.3+ for a residual transparent panel with treating means, subclass 204.52 for a double pane panel with an open vent or plugged vent and subclasses 783.1+ for a sandwich or hollow panel and see section VI, C 3d of the class definition of this Class 428. 215,  Bottles and Jars,   subclasses 12.1+ for a hermetrically sealed bottle or jar. 220,  Receptacles,   subclasses 592.05 and 62.18 for a receptacle having spaced inner and outer walls.

34.1	HOLLOW OR CONTAINER TYPE ARTICLE (E.G., TUBE, VASE, ETC.):
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Article* having an opening therethrough or having a cavity which may or may not be filled with another material. (1) Note. This subclass is the locus for patents which claim a tube or a container merely by name with no details recited of structure associated therewith such as wall structure, openings, etc. For articles of this type which are more specifically claimed, see VI, C., 3 a., in the main classification definitions where significant wall structure is discussed as it relates to patent placement in other "container or tube" type classes. Also see search notes below. (2) Note. Since the classification lines between Class 428 and Classes 138, 206, 215, 220, 229, and 383 are not always clearly defined, it is suggested that a search for a coated tubular object or container include pertinent subclasses in all of the above classes. (3) Note. Subclass 38.1 includes but is not limited to vessels, trays and annular articles not elsewhere provided for. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 21, for a three dimensional artificial fruit article which may be in the form of a hollow or container type product. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 47,  Plant Husbandry,   subclasses 41.01+ for a receptacle, per se, which has structure or means for growing a live plant (e.g., drain hole, watering wicks, etc.) or for the combination of a receptacle and a freshly cut plant, treated, or with means, to prolong the characteristics of life. 138,  Pipes and Tubular Conduits,   appropriate subclasses, for a tube or conduit which is defined in terms of its wall structure (e.g., spiral seam, coating on inner or outer wall, etc.) and not merely by its composition. See also section VI, B, of the definition of this Class 428, reference to Class 138. 150,  Purses, Wallets, and Protective Covers,   appropriate subclasses, for an article of this type in which details of the receptacle are recited such as wall structure, mouth frame, compartments, etc. 206,  Special Receptacle or Package,   subclass 423 for a container for holding either freshly cut or artificial vegetation, either as the container, per se, or as the combination with the artificial plant. 215,  Bottles and Jars,   appropriate subclasses, for a glass article of this type which is claimed specifically as a bottle or jar by reciting details thereof such as the wall structure, neck, specific orientation of a coating on the inside or outside of a wall, filling opening, etc. 220,  Receptacles,   appropriate subclasses, for a container of the type which is claimed specifically as a receptacle by reciting details thereof such as wall structure, side, bottom, filling opening, or specific orientation of a coating on the inside or outside of a wall; see especially Class 220, subclasses 62.11+ . 383,  Flexible Bags,   appropriate subclasses for flaccid or flexible bags which are more than nominally claimed.

34.2	Paper containing (e.g., paperboard, cardboard, fiberboard, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 34.1.  Article* containing paper* according to the class definition. (1) Note. Included are paper fibers, paperboard, cardboard, fiberboard, etc.

34.3	Bag or tubular film (e.g., pouch, flexible food casing, envelope, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 34.2.  Article* in the form of a flexible tubular film or bag-like product which contains paper. (1) Note. Tubular film includes products claimed or specified as such or tubes claimed or specified as made from such a film.

34.4	Glass, ceramic, or sintered, fused, fired, or calcined metal oxide or metal carbide containing (e.g., porcelain, brick, cement, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 34.1.  Article* which contains glass*, ceramic*, or a metal oxide or metal carbide material which is sintered, fused, fired, or calcined.

34.5	Contains fabric, fiber, particle, or filament made of glass, ceramic, or sintered, fused, fired, or calcined metal oxide, or metal carbide or other inorganic compound (e.g., fiber glass, mineral fiber, sand, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 34.4.  Article* which contains fabric*, fibers, particles, or filaments which are composed of glass, ceramic, metal oxide or metal carbide, or some other inorganic compound. (1) Note. Included are fiber glass, mineral fibers, sand, graphite, carbon, glass chips, etc.

34.6	Multilayer (continuous layer):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 34.4.  Article* which has two or more distinct layers. (1) Note. This subclass does not include as "multilayer", discontinuous layers (i.e., designs on a vase or nonwraparound label on a container), slightly overlapping single sheet or film, or a coating on the seam, edge, or rim only of a tubular article or container. A glass container with a sleeve around a segment of or around the whole container can be found in this subclass. An impregnated single-layered article is considered multilayered only if the depth of impregnation is defined (see the class definition, Glossary, "Web" Note (2)). See subclass 34.4 for placement of articles not meeting the definition requirements of this subclass as stated herewith. (2) Note. If unable to determine whether the article is single or multilayered from the claims or the specification, place the original classification in the first appropriate subclass which will take either single or multilayers and generally cross to the specific subclass for single layer or multilayer, whichever is available.

34.7	Polymer or resin containing (i.e., natural or synthetic):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 34.6.  Article* which contains any natural or synthetic polymer or resin. (1) Note. A polymer or resin in this subclass requires a repeat unit of an organic moiety. (2) Note. In addition to the well-known polymers or resins, also included are cellulose, cellulose derivatives and proteins.

34.8	Flexible food casing (e.g., sausage type, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 34.1.  Article* which is a flexible casing for food products such as sausage. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 35.2, for a tubular film with no reference to use as a food casing. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 138,  Pipes and Tubular Conduits,   subclass 118.1 for nonedible food casings with more than nominal wall structure. 206,  Special Receptacle or Package,   subclass 802 for a Cross-Reference Art Collection of shirred casings. 426,  Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products,   subclasses 105 , 135, and 138+ for edible food casings or casings containing a food product.

34.9	Shrinkable or shrunk (e.g., due to heat, solvent, volatile agent, restraint removal, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 34.1.  Article* which has the characteristic of being shrinkable or already shrunk by exposure to a special treatment. (1) Note. Treatments may include a temperature increase, the addition or removal of a solvent or other agent, or removal of a restraint holding the article or a part of the article in an expanded or unnatural state.

35.1	Single layer (continuous layer):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 34.9.  Article* which is a single layer. (1) Note. See subclass 34.6, Note (1) for an explanation of what makes a layer and Note (2) for situations where the number of layers is unclear from the claims or the specification.

35.2	Nonself-supporting tubular film or bag (e.g., pouch, envelope, packet, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 34.1.  Article* which is a tubular film or bag-like container (e.g., pouch, sack, packet, envelope, butterfly pouch, pouch, pocket-like container, etc.). (1) Note. See subclass 34.3, Note (1) for tubular film explanation. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 35.7+, for self-supporting or rigid tubular object. If unclear from the claims or specification whether the tubular object is nonself-supporting, place the original in subclasses 35.7+ and generally cross to subclasses 35.2+.

35.3	Elemental metal containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35.2.  Article* which contains elemental metal*.

35.4	Contains vapor or gas barrier, polymer derived from vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride, or polymer containing a vinyl alcohol unit:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35.2.  Article* which contains a claimed vapor or gas barrier property and/or contains a polymer of vinyl chloride and/or vinylidene chloride, or a polymer containing a vinyl alcohol unit. (1) Note. If unclear as to whether vapor and gas barrier properties are present from the claims, but the specification recites the presence, place the original in the appropriate subclass according to the claims and generally cross to this subclass.

35.5	Single layer (continuous layer):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35.2.  Article* in ... with a single layer. (1) Note. A single layer, bag-like article is one with two layers or sheets sealed around the edges to form the bag-like structure. (2) Note. See subclass 34.6, Note (2) if unclear from the claims or the specification whether the article is single or multilayer.

35.6	Cellular material derived from plant or animal source (e.g., wood, cotton, wool, leather, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 34.1.  Article* which contains a cellular material derived from a plant or animal source, but excludes fossilized matter. (1) Note. Cellular material includes naturally occurring material which still retains a certain amount of the original tissue structure of the plant or animal. Such material includes wood, wool, cotton, bark, cork, leather, hair, etc. (2) Note. In the absence of information to the contrary, a cellulose, cellulose derivative, or protein is presumed devoid of cell structure unless indicated otherwise.

35.7	Polymer or resin containing (i.e., natural or synthetic):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 34.1.  Article* which contains a polymer or resin of natural or synthetic origin. (1) Note. See subclass 34.7, Note (1) for definition of polymer or resin and Note (2) for examples of polymers.

35.8	Elemental metal containing (e.g., substrate, foil, film, coating, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35.7.  Article* which contains elemental metal in the form of a substrate, film, coating, particles, etc.

35.9	Three or more layers (continuous layer):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35.8.  Article* which contains 3 or more layers. (1) Note. See subclass 34.6, Note (1) for what a layer is and what it is not. See Note (2) for what to do when the number of layers is unclear from the claims or the specification.

36.1	Textile, fabric, cloth, or pile containing (e.g., web, net, woven, knitted, mesh, nonwoven, matted, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35.7.  Article* of ... which contains a textile*, fabric*, cloth*, pile fabric, felt, net, web, mesh, or the like. (1) Note. The textile, etc., can be woven or nonwoven, knitted, matted, etc.

36.2	Textile, fabric, cloth, or pile is sandwiched between two distinct layers of material unlike the textile, fabric, cloth, or pile layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 36.1.  Article* of ... which has a textile, fabric, cloth or pile layer sandwiched between two distinct layers of a material unlike the textile, fabric, cloth, or pile. (1) Note. An embedded textile, fabric, cloth, or pile is not considered to be a sandwiched layer. It is considered a single layer and therefore is subclass 36.1 subject matter. Also considered subclass 36.1 subject matter is a multilayered article where the layers on either side of the textile, fabric, cloth, or pile layer are identical to the textile, fabric, cloth, or pile layers.

36.3	Fiber or fibers wound around each other or into a self-sustaining shape (e.g., yarn, braid, fibers shaped around a core, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35.7.  Article* of ... which contains a fiber or multiple fibers which are wound around each other as in a braid or yarn or are wound or wrapped around a core or in such a way to form a self-sustaining structure or shape.

36.4	Randomly noninterengaged or randomly contacting fibers, filaments, particles, or flakes:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35.7.  Article* of ... which contains fibers, filaments, particles, or flakes which are in random contact or random disarray with each other. (1) Note. The fibers, filaments, particles, or flakes do not themselves give the claimed article a structure. They can, however, be oriented in a given direction. These fibers, etc., are usually included for reinforcement or as fillers.

36.5	Foam or porous material containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35.7.  Article* which contains a foam or porous material. (1) Note. A porous material is cellular in that is has small open or interconnected voids.

36.6	Contains vapor or gas barrier, polymer derived from vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride, or polymer containing a vinyl alcohol unit:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35.7.  Article* which contains a vapor or gas barrier property, contains a polymer derived from vinyl chloride and/or vinylidene chloride, and/or contains a polymer with a vinyl alcohol unit. (1) Note. See subclass 35.4, Note (1) for cases where it is unclear from the claims whether vapor and gas barrier properties are present.

36.7	Vapor or gas barrier, polymer derived from vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride, or polymer containing a vinyl alcohol unit is sandwiched between layers (continuous layer):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 36.6.  Article* where the vapor or gas barrier, the polymer derived from vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride, or the polymer containing a vinyl alcohol unit is found in a layer sandwiched between two other separate and distinct layers.

36.8	Natural or synthetic rubber or rubber-like compound containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35.7.  Article which contains a natural or synthetic rubber or rubber-like compound.

36.9	Open-ended, self-supporting conduit, cylinder, or tube-type article:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35.7.  Article* which is tubular or cylindrical, has openings at both ends, and which can hold its own structure without the aid of a filler or support. (1) Note. The difference between the products in this subclass and a hollow strand*, fiber* or filament in subclasses 364+ is as follows: the present subclass 36.9 is the locus for a conduit type article through which a fluid passes and is generally of substantially larger size (e.g., 3-dimensional) than the strand*, fiber* or filaments found in subclasses 364+. If it is difficult to determine from the disclosure whether the article is of the type which should be classified in this subclass or in the latter, all doubts should be resolved in favor of the strand*, filament*, or fiber* and placement made in those subclasses. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 364+, for a structurally defined or coated filament*, fiber* or strand* which could be hollow or open at both ends, and see (1) Note above for the line between the two subclasses.

36.91	Multilayer (continuous layer):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 36.9.  Article* which contains two or more layers. (1) Note. See subclass 34.6, Notes (1) and (2) for what a layer is and is not and for what to do when the number of layers is unclear from the claims or the specification.

36.92	Single layer (continuous layer):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 35.7.  Article which is a single continuous layer. (1) Note. See subclass 34.6, Notes (1) and (2) for what a layer is and is not and for what to do when the number of layers is unclear from the claims or the specification.

37	SPIRALLY FLAT-WOUND STRAND OR STRIP (E.G., BRAIDED RUG, ETC.)
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Product wherein a strand* or strip* is arranged, and held in fixed coiled relation and lying in a common plane to constitute a unitary sheet*. (1) Note. A patent wherein the convolutions of a spirally flat-wound strand* or strip* are held in position by stitching will be found in this subclass. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 222, for a web* or sheet* containing a helical component*. 298.1, for parallel strands* or strand-portions* joined to each other by adhesive. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 112,  Sewing,   subclass 412 , for parallel strands*, or strand-portions*, jointed to each other by sewing. a receptacle, per se, which has structure or means for growing a live plant (e.g., drain hole, watering wicks, etc.) or for the combination of a receptacle and a freshly cut plant, treated, or with means, to prolong the characteristics of life. 138,  Pipes and Tubular Conduits,   appropriate subclasses, for a spirally wound product of the type provided for in that class.

38	MASS TRANSMISSIVE OF LIGHT THROUGH ALL LAYERS AND HAVING OPAQUE BORDER (E.G., STAINED GLASS, WIRED GLASS, ETC.)
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Article* comprising at least two parts, the former permitting passage of light therethrough and the latter, preventing passage of light, forming a closed continuous frame or border on at least a portion of the former part. (1) Note. This subclass is the locus for an artificial or natural stained glass window and for a safety glass auto windshield having a frame therearound. (2) Note. "Continuous" in the above definition is intended to include a frame or border made of separate and individual parts but abutting with each other to eliminate any space between the parts. (3) Note. Included in this definition is a light transmissive single or plural layer* sheet* having an opaque area forming a frame or border around a small portion of the sheet*. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 34, for an article in which overlying light transmissive masses are spaced from one another and sealed at their edges, which seal may be opaque to light. 67, for similar structure in which the former portion does not permit light to pass therethrough. 426+, for sheets* of glass laminated to each other by an intermediate layer* of light transmissive material but having no frame or other opaque portion. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 73,  Measuring and Testing,   subclasses 323+ for a similar device, the sole disclosure of which is for use as a sight or inspection window or gauge glass. 351,  Optics: Eye Examining, Vision Testing and Correcting,   subclasses 41+ for similar subject matter in the form of a spectacle lens within an opaque frame. 442,  Fabric (Woven, Knitted, or Nonwoven Textile or Cloth, etc.),   for a product in which the opaque frame or border comprises a netted or open-mesh component and there is no light transmissive or translucent mass.

39	COLLAGE REPRESENTATIVE OF REAL OBJECT
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Product which is assembled from a plurality of discrete parts which, taken together, give the appearance of, or representation of, a real object and is at least partially the result of the outline and contrast of the parts.

40.1	Layer or component removable to expose adhesive:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Product comprising a composite*, web*, or sheet* having layers* or components* which are removable one from the other and one of which has an outermost coating comprising adhesive, exposed when the layers* or components* are separated, so as to enable the adhesive coating to be adhered to another surface. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 352, for a composite web or sheet having a layer of adhesive as an outermost coating and a release or antistick coating associated therewith, usually on the side of the base opposite to the adhesive layer.

40.2	Capsule or particulate matter containing: (e.g., sphere, flake, microballoon, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 40.1.  Subject matter wherein the layer or component contains capsules and/or particulate matter that are solid, hollow, or filled with another material.

40.3	Bituminous:
	Subject matter under subclass, 40.1 wherein the layer or component contains bitumen, asphalt, or a tarlike component.

40.4	Ceramic, glass, glasslike, vitreous:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 40.1.  Subject matter wherein the layer or component contains a ceramic, glassy, or vitrified component.

40.5	Wax containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 40.1.  Subject matter wherein the layer or component contains a natural or synthetic wax.

40.6	Halogen containing compound:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 40.1.  Subject matter wherein the layer or component contains a halogenated compound.

40.7	Fluorine:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 40.6.  Subject matter wherein the halogen is fluorine.

40.8	Coloring agent containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 40.6.  Subject matter wherein the layer or component contains a material having tinctorial properties.

40.9	Metal containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 40.1.  Subject matter wherein the layer or component contains free metal or combined metal and includes alloys and metal compounds.

41.1	Aluminum:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 40.9.  Subject matter wherein the metal is aluminum.

41.2	Coloring agent containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 40.9.  Subject matter wherein the layer or component contains a material having tinctorial properties

41.3	Polymer derived from ethylenically unsaturated monomer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 40.1.  Subject matter wherein the layer or component contains a polymer derived only from ethylenically unsaturated monomer(s), i.e., wherein the monomer contains a c=c which undergoes addition polymerization to form long c-c chains.

41.4	Silicon:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 41.3.  Subject matter wherein the layer or component contains silicon as free element, combined element, or in a compound.

41.5	Polymer derived from material having at least oneacrylic or alkacrylic group or the nitrile or amidederivative thereof: (e.g., acrylamide, acrylate ester, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 40.1.  Subject matter wherein the layer or component contains a polymer derived from at least one of the following reactants: R XR////CH2=C-C-N-R, CH2=C-C=N,R X/// CH2=C-C-OR and wherein X is chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium) and R is hydrogen or alkyl.

41.6	Coloring agent:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 40.1.  Subject matter wherein the layer or component contains a material having tinctorial properties.

41.7	Protective layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 40.1.  Subject matter wherein the layer or component is covered by a resistant layer, e.g. resistant to heat, cold, oxidation, pollution, etc.

41.8	Release layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 40.1.  Subject matter wherein the layer or component contains a bond inhibiting material or parting material used to prevent adhesion between lamina in areas that might otherwise bond in the absence of the material.

41.9	Dissimilar adhesives:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 40.1.  Subject matter wherein the layer or component contains at least two adhesives differing in composition, or differing in tackiness

42.1	Ornamental, decorative, pattern, or indicia:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 40.1.  Subject matter in which the layer or component contains a material that has an appearance or other psychological effect which conveys information or is designed to be esthetically pleasing.

42.2	Sectional layer removable:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 40.1.  Product in which the layer which is removable comprises a plurality of components which are noncoextensive with either the length or the width of the other layer. (1) Note. This subclass contains for example a web or sheet on which there is positioned a plurality of serially arranged adhesively coated labels which are removed and then adhered to a surface. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 343+, for a composite web or sheet in which there is anadhesive coating exposed and on the outside hereof.

42.3	Adhesive is on removable layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 42.2.  Product in which the adhesive or sticky substance is on the part which has been removed.

43	SHEET, WEB, OR LAYER WEAKENED TO PERMIT SEPARATION THROUGH THICKNESS
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Product comprising a sheet*, web* or layer* having a portion thereof made less strong so as to permit easy separation at this portion through the thickness portion either longitudinally or transverse or at an angle to the plane of the product. (1) Note. Examples of weakening are - perforating, scoring, or dissolving a portion of the web, sheet or layer. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 131, for similar structures including perforations or apertures, however, not for the purpose of facilitating separation of two portions at the perforations. 156+, for similar structure including a score line, or variation in thickness, but not for the purpose of providing a tear line or weakened portion.

44	TWO DIMENSIONALLY SECTIONAL LAYER
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Product containing a single layer* of at least three separate, discrete and identifiable parts both laterally and longitudinally associated (i.e., in a nonthickness direction) so that it is impossible to draw a single straight line through the geometric center of all the parts of the single layer*. (1) Note. Excluded under this definition is a web or sheet having a perimeter structure which appears to meet the definition. The identifiable parts in this subclass do not have any additional structure at the perimeter thereof. A floor of tile squares is exemplary of the subject matter in this locus.

45	With frame, casing, or perimeter structure
	This subclass is indented under subclass 44.  Product which has a border or other modification or embellishment of its entire perimeter, not of the individual sections.

46	Transparent or translucent layer or section
	This subclass is indented under subclass 44.  Product comprising a part or layer which permits light to pass therethrough. (1) Note. Any layer or section may be transparent or translucent for purposes of this subclass, e.g., the sectional layer may be made of completely transparent sections or an opaque sectional layer may be adjacent to a continuous layer which is transparent. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 38, for a product which has a transparent or translucent part fitted in or over a through opening in another part or in a border therefor.

47	Next to unitary web or sheet of equal or greater extent
	This subclass is indented under subclass 44.  Product in which the sectional layer is adjacent to a unitary web* or sheet* which extends outwardly in both lateral and longitudinal directions up to or beyond the boundary of the sectional layer.

48	Continuous two dimensionally sectional layer
	This subclass is indented under subclass 47.  Product wherein the sectional layer has no voids or spaces in both longitudinal and lateral directions. (1) Note. The continuity of the layer may be due to edge abutment of the parts thereof, or, if there be spaces between the parts a material completely filling such spaces.

49	Glass, ceramic, or metal sections (e.g., floor or wall tile, etc.)
	This subclass is indented under subclass 48.  Product wherein the distinct parts are made of (1) free or alloyed metal, (2) glass* or (3) ceramic* material and the product is commonly known as tile.

50	Cellulosic sections (e.g., parquet floor, etc.)
	This subclass is indented under subclass 48.  Product in which the distinct parts comprise cellulose* in either its natural or modified state.

51	Nonrectangular
	This subclass is indented under subclass 47.  Product wherein at least one of the parts of the sectional layer has a periphery other than four sides and four right angles. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 64.1+, for a circular sheet. 80, for a sheet which is nonrectangular.

52	Sections connected flexibly with external fastener
	This subclass is indented under subclass 44.  Product in which the layer is made of parts at least two of which are united by a distinct mechanical connection extending over the edges thereof and so arranged as to permit movement between the parts. (1) Note. The motion may be due to (1) freedom in the mechanical connection between the fastener and the part or (2) free or lost motion in the fastener itself.

53	THREE OR MORE COPLANAR INTERFITTED SECTIONS WITH SECURING MEANS
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Product comprising at least three sheets* or webs*, all lying in a single plane and each connected to another by an edge portion which comprises at least two different planes and having means joining the sheets* or webs* together. (1) Note. The means for joining or securing may be either mechanical or chemical (i.e., adhesive, etc.). (2) Note. The different planes may be either in thickness, i.e., the top image or or along a nonthickness surface*, i.e., the lower image below.

54	LONGITUDINALLY SECTIONAL LAYER OF THREE OR MORE SECTIONS
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Product formed of at least three parts joined at an end, forming a layer* in which the parts extends longitudinally, the longitudinal extent of each part being less than the overall length of the product. (1) Note. In the absence of a clear indication that the sections of the sectional layer are longitudinally coextensive with the longest dimension of the product, the sectional layer will be presumed to be longitudinally sectional for this and indented subclasses. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 44+, for a product comprising a plurality of parts joined together both laterally and longitudinally. 53, for a product which may be sectioned longitudinally, but in which the separate parts interfit on complementary faces and have additional joining or securing means. 189+, for a product in which at least one side-edge of a layer or component of a composite product is laterally offset from the corresponding side edge of a second layer or component.

55	Next to unitary sheet of equal or greater extent
	This subclass is indented under subclass 54.  Product wherein the layer of joined parts is contiguous to a unitary web or sheet which extends outwardly in both directions (1) up to or (2) beyond the boundary of the layer. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 47+, for a composite sheet or web comprising a layer sectional in two dimensions adjacent to another sheet or web of equal or greater size.

56	Continuous sectional layer
	This subclass is indented under subclass 55.  Product in which the layer has no voids or spaces between the joined parts in both directions of its plane. (1) Note. The continuity of the layer may be due to edge abutment of the parts thereof, or if there be voids or spaces between the parts, a material filling such spaces. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 48, for a composite* sheet or web comprising a continuous layer sectional in two dimensions adjacent to another sheet or web of equal or greater size. 77+, for a composite product comprising two sheets, one of which is longitudinally noncoextensive with the other.

57	SHEETS OR WEBS EDGE SPLICED OR JOINED
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Product wherein two sheets* or webs* are joined in either edge abutting or edge overlapping relationship. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 38, for a translucent portion or part joined at the edge or edges thereof in an aperture or frame. 53, for a product comprising at least three areas. 189+, for a product comprising a plurality of components* arranged edge to edge but not joined or spliced.

58	Sheets or webs coplanar
	This subclass is indented under subclass 57.  Product wherein the sheets or webs are joined together so as to lie in a single plane.

59	Double faced corrugated sheets or webs connected
	This subclass is indented under subclass 58.  Product comprising a plurality of sheets or webs connected to each other and each sheet or web comprising a plurality of hills and valleys extending parallel to each other. (1) Note. The connection may be through the intermediary of a planar sheet associated with the hills and valleys, or the hills of one sheet may be directly connected to those of the other. (2) Note. An example of the products found herein is corrugated cardboard.

60	Beveled, stepped, or skived in thickness
	This subclass is indented under subclass 58.  Product wherein the sheets or webs are joined along two or more planes or joined along one plane not perpendicular to the surface of the sheet or web. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 53, for a product including at least three parts joined along two or more planes.

61	With noncoplanar reinforcement
	This subclass is indented under subclass 58.  Product wherein the joint is reinforced by additional material which lies outside the plane of the connected sheets or webs.

62	Pile or nap surface sheets connected
	This subclass is indented under subclass 61.  Product wherein pile surfaced sheets or webs (e.g., rugs or carpets etc.) are connected.