B. Among the optical systems included in this class are:
Compound lens systems; Light reflecting signalling systems
(e.g., retroreflectors); Stereoscopic systems; Binocular devices;
Systems of lenticular elements; Systems involving light interference;
Glare reducing systems; Light dividing and combining systems; Light
control systems (e.g., light valves); Building illumination with natural
light; Systems for protecting or shielding elements; Optical systems
whose operation depends upon polarizing, diffracting, dispersing,
reflecting, or refracting light; Kaleidoscopes
C. Further included are certain apertures, closures, and viewing
devices of a specialized nature which involve no intentional reflection,
refraction, or filtering of light rays.
D. This class also includes optical elements combined with
another type of structure(s) to constitute an optical element combined
with a nonoptical structure or a perfection or improvement in the
optical element. This includes filters with supports or frames;
reflectors with handles, vehicles, or controlling motors; and prisms with
mountings. Also, included are lenses with supports or mountings,
lenses with diverse art tools, instruments or machines, lenses with
casings and lenses with viewed object supports or viewed object
or field illumination. Additionally, included are stereo-viewers
with view changers, illumination or supporting, mounting, enclosing
or light shielding structure; lenses with spacing structure such
as barrels with or without an additional support, handle or illumination;
and optical elements with moisture or foreign particle control.
E. Included here also are certain accessories or attachments
combined with optical elements such as blinds, shields, shades,
and caps or covers for preventing the accumulation of dust, moisture,
or other foreign material.
SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
SUPPORTS OR MOUNTS FOR OPTICAL ELEMENTS AND SYSTEMS
Included here (359) also are supports, mounts, and frames
which are particularly adapted for use with optical elements. The
nominal recitation of a mirror or filter in combination with such
structure is generally not sufficient for classification here, if
the mirror or filter is treated as a panel or lamina of general
utility. Such panels with associated components, such as frames,
edging, backing, etc., mechanically and permanently assembled thereto
are provided for elsewhere. Supports for such panel type structures
are classified elsewhere. (See References to the Current Class,
below.) However, combinations of a detailed mirror with its support
are classified in this class. In the case of other optical elements,
such as prisms or lenses, the broad recitation of the element in
combination with the support or mounting is sufficient for classification
in this class. This Class (359) provides for lenses, prisms, and
filters respectively with supports. (See Subclass References to the
Current Class, below.)
Stereo-viewer supports and mountings are provided for in this
class. (See Subclass References to the Current Class, below.)
NONVISIBLE RADIATION
Included in this class are not only those elements which operate
in the visible portion of the spectrum, but also those which operate
in the near visible portion of the spectrum (i.e., infrared and
ultraviolet) in accordance with optical principles. Systems which
function in both the visible and near visible portions of the spectrum
are classified here unless a specific structure is claimed as a result
of the utilization of invisible ray energy. Systems whose operation
is restricted to the nonvisible portion of the spectrum are classified
elsewhere. (See References to Other Classes, below.)
OPTICAL SYSTEM INCLUDING PHOTOCELL
Generally, where a photocell is claimed as a part of the optical
system, the subject matter is excluded from this class. Such subject
matter is typically provided for with the art for radiant energy
or measuring and testing. However, where a modulating signal is
recovered from a modulated light wave (as in an optical communication receiver
or in an optical demodulator), classification is in Class 359.
(See References to Other Classes, below.)
OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES
Optical waveguiding elements, per se, are classified in elsewhere.
Also, combinations of an optical waveguide with an associated mechanical
connecting device or a device coupling light into or out of the
optical waveguide are classified elsewhere. (See References to Other
Classes, below.)
OPTICAL MODULATION
An optical modulator, in general, is classified in this class
(359). However, optical modulation occuring solely within the confines
of an optical waveguide is excluded from this class. Such subject
matter is provided for in Class 385.
OPTICAL AMPLIFICATION OR FREQUENCY CONVERSION
A detailed optical amplifier/frequency converter,
per se, or such subject matter in combination with an additional waveguide
structure is classified in this class (359). However, the nominal
recitation of any type of optical amplifier/frequency converter
together with an additional waveguide structure is classified elsewhere
where such combination meets the class requirements.
MEASURING AND TESTING
A claimed image forming optical system plus a reticle is classified
in this class. Sighting instruments for determining geometrical
relationships where no significant optical system is claimed are
classified elsewhere. Measuring and testing systems which determine
the optical characteristics of light so as to measure materials
and provides for lens or reflective image former testing are classified
elsewhere. Eye examining and testing instruments are classified
elsewhere. (See References to Other Classes, below.)
LASERS
Lasers and similar devices, per se, are excluded from this
class. See References to Other Classes for lasers and similar devices
when they function as a generator of coherent electromagnetic waves
in the optical range.
OPTICAL TELEMETRY
Optical telemetry includes the combination of an optical data
link between multiple locations together with a specific sensor
used in a particular environment. Since the overall combination
specifies an environment or specific sensor, the environment or
sensor will control the classification. The following are examples
of proper art areas for optical telemetry:
(1) Wellbore telemetry including any type of radiant energy;
(i.e., optical, radio, etc.). (See References to Other Classes,
below.)
(2) An optical data link in combination with a specific sensor,
unless there is a place for the specific sensor in another class.
(See References to Other Classes, below.)
COMPOSITIONS AND STOCK MATERIAL
Where there is no shape or structure peculiar to optical elements
as in compositions or stock material, the subject matter is excluded
from this class. See References to Other Classes, below, for classes
that provide for these compositions and stock material.
OPTICAL ELEMENTS CLASSIFIED ELSEWHERE
For Optical Elements Classified Elsewhere, see References
to Other Classes, below.
OPTICAL ELEMENTS COMBINED WITH DIVERSE TYPE ART DEVICES
An optical element combined with a diverse type art device
where the element results in an improvement or perfection of the
device is generally classified with the device. See Subclass References
to the Current Class, below, for a reference to details of this
distinction with reference to lenses, and also for references to
combinations of a reflector and diverse type art device. The combination
of an optical element and an electric discharge device is provided
for elsewhere. See Class Definition, section D, above. (See References
to Other Classes, below.)
For Classes that are more common external classifications
of systems including or combined with optical elements, see References
to Other Classes, below.
METHODS OF MAKING OPTICAL ELEMENTS CLASSIFIED ELSEWHERE
For Methods of Making Optical Elements Classified Elsewhere,
see References to Other Classes, below.
SECTION III - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS
see (1) Note for details of the following distinction
with reference to lenses: an optical element combined with a diverse
type art device where the element results in an improvement or perfection
of the device is generally classified with the device.
Geometrical Instruments,
subclasses 227+ for sighting devices for determining geometrical relationships.
(See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Optical
Elements Combined With Diverse Type Art Devices.")
Geometrical Instruments, for sighting instruments for determining geometrical
relationships where no significant optical system is claimed. (Lines
With Other Classes and Within This Class "Measuring and
Testing")
Static Structures (e.g., Buildings), provides for such panels with associated components,
such as frames, edging, backing, etc., mechanically and permanently
assembled thereto. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Supports
or Mounts for Optical Elements and Systems" above.)
Glass Manufacturing,
subclasses 385+ for processes for forming optical fibers, waveguides, or
preforms; subclass 31 for chemical glass etching; subclasses 37+ for
glass lens making. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Methods
of Making Optical Elements Classified Elsewhere.")
Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy Growth
Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor, for processes and non-coating apparatus for growing
therein-defined single-crystal of all types of materials, including
inorganic or organic. (See Lines With Other Classes "Methods
of Making Optical Elements Classified Elsewhere.")
Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,
subclasses 99+ for optically transparent glass sandwich making.
(See Lines With Other Classes, "Methods of Making Optical
Elements Classified Elsewhere.")
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein,
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
subclass 71 for the electroforming of a mirror or reflector
and subclass 116 for producing a mirror or reflector by electrolytic
coating. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Methods of Making
Optical Elements Classified Elsewhere.")
Supports,
subclasses 466+ provides for supports for panel type structures.
(See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Supports
or Mounts for Optical Elements and Systems," above.)
Radiant Energy,
subclasses 200+ for optical systems for controlling or controlled
by a photocell and subclasses 336.1 to 395 for methods and apparatus
for the detection of invisible, radiation or the testing of material
by invisible radiation for the production, transmission, control
or general utilization of invisible radiant energy, including cathode
rays, ultra-violet rays and the radiations and emanations of radio-active
substances and the irradiation of material not limited to particular
arts. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Optical
Elements Combined With Diverse Type Art Devices."")
Radiant Energy, for systems whose operation is restricted to the
nonvisible portion of the spectrum. (See Lines With Other Classes
and Within This Class "Nonvisible Radiation.")
Radiant Energy,
subclasses 200+ generally, where a photocell is claimed as a part
of the optical system. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within
This Class, "Optical System Including Photocell.")
Compositions, for compositions generally,
subclasses 299.01+ providing for compositions of liquid crystals
and subclasses 582+ providing for other light transmission
modifying compositions. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within
This Class, "Compositions and Stock Material.")
Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating:
Processes,
subclasses 1.1+ for optical article shaping or treating. (See
Lines With Other Classes, "Methods of Making Optical Elements
Classified Elsewhere.")
Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices,
subclasses 110+ for an electron lamp or discharge device having
an optical device structurally combined therewith. (See Lines With
Other Classes and Within This Class, "Optical Elements
Combined With Diverse Type Art Devices.")
Communications: Electrical,
subclass 815.76 for lens type indicator. (See Lines With Other Classes
and Within This Class, "Optical Elements Classified Elsewhere."")
Communications: Electrical,
subclasses 853.1+ for wellbore telemetry including any type of radiant
energy; (i.e., optical, radio, etc.). (See Lines With Other Classes
and Within This Class, "Optical Telemetry," above.)
Communications: Electrical,
subclasses 870.28+ for an optical data link in combination with a
specific sensor. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This
Class, "Optical Telemetry," above.)
Communications: Radio Wave Antennas,
subclasses 909+ for radio wave refracting means and filters. (See
Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Optical
Elements Classified Elsewhere.")
Television,
subclasses 195+ , 335+, 744+, and 832+ for
optical systems included in television systems. (See Lines With
Other Classes and Within This Class, "Optical Elements
Combined With Diverse Type Art Devices.")
Optics: Eye Examining, Vision Testing and Correcting,
subclasses 159+ for spectacle lenses. (See Lines With Other Classes
and Within This Class, "Optical Elements Classified Elsewhere.")
Optics: Eye Examining, Vision Testing and Correcting, for spectacles and instruments for vision testing
and eye examining. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This
Class "Optical Elements Combined With Diverse Type Art
Devices.")
Optics: Eye Examining, Vision Testing and Correcting,
subclasses 200+ for eye examining and testing instruments. (Lines
With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Measuring and
Testing")
Optics: Motion Pictures, for optical systems used in motion picture apparatus.
(See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class "Optical
Elements Combined With Diverse Type Art Devices.")
Optics: Image Projectors, for image projectors. (See Lines With Other Classes
and Within This Class "Optical Elements Combined With Diverse
Type Art Devices.")
Optics: Measuring and Testing,
subclass 396 for measurements involving moire patterns caused
by plural optical grids relatively movable with respect to each
other and subclass 242.1 for moire pattern examination of mesh or grid
like material including knitted fabrics to determine the number
of threads, lines or the spacing between the lines. (See Lines
With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Optical Elements
Classified Elsewhere.")
Optics: Measuring and Testing, for methods and apparatus for analyzing light, determining the
optical or nonoptical properties of materials, measuring optically
dimensions, determining optically spatial relations and inspecting optically
for flaws and imperfections, within the scope of this class and
not otherwise classifiable. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within
This Class "Optical Elements Combined With Diverse Type
Art Device.")
Optics: Measuring and Testing, provides generally for measuring and testing systems which determine
the optical characteristics of light so as to measure materials
and provides in
subclasses 124+ for lens or reflective image former testing. (Lines
With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Measuring and
Testing")
Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing,
subclasses 400 through 304for optical systems included in facsimile systems.
(See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Optical
Elements Combined With Diverse Type Art Devices.")
Illumination, appropriate subclasses for light sources combined with
optical light modifiers, especially
subclass 19 for light sources with polarizers; subclasses 166-170
and 293 for light sources with selected wavelength filters; subclass
268 for light sources combined with plural serial lens elements;
subclasses 296.01-296.1 for light sources with reflectors; and subclasses
326-350 for refractors and reflectors, respectively, for use with
light sources. (See this class (359), Lines With Other Classes
and Within This Class, Optical Elements Combined With Diverse Type
Art Devices.)
Static Information Storage and Retrieval,
subclasses 64 , 106+, 120+, 215+, and
234+ for systems and circuits utilizing radiant energy.
(See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Optical
Elements Combined With Diverse Type Art Devices.")
Coherent Light Generators, appropriate subclasses for oscillators of the quantum
electronic type for generating coherent electromagnetic waves in
the optical range by stimulated emission of radiation (e.g., lasers,
irasers). (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class "Optical
Elements Combined With Diverse Type Art Devices.")
Coherent Light Generators, appropriate subclasses for lasers and similar devices,
per se, when they function as a generator of coherent electromagnetic
waves in the optical range. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within
This Class "Lasers," above.)
X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices,
subclasses 145+ for X-ray beam control devices. (See Lines With
Other Classes and Within This Class, "Optical Elements
Combined With Diverse Type Art Devices.")
Optical Waveguides, appropriate subclasses for light wave transmitting
devices. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class "Optical
Elements Classified Elsewhere.")
Photography, appropriate subclasses for still cameras. (See
Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class "Optical
Elements Combined With Diverse Type Art Devices.")
Electrophotography,
subclasses 9+ for diagnostics, subclasses 38+ for controls,
subclasses 130+ for image formation, subclasses 168+ for charging,
subclasses 177+ for exposure, subclasses 222+ for
development, subclasses 297+ for transfer, subclasses 320+ for
fixing, subclasses 343+ for cleaning, and subclasses 361+ for
document handling. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This
Class, "Optical Elements Combined With Diverse Type Art Devices.")
Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,
subclasses 59+ for a sun or radiation screening or sun tanning
composition intended for topical application to a living body.
(See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Compositions
and Stock Materia.")
Coating Processes,
subclasses 162+ for coating processes, per se, wherein the product
is an optical element. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Methods
of Making Optical Elements Classified Elsewhere.")
Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,
subclass 1.1 for miscellaneous liquid crystal articles and appropriate
subclasses for a metallic or nonmetallic stock material product
in the form of a single or plural layer web or sheet or a structurally
defined or coated rod, strand, fiber flake or other element and
a nonstructural metallic or nonmetallic composite web or sheet defined
by the compositions of the layers. Note subclass 910 (a cross-reference
art collection) for a product with molecular orientation. (See
Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Compositions
and Stock Material.")
Abrading,
subclasses 42+ for a lens grinding process and subclasses 323
and 325 for a machine for grinding an optical lens. (See Lines
With Other Classes, "Methods of Making Optical Elements
Classified Elsewhere.")
Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material,
Process,
subclasses 100+ for high temperature (Tc
30 K) superconducting material. (See Lines With Other Classes and
Within This Class, "Compositions and Stock Materia.")
Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material,
Process,
subclasses 150+ for high temperature (Tc
30 K) superconducting device, and particularly subclasses 181+ for photoconductive,
light transmissive, light emissive, or light responsive device or
component. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Optical
Elements Classified Elsewhere.")
Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material,
Process,
subclasses 150+ for high temperature (Tc
30 K) superconducting device; and particularly subclasses 181+ for photoconductive,
light transmissive, light emissive, or light responsive device or
component. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, "Optical
Elements Combined With Diverse Type Art Devices.")
Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing,
subclass 40 , 49, 134+, and 172 for the use of radiant
energy (e.g., X-ray, light, etc.) in a mechanical measurement system,
flow metering, temperature measuring system, or system for measuring
thickness or width, respectively, and subclass 159 for measuring
of linear distance or length by reflected signal (e.g., ultrasonic,
light, laser).
Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and
Calculating,
subclass 816 for optical correlation or convolution and subclass
831 for electro-optical analog integrators. This class will accept
optical computers where the resultant mathematical operation is
in the form of an electrical signal. For mathematical operations performed
by optical means, classification is in Class 359.
SECTION V - GLOSSARY
BINOCULAR
Pertaining to the use of both eyes in the act of viewing.
BIREFRINGENT
Certain crystalline materials have their outer electrons bound
more strongly in one direction than another resulting in the material
having two refractive indices depending on the direction of the
oscillation. Such materials are termed birefringent and, if an unpolarized
light ray enters such a material obliquely, it will be refracted into
two different linearly polarized rays having directions of polarization
which are normal to one another.
DICHROIC
As used in one sense, the term dichroic refers to (1)
the property of some materials to absorb to a greater degree one
or the other of the two orthogonal component vectors which can be
considered as constituting ordinary light. This results in producing
light polarized to a degree depending upon the relative absorption
of the two components. The term dichroic is also used to refer to
(2) an optical element which will transmit light of one color and
reflect other colors with little light being absorbed. These elements
are usually composed of superimposed strata of dielectric materials.
DIFFRACTION
A phenomenon resulting from the wave nature of light, e.g.,
light passing through a slit of decreasing width, forms a narrower
and narrower beam until the slit width approaches the wavelength
of light, after which further decreasing of the slit width results
in a beam having a larger and larger divergence.
DIFFRACTION PATTERN
The intensity profile of a light beam after having passed by
a diffracting aperture or object.
DIFFUSE
Pertaining to the scattering or random deviation of transmitted
or reflected light.
HOLOGRAPHY
The optical recording of an object wave formed by the resulting
interference pattern of two (or more) mutually coherent, component
light beams. Generally, a coherent beam is first split into two
component beams, one of which irradiates an object, the second of
which irradiates a recording medium. The diffraction or scattering of
the first wave by the object forms an object wave which proceeds
to and interferes with a second coherent beam (i.e., reference beam)
at the medium. The resulting pattern is a two-dimensional (thin)
or three-dimensional (thick) hologram of the object wave, depending on
the thickness of the recording medium.
IMAGE FORMER
An optical device capable of producing an image from light
rays proceeding from an object.
INTERFERENCE
The interaction of two light waves which, as a result
of their relative phases, produce a cancellation or reinforcement
of wave energy.
LIGHT, VISIBLE LIGHT
Visible light is radiation which stimulates the optical receptors
of the eye and has a wavelength from 3850 to 7600 Angstrom units.
The term light is used to refer to wavelengths in the above mentioned
range and, often, also to refer to the ranges immediately adjacent,
i.e., the ultra violet and infrared ranges which are nonvisible.
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
The conveyance of information from one location to another
via at least one optical transmitter and one optical receiver.
These are used to transfer the information with an optical beam
and this beam can be used in various communication schemes to enable
the most effective or desired method of moving the information, including
optical multiplexing when plural information signals or plural transmitters
and receivers are utilized.
OPTICAL ELEMENT
A structure which performs a basic optical function,
i.e., the structure, when exposed to or placed in the path of a light
beam, will cause refraction, diffraction, attenuation, or blocking
of the light or a modification in the character or properties of
the light. In lenses, the complete lens is considered an optical
element, while the individual masses of a plural element lens are
considered as lens elements or lens components.
OPTICAL MODULATION
The change of some characteristic of an optical beam
in direct relation to a varying signal applied thereto. The change
may be temporal (e.g., amplitude, frequency, or phase) or directional.
OPTICAL SYSTEM
A combination of two or more similar or diverse optical elements
which are optically related.
OPTICS, OPTICAL
The science of light and vision and the construction
of optical instruments.
POLARIZATION
In a beam of polarized electromagnetic radiation, the polarization
direction is the direction of the electric field vector (with no
distinction between positive and negative as the field oscillates
back and forth). The electric field vector is always in the plane
which is normal to the beam propagation direction. At a given stationary
point in space, the electric field vector of a beam can vary with
time at random (unpolarized beam), can remain constant (plane-polarized
beam), or can rotate. In the latter two cases, the beam is said
to be "polarized" and can be thought of as the
resultant vector of two orthogonal component vectors having equal
amplitudes. If the phase difference of the two component vectors
is 0 degrees, the light is plane polarized; if 90 degrees, the light
is circularly polarized; and if it is between 0 and 90 degrees,
the light is elliptically polarized. Elliptical and plane polarized
light can be converted into each other by means of birefringent
optical systems which retard one of the orthogonal component vectors
relative to the other.
REFLECTION
Light striking a surface and returning back into the medium
from which it came, at an angle equal but opposite to the angle
of incidence.
REFRACTION
The deviation of light which results when a ray of light passes
obliquely from a medium of one refractive index to a medium of another
refractive index.
RETROREFLECTION
Light striking a surface and returning back into the medium
in the reverse direction (i.e., a 180 degree change from its original
path).
SPECTRUM
The band of colors produced by separating a beam of white
light into its component frequencies.
TERMINAL IMAGE
The last image formed by a compound system.
ULTRAVIOLET/INFRARED
Electromagnetic radiation immediately above and below the
optical visible frequency spectrum is termed ultraviolet and infrared,
respectively. This entire range of frequencies is encompassed by
the term "light."
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein apparatus for forming a record of
the phase and amplitude information of a wavefront where the information
can be used to reconstruct the original wavefront; apparatus to
reconstruct the original wavefront from a record containing the
phase and amplitude information of this wavefront; or the record
itself is recited.
(1)
Note. This subclass is the generic locus for subject matter
relating to holography. However, where particular use or application
is claimed, classification is in the appropriate use or application
class.
(2)
Note. Nominally claimed subject matter external to this class
in combination with holography is classified here. Significantly
claimed subject matter external to this class in combination with
holography is classified in the class appropriate to the external
subject matter.
(3)
Note. Interferometers are excluded from this subclass and
are classified in Class 356, subclasses 345+.
(4)
Note. Holographic memories including those having a nominal
recitation of a photodetector or photocell are included in this
or the indented subclasses. Static holographic storage and retrieval
systems having electrical circuitry are classified in Class 365.
(5)
Note. Dynamic holographic storage and retreival systems having
eletrical circuitry are classified in Class 369.
(6)
Note. Mere nominal recitation of developing, fixing, bleaching,
or etching a photographic recording medium does not exclude the
subject matter from this class. Holographic systems including significant
chemical processing steps are classifed in Class 430, Radiation
Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof.
(7)
Note. Systems for making holographic matched filters are
included in this and the indented subclasses.
Measuring and Testing,
subclasses 603+ and 656 for acoustic holographic testing and for
holographic interferometry in which an object is acted upon during
the test, as for example, stressed or vibrated.
Radiant Energy, appropriate subclasses, for holographic systems that use
radiation entirely outside of the optical or microwave ranges and which
is not acoustic, and
subclass 550 for photocell circuits and apparatus for interference
pattern analysis (e.g., holography).
Static Information Storage and Retrieval,
subclass 125 , 216, and 235 for holographic storage and retrieval of
information systems including significant and particular electrical
circuitry.
Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition,
or Product Thereof,
subclasses 1+ for holographic systems involving significant chemical
processing steps, composition, or product.
Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and
Calculating, appropriate subclasses for electrical computers
or data processing arithmetic systems which may use holography.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter wherein a hologram is used to provide proof
that a document is not counterfeit or to make a document copy-proof.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter in which details of the internal structure
of a holographic recording medium is defined either physically or
chemically.
(1)
Note. An example of such a physical definition: "a
multilayer emulsion, each layer being sensitive to a different color".
A chemical defintion: "thermoplastic tape".
Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition,
or Product Thereof,
subclass 1 for holographic processes involving significant
chemical processing steps composition or product; and appropriate
subclasses for radiation chemical recording media, per se.
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Subject matter in which the recording medium is of such
a nature that the recorded information can be erased to permit further
record-erase cycles.
(1)
Note. Included here are photochromics, thermochromics, dye
cells, magnetic films, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 4. Subject matter wherein the recording medium is a material
which is alterable by application of magnetic force.
This subclass is indented under subclass 4. Subject matter in which the recording medium is integral
with a layer of material which, when illuminated, undergoes a decrease
in resistance.
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Subject matter in which an illuminated portion of the recording
medium surface is curved, as into a cylinder, or bent or folded
during recording or readout.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter including means for providing a hologram
of a single object by other than a single exposure to the interference
pattern of light from the object as a whole and a reference beam.
(1)
Note. Holographic stereograms are considered recordings of
different images and are excluded from this subclass.
(2)
Note. Holographic memories are excluded in which an object
beam is scanned so as to act as a page composer when each bit is
intended to be separately detected.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter in which a hologram is formed by interfering
an object-modulated beam with another beam which is spatially or
temporally modulated or with a plurality of other beams.
(1)
Note. Phase modulation systems to compensate for object motion
and systems for extending the depth of fluid are included here.
This subclass is indented under subclass 10. Subject matter in which the reference beam is modulated
by changing its phase, path length, or amplitude so as to have a
nonuniform wavefront.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter in which an image reconstructed from one
hologram is used as the object in making a second hologram.
(1)
Note. Systems in which a holographic analog to an ordinary
optical element is used to shape or form a beam used to make a second
hologram, but which does not by itself provide the object information
for the second hologram are excluded. Such systems are classified based
on the other claimed features in subclass 1 and its indented subclasses.
Electrophotography,
subclass 118 for optics with particular modular or displaceable
structure, subclass 137 optical intermediate storage of original image,
subclasses 196+ for variable magnification during exposure,
subclass 216 for slit exposure by pivoting mirror, subclass 218
for lens used in exposure, and subclass 219 for fiber optics used
in exposure.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter wherein a holographic equivalent to an ordinary
optical element is formed or used and wherein the holographic equivalent does
not itself contain any intelligence or image information more significant
than a point image.
(1)
Note. The optical elements for which the hologram may be
substituted include lenses, reflectors, diffusers, gratings, polarizers,
beam splitters or combiners, filters, and phase plates or beam couplers.
This subclass is indented under subclass 15. Subject matter which compensates for the inability of an
optical system to provide a point to point correspondence between
an object and its image.
This subclass is indented under subclass 15. Subject matter in which a hologram is used to direct a beam
of light successively over the elements of a given region.
(1)
Note. Systems using a holographic element to convert one
scan pattern to another are included here.
This subclass is indented under subclass 17. Subject matter where the scanning element is a planar surface,
containing holographic segments, which is rotated about an axis
normal to the surface.
This subclass is indented under subclass 19. Subject matter wherein a hologram, which simulates one produced
by the interference of two beams with one of the beams consisting
of a plurality of separate subbeams, is produced which is the analog
of a plurality of lenses in a plane such as lenticular or fly eye
lens array.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter including the details of the internal structure
of a changeable modulator, which serves as the principle object
in a system for making a plurality of holograms, where the internal
conditions of the modulator represent the intelligence to be recorded
in the holograms.
(1)
Note. Systems in which a page composer is merely nominally
recited are excluded from this subclass and are classified on the
basis of the other claimed features in subclass 1 and its indented subclasses.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter comprising systems specifically adapted for
making a plurality of holograms, simultaneously or sequentially,
of different intelligence or for reading out images from a plurality
of holograms.
(1)
Note. Holographic stereograms are classified in subclass
23.
This subclass is indented under subclass 22. Subject matter including a series of holograms made from
a series of two-dimensional pictures of a three-dimensional object,
each picture representing a different parallactic view of the object,
and upon readout the hologram series represents a three-dimensional
view to an observer.
This subclass is indented under subclass 22. Subject matter in which the plurality of holograms are fully
overlapped on the same recording medium only.
(1)
Note. Typical subject matter of this subclass include (a)
holograms made with multicolor illumination and (b) systems using
spatial frequency multiplexing or pupil separation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 22. Subject matter in which the plurality of holograms are arranged
in a side-by-side relationship on only one integral recording medium
or have an equivalent fixed side-by-side spatial relationship to
each other such as in a frame having windows containing the holo-grams.
(1)
Note. Space division multiplexing systems wherein holograms
are discretely recorded and interlaced are included here.
This subclass is indented under subclass 25. Subject matter in which the plurality of holograms will,
upon readout, produce images whose spatial location will move as
a function of the movement of the holograms and in which movement
of the holograms is used to provide for sequential readout of the
individual images at a fixed location in space.
(1)
Note. Holographic movies or books and holograms of time varying
electrical signals are typical of the subject matter included here.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter including a laser as a light source wherein
the physical or chemical internal structure of the laser is explicity
defined.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter in which a plurality of light beams are used
to illuminate an object whose image is to be recorded or in which
the light illuminating the object has been modulated by a diffuser
or the equivalent.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter comprising systems for producing holograms
in which an optical element, such as a lens, grating, mask, or mirror
is located in the path of the light between the object whose image
is to be recorded and the holographic recording medium and systems
for reconstructing an image from such holograms in which an equivalent
optical element having an equivalent spatial location relative to
the holo-gram must be used during readout.
This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter in which an image of the intelligence to
be recorded is formed on, in, or very close to the recording medium
when producing a hologram or in which an image is formed on, in,
or very close to the hologram during readout.
This subclass is indented under subclass 32. Subject matter for recon-structing a hologram made of an
image formed by light collected at a single point as opposed to
a virtual image.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter including one or more optically transparent
elongated structures (e.g., rods, fibers, or waveguides) are used
to transmit light rays from one point to another through modal transmission
or within the confines of their outer surfaces through internal
reflection.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Subject matter including physical components (e.g., fittings,
tools, or metal equipment of a system, etc.) used in creating a
holographic image.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein basic and more involved mathematical
processes of comparing, adding, substracting, multiplying, dividing,
integrating, etc., are perfomed by optical elements on an optical
beam prior to any conversion to another form of energy.
(1)
Note. The optical beam itself performs the computing.
(2)
Note. The computing of this and the indented subclass optically
works on a single input optical beam to produce a desired output
optical beam, but this optical computing is not intended to encompass
convolution (crosscorrela-tion) or correlation functions performed by
a diffration grating.
(3)
Note. Electrical computing for optical purposes without any
computation using an optical beam is classified elsewhere.
This subclass is indented under subclass 107. Subject matter wherein the optical beam performs the operation
known to be performed by an AND, OR, NOR, NOT, etc., gate and the optical
beam output is the resultant of the relationship of all the input
optical beams as designed prior to the application of the optical beams.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter related to offsetting or altering the direction
of at least a portion of a light incident onto a light reflecting
or transmitting element (i.e., optical element) such as lens, mirror,
prism, etc., by translating, rotating, oscillating, or otherwise
repositioning the element with respect to the light path.
(1)
Note. A prism may be employed for refracting or reflecting
light. Prism reflections are considered to be internal reflections;
that is, the light is inside the prism body before and immediately
after reflection. Light beam deflection by a movable prism is included
in this subclass.
(2)
Note. Lenses or curved surface mirrors movable for focusing
are classified elsewhere in this class.
Radiant Energy,
subclasses 503.1 through 504+for an invisible radiation source with a radiation
modifying member, in general, and subclasses 505.1-519.1, for radiation
controlling elements per se, exclusive of infrared, visible and
ultraviolet types.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Subject matter wherein the moving of the light reflecting
or transmitting element occurs at regular intervals.
(1)
Note. The motion of the light reflective or transmitting element
or medium as a result of vehicle vibration, vehicle wheel motion,
wind action, etc., is considered to be of an irregular nature and
not periodic within the meaning of this definition.
Optics: Motion Pictures,
subclass 84 for high speed cameras which use rotating optical
elements and subclasses 105-120 for motion picture optical rectifiers
using rotating or scanning optical elements.
for deflection of light wherein the deflection element
or medium further comprises detail structure for supporting or moving
the non-periodically moving element.
This subclass is indented under subclass 199.1. Subject matter wherein the oscillating driver is powered
via an electrical device having an energy source pertaining to an
electric charge or field alone, without interaction with magnetic
influence.
Electrical Generator or Motor Structure,
subclasses 309 and 310 for an electrical generator or motor structure wherein
the electrical charge or potential is of static electricity.
This subclass is indented under subclass 199.1. Subject matter wherein the oscillating driver is powered
via an electromotive force in a conductor when there is a change
in magnetic flux through the conductor.
This subclass is indented under subclass 199.1. Subject matter wherein the oscillating driver is powered
via an electrical to mechanical conversion device.
This subclass is indented under subclass 199.1. Subject matter wherein the oscillating driver is powered
via an electrical to mechanical conversion device.
This subclass is indented under subclass 200.1. Subject matter wherein the shaft has a defined shape
or configuration or having a particular compositional make up.
This subclass is indented under subclass 200.1. Subject matter including structural details of fluid
under pressure provided between the bearing and the rotating shaft
to reduce the friction between them during the rotation.
(1)
Note. Fluid bearings are also called hydrostatic or gas bearings,
and are bearings which support load on a thin layer of liquid or
gas.
This subclass is indented under subclass 198.1. Subject matter wherein the driver is powered via an
electrical device having an energy source pertaining to an electric
charge or field alone, without interaction with magnetic influence.
This subclass is indented under subclass 198.1. Subject matter wherein the driver is powered via an electromotive
force in a conductor when there is a change in magnetic flux through
the conductor.
This subclass is indented under the subclass 197.1. Subject
matter wherein the deflection of the incident light achieved by
periodically changing the position of more than one optical element
in the light beam path.
This subclass is indented under subclass 201.1. Subject matter wherein at least one scanning element
has a surface which returns the incident light back to its original
medium without changing its wavelength.
This subclass is indented under subclass 201.1. Subject matter wherein the multiple scanning elements
cause a deflection of light in two mutually perpendicular directions.
This subclass is indented under subclass 201.1. Subject matter wherein the plural moving scanning elements
revolve about one physical or imaginary line.
This subclass is indented under subclass 204.1. Subject matter wherein at least one of the light beams
has its amplitude, frequency or phase modified in proportion to
an applied time varying signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 204.1. Subject matter wherein at least one of the light beams
is modified such that all electric field vectors are within the
same plane (plane polarized) or having vectors within two orthogonal planes
(elliptically polarized).
This subclass is indented under subclass 204.1. Subject matter including two or more light beams that
have wavelengths in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
This subclass is indented under subclass 204.1. Subject matter wherein the multiple light beams are
bent or deflected via a barrier or a series of narrow slits.
for light deflection wherein the deflection element
further comprises a non-periodically multifacted rotating reflective
element having a diffraction grating.
This subclass is indented under subclass 205.1. Subject matter wherein the post scanning optical element
includes a lens producing an image such that the image height is
proportional to the scan angle (Theta).
This subclass is indented under subclass 205.1. Subject matter including an optical element that produces
unequal image magnifications in two orthogonal planes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 205.1. Subject matter wherein the post scanning optical element
consists of a lens with at least one surface that is formed like
a portion of a cylinder i.e., cylindrical lens, or a lens having
a main power in one meridian and a minimum power in a perpendicular
meridian, i.e., toric lens.
This subclass is indented under subclass 205.1. Subject matter wherein the post scanning optical element
includes an edge, narrow slit or groove for bending or deflecting
light incident thereon.
for light deflection wherein the deflection element
further comprises a non-periodically multifacted rotating reflective
element having a diffraction grating.
This subclass is indented under subclass 205.1. Subject matter wherein the post scanning optical element
is a wedge-shaped transparent body consisting of plane surfaces
set at specified angles, some of these surfaces transmit light and
some reflect light, which causes the incident light to traverse
in succession.
This subclass is indented under the sub class 205.1. Subject
matter wherein the light incident on the post scanning optical element
is modified such that all electric field vectors are within the
same plane (plane polarized) or having vectors within two orthogonal
planes (elliptically polarized).
This subclass is indented under subclass 205.1. Subject matter wherein the post scanning optical element
includes means to counteract operational effects due to changes
in temperature.
This subclass is indented under subclass 197.1. Subject matter wherein the periodically moving element is
made of a transparent material that allows light to pass through.
This subclass is indented under subclass 209.1. Subject matter wherein the transmissive element is
a transparent optical component with surfaces so curved such that
transmitted light is converged, diverged, or collimated.
This subclass is indented under subclass 209.1. Subject matter wherein the transmissive element is
a transparent optical element having at least two (2) flat surfaces
angled relative to each other to refract the light.
Optics: Measuring and Testing,
subclass 51 for optical test devices having prisms used in
infrared or UV range alone and subclasses 300 – 334 for
prism-type spectroscopic instruments.
This subclass is indented under subclass 211.5. Subject matter wherein the rotating element includes
an edge, narrow slit or groove for bending or deflecting light incident
thereon.
for light deflection wherein the deflecting element
further comprises a nonperiodically multifacated rotating reflective
element having a diffraction grating.
This subclass is indented under subclass 197.1. Subject matter wherein the periodically moving element
has a surface that returns the incident light back to its original
medium without changing its wavelength.
This subclass is indented under subclass 212.1. Subject matter wherein the reflective element has two or
more reflecting surfaces and moves about an axis.
This subclass is indented under subclass 216.1. Subject matter wherein the reflecting surfaces of the reflective
element are in the same plane as the axis of rotation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 216.1. Subject matter wherein the light"s amplitude, frequency
or phase has been modified in proportion to an applied time varying
signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 216.1. Subject matter including means to attenuate or eliminate
unwanted trembling motion of the moving element.
This subclass is indented under subclass 216.1. Subject matter wherein the multifaceted rotating element
includes an edge, narrow slit or groove for bending or deflecting
the incident light.
This subclass is indented under subclass 216.1. Subject matter wherein the reflective elements are disposed
at an angle relative to the rotational axis.
This subclass is indented under subclass 212.1. Subject matter wherein the reflective surface of the
moving element is non-curved and the axis of rotation lies in its
plane.
This subclass is indented under subclass 221.2. Subject matter includes structural details of the load
support or the axle member to which torque is applied to cause rotation
of the driver.
This subclass is indented under subclass 221.3. Subject matter wherein the shaft has a defined shape
or configuration or having a particular compositional make- up.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Subject matter wherein light is deflected via light
leakage at a total reflecting interface of a first reflective surface
when a second reflective surface is placed in proximity of the first.
(1)
Note. When light is incident on a reflective surface and
undergoes total internal reflection, by bringing a second element or
medium into proximity with the first surface, total internal reflection
becomes frustrated and the light beam is no longer total internal
reflection, but instead, is passed into the second element or medium.
This subclass is indented under subclass 196.1. Subject matter wherein the direction of at least a
portion of an incident light beam is offset or changed by repositioning
an optical element which returns incident light without changing its
wavelength.
This subclass is indented under subclass 223.1. Subject matter wherein structure holding the element
is extended, flexed or contracted to modify the position of the
reflecting element.
This subclass is indented under subclass 224.1. Subject matter wherein the light"s amplitude, frequency
or phase is modified in proportion to an applied time varying signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 223.1. Subject matter wherein the reflective element rotates
about an axis which does not pass through the element.
LIGHT CONTROL BY OPAQUE ELEMENT OR MEDIUM MOVABLE IN OR THROUGH
LIGHT PATH:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter comprising the control of the amount of light
transmitted through an area defined by an optical beam via an element
or material, which is either completely opaque or opaque only in
certain portions whereas the other portions are transparent, by
(1) selectively intercepting the light path by the element or (2)
changing the orientation of the element within the light path.
(1)
Note. Where the element is not substantially opaque, but
is used to reduce the light intensity, the subject matter is not classified
here but in subclass 889.
(2)
Note. Class 359 provides for optical diaphragms and shutters,
per se, in subclasses 227+ for lenses combined with shutters
generally in subclasses 738+, and for lenses combined with
diaphragms generally in subclasses 739+. However, a camera
shutter and diaphragm, per se, are classifiable in Class 396, Photography,
subclasses 452+ and subclasses 505+ respectively,
the indicated use in cameras or camera background being sufficient
for classification in Class 396 as opposed to Class 359. Class 396
also provides for lenses broadly or specifically combined with camera
shutter or diaphragm details, it being emphasized that such combinations
involving noncamera shutters or diaphragms or plural disclosures
of utility are classified in subclasses 738+ and 739+ of
Class 359 as indicated above. The combination of a lens broadly
or specifically claimed and a camera shutter or diaphragm broadly
claimed are classifiable in subclasses 738+ and 739+ of
this class (359).
This subclass is indented under subclass 227. Subject matter comprising structure for equalizing light
intensity reaching the eye or for reducing glare or flicker.
This subclass is indented under subclass 227. Subject matter wherein electrical energy is used to control
the movement of the light controlling element.
(1)
Note. This includes solenoid and tuning fork structures and
electrostatic type effects.
This subclass is indented under subclass 230. Subject matter wherein electric current is applied across
a resilient, electrically conducting opaque element which as a result
of its location in the field of an electromagnet vibrates, thus
interrupting a light path or a portion thereof in accordance with
variations in the current or in the strength of the field of the electromagnet.
This subclass is indented under subclass 227. Subject matter wherein the light controlling structure comprises
a pair of jaws having opposed parallel edges which can be moved toward
or away from each other and which can be fixed in a variety of intermediate
positions between fully open and fully closed.
(1)
Note. Typically the location of the center of the slit remains
fixed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 227. Subject matter where the light control results from the
relative movement of two opaque elements, each containing openings
which allow light to pass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 227. Subject matter comprising means wherein the light control
results from revolving, completely or partially, an opaque element
or an element containing opaque and transparent portions.
(1)
Note. Included here are generic optical shutters or diaphragms,
per se, which have rotating vanes or blades.
Radiant Energy,
subclasses 201.1+ for scanning elements of this type used in photo-cell
controlled optical systems and subclass 232 for the combination
of a light chopper and photocell.
This subclass is indented under subclass 234. Subject matter wherein the light controlling element revolves
nonstop during the operation of the device.
(1)
Note. Apertures as used here encompass slots removed around
the periphery of an otherwise opaque element.
This subclass is indented under subclass 234. Subject matter wherein the light controlling element is
revolved about an axis substantially at right angles to the direction
of the light rays.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein an optical element varies a characteristic
of a traversing optical light beam in direct proportion to an applied time-varying
signal which may be in any energy form.
(1)
Note. Characteristics of a traversing light beam that may
be varied include its direction or characteristics such as amplitude,
frequency, phase, or polarization.
Radiant Energy,
subclasses 200+ for photocell circuit and subclasses 503.1+ for
an invisible radiation source with a radiation modifying member,
generally.
Optics: Motion Pictures,
subclass 84 for high speed cameras which use rotating optical
elements and subclasses 105+ for motion picture optical
rectifiers using roatating or scanning optical elements.
This subclass is indented under subclass 237. Subject matter wherein a device varies a property of light
which is a function of time only as it traverses the device where
such variation is in accordance with the applied varying signal which
can be of any energy form.
(1)
Note. Such properties of the traversing light include amplitude,
frequency, or phase.
(2)
Note. Optical modulation occuring exclusively within a waveguide
is classified in Class 385.
This subclass is indented under subclass 238. Subject matter comprising structure for controlling a light
parameter by changing a bulk optical parameter of an optically transmitting medium.
(1)
Note. "Bulk optical parameter" refers to those
inherent internal characteristics of an optical element which can
be defined by mathematical expressions describing their effect on
light radiation (e.g., index of refraction, transmissivity, etc.)
and which can be changed without producing a significant change
in the shape, size, or contours of the optical element itself.
(2)
Note. Included here are devices in which an optical parameter
of the light control element is changed as a result of an applied
electrical or magnetic field, an applied acoustic wave, a change
in chemical structure, or by any other mechanism which primarily
alters the bulk optical parameters rather than the physical shape,
size, or contours of an optical medium.
Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual
Display Systems,
subclasses 48+ and 84+ for selective electrical control
of displays having light-controlling display elements.
This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Subject matter wherein an optical parameter of the light
control element is changed by or in response to either the light
to be controlled or a separate external source of optical radiation.
Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual
Display Systems,
subclasses 1.1 through 3.4for visual display systems with selective electrical
control.
This subclass is indented under subclass 241. Subject matter wherein an optical device has two distinct,
stable output states which toggle between one another by a single
application of actinic radiation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 241. Subject matter wherein the temporal modulation is achieved
by an externally applied modulating light wave.
This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Subject matter wherein the optical properties (e.g., index
of refraction) of an optical element are changed in response to
an applied electrical signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 245. Subject matter wherein a property of a polarized optical
beam, such as amplitude, phase, polarization, frequency, or color
are varied in a controlled manner by the applied electrical signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 246. Subject matter wherein the modulation is effected by structure
which redirects the entire beam or a part of the beam at an angle
equal to that of incidence, or wherein the medium through which
the beam passes is confined in a cavity.
This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Subject matter wherein barrier layer (i.e., semiconducting)
material is used in the modulating structure, generally, as a variable
reflector.
This subclass is indented under subclass 246. Subject matter wherein unwanted effects due to the action
of the medium or the field on the beam such as those due to temperature,
birefringences, or color are eliminated.
This subclass is indented under subclass 246. Subject matter wherein more than one medium or structure,
each of which modulates the beam, are provided.
(1)
Note. The mediums or structures in the beam path, layered
mediums transverse to the beam path or parallel paths, each containing
a medium where the output beam is the result of the combined action of
the medium or structure. Not all of the mediums need to be field
responsive.
(2)
Note. Initial polarizers and final analyzers are not considered
part of the plural mediums where the only affect is to select a
polarization. Plural areas formed by a matrix of electrodes whose
sole function is to act on a portion of the beam are not considered
plural mediums. Nonbirefringent lenses are also not considered
a medium in the sense of the definition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 246. Subject matter wherein details of the medium are given,
especially crystal cut or orientation, and the direction of the
applied field is specified in relation to the medium or in relation
to the incident beam direction or polarization.
This subclass is indented under subclass 246. Subject matter wherein the details of the medium structure,
state of the medium, shape of the medium, or treatment of the medium
are recited.
(1)
Note. For classification herein, there should be more than
just the recitation of the name or abbreviation of the name of the
material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 246. Subject matter wherein the physical structure, geometry
or arrangement of the electrodes is detailed or there is detailed
mounting structure for the medium (e.g., to prevent physical distortion).
(1)
Note. Included here are structures which perform auxiliary
functions such as protection or index matching. Also, see subclasses
488 and 500.
This subclass is indented under subclass 246. Subject matter wherein the field which modulates the medium
is of a specific magnitude, phase, or frequency or is of a specific
type (e.g., pulse).
This subclass is indented under subclass 246. Subject matter including an element having the property
of dividing a ray or beam of energy into two polarized rays or beams
(known as the ordinary and extraordinary rays), the directions of
polarization being at right angles to each other.
(1)
Note. A birefringent material which has been treated with
a dichroic dye to absorb the ordinary or extraordinary ray is no
longer considered to be birefrin-gent within the meaning of this
definition. A birefringent element in the form of a Nicol prism,
where the unwanted ray is deflected, is classified here.
This subclass is indented under subclass 246. Subject matter wherein the variation of a polarized light
characteristic is achieved by an element which advances or retards
the phase of an induced ordinary wave relative to the extraordinary
wave when the electrical signal is applied.
Subject matter under 246 wherein the variation of a polarized
light characteristic is achieved by an element including a material
(usually liquid) whose refractive index change is proportional to
the square of the field of the applied electrical signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 245. Subject matter wherein the temporal light modulator utilizes
multiple elemental units each of which is electro-optically controlled.
This subclass is indented under subclass 245. Subject matter wherein the modulating structure consists
of two parallel dielectric mirrors separated by an active electro-optic
material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 245. Subject matter wherein the electro-optic temporal modulator
includes plural internal redirections of the light passing therethrough.
This subclass is indented under subclass 245. Subject matter wherein a collimated ray of electrons applied
to the modulator is used to vary a temporal characteristic of the
light passing therethrough.
This subclass is indented under subclass 245. Subject matter wherein the electro-optic temporal modulator
includes a single internal redirection of the light passing therethrough.
This subclass is indented under subclass 245. Subject matter wherein a parameter of a train of optical
pulses is varied in accordance with the amplitude of the applied
signal.
(1)
Note. Pulse modulation may involve changes in pulse amplitude
(pam), pulse position (ppm), or pulse duration (pdm).
(2)
Note. Pulse modulation includes pulse-code modulation wherein
the light beam is transmitted as a digital binary code.
(3)
Note. This subclass will include a combination of pulse modulation
with amplitude, frequency, or phase modulation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 245. Subject matter wherein the electrical signal applied to
the optical control element produces a color change in the element
resulting in a change in the absorption characteristics of the element
at a given wavelength of light.
Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual
Display Systems,
subclass 49 and 105 for selective electrical control of displays
having electrochromic display elements.
This subclass is indented under subclass 265. Subject matter wherein solid electrically conductive elements
within the electrochromic device are not located on a single flat
surface.
This subclass is indented under subclass 265. Subject matter wherein the modulator utilizes a surface
upon which light strikes and which is coated with a material that
simultaneously changes color with the applied electrical signal and
reflects a significant portion of incident light.
This subclass is indented under subclass 267. Subject matter wherein details are recited of an electrode
(the counter-electrode) which actually takes part in the electrochromic
reaction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 267. Subject matter which recites details of an electrically
conductive liquid layer which transports ions between the electrochromic
material and the counter electrode.
This subclass is indented under subclass 267. Subject matter including an electrically conductive solid
element having a configuration which is uniformly flat.
This subclass is indented under subclass 267. Subject matter wherein the device comprises a cell containing
a substance which is in a state intermediate that of a solid and
a gas.
This subclass is indented under subclass 267. Subject matter including a specified miscellaneous layer
within the reflection-type electrochromic device.
(1)
Note. This might include, for example, an insulating layer.
This subclass is indented under subclass 265. Subject matter wherein the modulator utilizes a surface
upon which light strikes which is coated with a material that simultaneously changes
color with the applied electrical signal and transmits a significant
portion of incident light.
This subclass is indented under subclass 245. Subject matter wherein the amplitude of a constant frequency
optical wave varies in synchronization with the amplitude of the
applied signal (i.e., modulating signal).
Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual
Display Systems,
subclasses 48+ and 84+ for selective electrical control
of displays having light-controlling display elements.
Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual
Display Systems,
subclasses 1.1 through 3.4for visual display systems with selective electrical
control.
This subclass is indented under subclass 245. Subject matter wherein the frequency of a constant amplitude
optical wave (i.e., carrier wave) varies in synchronization with
the amplitude of the applied signal (i.e., modulating signal).
This subclass is indented under subclass 245. Subject matter wherein the normal zero phase of a constant
amplitude optical wave (i.e., carrier wave) is shifted by an angle
proportional to the amplitude of the applied signal (i.e., modulating
signal).
(1)
Note. A sinusoidal signal of zero phase will have a zero
amplitude at the intersection of the x-y axis.
This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Subject matter wherein a bulk optical parameter of an optical
element is controlled by a magnetic signal applied to the element.
This subclass is indented under subclass 280. Subject matter wherein a property of a polarized optical
beam, such as amplitude, phase, polarization, frequency, or color
are varied in a controlled manner by the applied varying magnetic
signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 281. Subject matter wherein the structure through which the beam
passes or is acted upon consists of more than one contiguous film
or layer which forms a composite structure which modulates the beam
or wherein there are plural mediums or structures in the beam path,
each of which modulates the beam.
(1)
Note. The composite structure can be dielectric or reflective
films or layers for the purposes such as compensation, increased
Kerr rotation or index (e.g., impedance) matching.
for layered structures formed with at least one
layer of dichroic material where additional layers may be provided
for purposes such as protection or particular bonding and for layered structures
formed for interference effects.
This subclass is indented under subclass 281. Subject matter wherein details of the medium are given,
especially crystal cut or orientation, and the direction of the
applied field is specified in relation to the medium or in relation
to the incident beam direction or polarization.
for magnetic modulating structures using a particular
medium, state of the medium, particular electrode structure or arrangement,
medium mounting structure or arrangement or with a particular field.
This subclass is indented under subclass 280. Subject matter wherein the amplitude of a constant frequency
optical wave varies in synchronization with the amplitude of the
applied signal (i.e., modulating signal).
This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Subject matter wherein an ultrasonic wave generated at the
surface or within the confines of the light control element sets
up conditions in the element which produce a change in the optical
parameters (e.g., refractive index) directly controlling the light.
This subclass is indented under subclass 285. Subject matter wherein the amplitude of a constant frequency
optical wave varies in synchronization with the amplitude of the
applied signal (i.e., modulating signal).
This subclass is indented under subclass 285. Subject matter wherein the frequency of a constant amplitude
optical wave (i.e., carrier wave) varies in synchronization with
the amplitude of the applied signal (i.e., modulating signal).
This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Subject matter wherein optical properties (e.g., index of
refraction) of an optical element are changed by or in response
to applied heat.
This subclass is indented under subclass 288. Subject matter wherein the amplitude of a constant frequency
optical wave varies in synchronization with the amplitude of the
applied signal (i.e., modulating signal).
This subclass is indented under subclass 238. Subject matter wherein the light property is controlled
by a substantial alteration in the optical characteristics of a
light control surface or interface or by changing the physical shape, position,
or orientation of a light control surface or interface in response
to the modulating signal.
(1)
Note. Any change in or to the light control surface or interface
occur wholly within the region of the light path in which control
is effected. The control surface or interface is neither totally
nor partially inserted into nor removed from the light path.
This subclass is indented under subclass 290. Subject matter wherein the light property is controlled
by means of a light control surface which is temporarily altered
or modified in some way so as to produce distortions in the surface
contours which differ significantly from the normal or unmodified
surface contours.
This subclass is indented under subclass 291. Subject matter wherein the contours of a light control surface
are modified in accordance with a control signal so as to impart
image or picture information to the contour of the control surface
which is then transferred to a light beam projected on or through
the control surface.
This subclass is indented under subclass 291. Subject matter which utilizes a layer whose electrical conductivity
varies as a function of light incident thereon.
This subclass is indented under subclass 290. Subject matter wherein the light control surface consists
of a group of elongated light absorbing or reflecting particles
suspended in a fluid media, which collectively change their orientation
within the light path in response to an applied signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 290. Subject matter wherein a light property is controlled by
creating or destroying a light absorbing or reflecting surface or
interface in response to a modulating signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 237. Subject matter wherein the relative spatial orientation
of a light wave exiting a device is changed in accordance with a
varying signal of any energy form (i.e., modulating signal) applied
to the device.
(1)
Note. Optical directional modulation occuring exclusively
inside of a waveguide is classified in Class 385.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298. Subject matter wherein the directional modulation is achieved
by an externally applied modulating light wave.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298. Subject matter including the return of a light beam through
the media at precisely the same angles, distances, and intensities
as prior to a reflection.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298. Subject matter wherein the direction of a polarized light
beam is varied in accordance with a varying input signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 301. Subject matter wherein the deflection is effected by structures
which redirect the entire beam or a part of the beam at an angle
equal to that of incidence or where the medium through which the
beam passes is confined in a cavity.
This subclass is indented under subclass 301. Subject matter wherein at least two distinct beams, corresponding
to two different polarizations, are obtained.
(1)
Note. The systems use a polarization modulation element to
switch the polarization of the incoming beam followed by a birefringent
polarization discriminator whereby two distinct beams are obtained
corresponding to the ordinary and extraordinary rays.
This subclass is indented under subclass 301. Subject matter wherein the beam is given an initial polarization
and then deflected or where only one polarization is allowed to
be deflected by blocking or removing any other polarization component.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298. Subject matter wherein directional modulation is achieved
by applying a modulating sound wave to a device through which a
light beam is traversing.
This subclass is indented under subclass 305. Subject matter wherein the correlation or convolution integral
of two optical waves is formed by an acousto-optical directional
modulator.
This subclass is indented under subclass 305. Subject matter wherein an acousto-optic modulator has a
portion of the optical output therefrom returned to the input therefor.
This subclass is indented under subclass 305. Subject matter wherein one frequency band present in an
incident light beam is suppressed by an acousto-optic deflection
technique.
This subclass is indented under subclass 305. Subject matter wherein directional modulation of a light
wave which is a composite of many frequencies is achieved.
This subclass is indented under subclass 305. Subject matter wherein the directional modulator consists
of a single element having multiple input devices each capable of
imposing a separate sound wave on the modulator.
This subclass is indented under subclass 305. Subject matter wherein a composite sound wave of diverse
frequencies is generated and applied to the acousto-optic modulator.
This subclass is indented under subclass 305. Subject matter wherein detailed structure of the overall
configuration of the directional modulator is recited.
This subclass is indented under subclass 305. Subject matter wherein a specific location of the modulator
relative to an incident light beam is recited.
This subclass is indented under subclass 298. Subject matter wherein directional modulation is achieved
by applying a varying electrical signal to an element through which
a light beam is traversing.
This subclass is indented under subclass 315. Subject matter wherein the directional light modulator utilizes
multiple elemental units each of which is electro-optically controlled.
This subclass is indented under subclass 315. Subject matter wherein the electro-optic directional modulator
includes plural internal redirections of the light passing therethrough.
This subclass is indented under subclass 315. Subject matter wherein the electro-optic directional modulator
includes a single internal redirection of the light passing therethrough.
This subclass is indented under subclass 315. Subject matter wherein light beam focusing is achieved by
the application of the electrical signal to a device through which
the beam transits.
This subclass is indented under subclass 315. Subject matter wherein a discrete change in the path of
a light beam is achieved by the application of the electrical signal
to a device through which the beam transits
This subclass is indented under subclass 321. Subject matter wherein the material of the modulator is
particularly responsive to an applied electrical signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 322. Subject matter wherein the material is a transparent lead-lanthanum
zir- conate titanate ceramic with optical qualities that can be
controlled by applying voltages to thin plates of the material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 321. Subject matter wherein the material of the modulator is
particularly responsive to an applied magnetic signal.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein an original modulating wave is recovered
from a previously modulated light wave.
(1)
Note. These devices may include a photodetector as long as
a modulating wave is isolated.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a nonlinear device alters the frequency
of an applied traversing optical electromagnetic wave.
(1)
Note. The frequencies here are quasi-optical (i.e., infrared
through ultraviolet).
(2)
Note. Such optical frequency devices include second harmonic
generators and other types of frequency conversion devices such
as downshifters, oscillators, mixers, etc.
(3)
Note. A detailed optical frequency converter, per se, or
such subject matter in combination with additional waveguide structure
is classified in this class (359). However, the nominal recitation
of any type of optical frequency converter together with additional
waveguide structure is classified in Class 385, where such combination
meets the class requirements.
This subclass is indented under subclass 326. Subject matter wherein the nonlinear optical device involves
radiation-active materials in which many lines of frequency-shifted
radiation can be obtained in response to incident radiation.
(1)
Note. Raman radiation is a radiation produced in response
to incident radiation by a change in the rotational or vibrational
energy of scattering molecules. The resultant optical radiation
is often referred to as Stokes or antiStokes radiation dependent
upon its frequency relative to that of the incident light.
This subclass is indented under subclass 326. Subject matter wherein a nonlinear optical device generates
a wave having a frequency which is an integral multiple of a fundamental input
wave frequency.
(1)
Note. A wave with twice the frequency of the fundamental
is called the second harmonic.
Miscellaneous Active Electrical Nonlinear Devices,
Circuits, and Systems,
subclasses 113+ for miscellaneous frequency control such as electrical wave
harmonic generation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 328. Subject matter wherein the generated optical wave has a
frequency that is three times that of the fundamental input optical
wave.
This subclass is indented under subclass 326. Subject matter wherein the frequency conversion of electromagnetic
radiation, in the near and the visible spectrum, is based on the
nonlinear dependence of polarizability on wave amplitude.
(1)
Note. A parametric oscillation is an oscillation in which
substantial power is applied at a frequency called the pump frequency.
Signal and idler waves, the sum of whose frequencies equals the pump
frequency, are generated in an interaction resulting from some nonlinear
effect in the optical crystal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 326. Subject matter wherein the output from a laser is mode-locked
and passed through an acoustic cell in which a radio frequency acoustic
wave has been generated; the laser beam is diffracted, and one of
the frequency shifted diffracted modes is heterodyned at a detector
with an unshifted mode to produce a time delayed radio frequency
output signal lower in frequency than the input signal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 326. Subject matter wherein the depletion layer of a semiconductor
whose dielectric material exhibits nonlinear susceptibility is used
as an optical waveguide to achieve frequency translation.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the amplifying device produces an
output light beam which is only changed to increase the magnitude
of a light beam applied as input.
(1)
Note. This amplification can be produced by applying electrical
energy to the device to first cause excitation to a higher energy
level via certain molecular, atomic, or nuclear particles of a substance
and later causing the high energy state to be relaxed to a lower
state to produce the emission of the particles.
(2)
Note. This amplifcation is the optical or quasi-optical wavelength
range, which is generally in the range from ultra-violet (100 Angstroms)
to far infrared (10 million Angstroms) of the optical spectrum.
See (1) Note of subclass 350 for specific IR and UV wavelength
units.
(3)
Note. This subclass necessitates light input into a medium
prior to amplification. Production of a light beam output without
an input light beam is classified in Class 372.
(4)
Note. This subclass includes details of an optical amplifier
wherein amplification is produced within the optical fiber by the
interaction of externally applied energy and a unique property of
the fiber (e.g., lazing material). The mere nominal recitation
of an optical amplifier in combination with an optical waveguide structure
is classified in Class 385.
(5)
Note. Infrared to Ultraviolet light emitting junction is
classified in Class 357, subclass 17, unless a cavity is set forth for
Class 372 or amplification is set forth for this subclass.
for details of an optical amplifier wherein amplification
is produced within the fiber optics, wherein the optical fiber has
some unique property (i.e., lasting material), to produce the amplification
when external energy is applied.
Radiant Energy,
subclasses 200+ for photocells, circuits and apparatus, and subclasses
552+ for solid state light emitting source which is detected
by a photocell.
Active Solid-State Devices (e.g., Transistors,
Solid-State Diodes),
subclasses 80 through 85for incoherent light emitting devices combined
with, or also constituting a light responsive device.
Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices,
subclass 371 for a cathode-ray tube with optics and subclass
372 for a cathode-ray tube with light conducting fiber or rod.
Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and
Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation),
subclass 53 for the combination with an infrared device, and
subclass 54 for the combination with a laser.
Television,
subclass 217 and 300 for camera with image intensifier or amplifier,
subclass 707 for television amplifier circuit and subclass 777 for cathode-ray
tube image source with intensifier.
Optics: Eye Examinating, Vision Testing, and
Correcting,
subclass 213 including light filter or absorber, subclass 214
including diaphragm or slit, and subclass 215 including light polarizing.
Illumination,
subclass 32 for light fibers, rods or pipes, subclass 259 for laser
type light source (or support therefor) and modifier, and subclasses 317+ for
light modifier.
Static Information Storage and Retrieval,
subclass 108 for liquid crystal memory and subclasses 120+ for
information masking using polarization, Bragg cells, diffraction,
holograms electron beams, etc.
Dynamic Information Storage or Retrieval,
subclasses 110.01 through 110.04where the information is stored or retrieved from
the medium by polarized radiant energy; subclass 116 where the infor
is stored or retrieved from the medium by light intensity adjustment
or maintenance; and subclass 117 where the information is stored
or retrieved from the medium by a movable shutter or light gate.
Optical Waveguides,
subclasses 1+ for temporal optical modulation produced within
the fiber, and subclasses 4+ for directional modulation
produced within the fiber. Class 385 contains patents claiming
optical modulation within the fiber but optical amplification (333+)
or frequency translation (326+) within the fiber are specifially
excluded from Class 385, unless the amplifier or frequency translator
are only nominally set forth.
Coating Processes,
subclasses 163.1+ for processes of coating an optical polarizer,
windshield, fiber, waveguide, rod, projection screen, or retroreflector.
Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition,
or Product Thereof,
subclass 363 for laser or radiation color imaging exposure other
than visible light and subclass 945 for laser beam cross-reference
art collection.
This subclass is indented under subclass 333. Subject matter wherein the scattered light beam output from
a medium, resulting from either the Raman or Brillouin effects,
is amplified relative to the input to the medium.
(1)
Note. The Raman effect claimed specifically for the optical
amplification properties is classified in this subclass, whereas
the Raman effect claimed for the frequency translation by itself
or together with optical amplification is classified in subclass
327.
(2)
Note. Stimulated Raman effect is the amplification exhibiting
the characteristic of stimulated emission of the small portion of
light that is scattered in random directions when a monochromatic light
beam of high intensity is transmitted through matter. The characteristic
of the small portion of light is related to the frequencies of the
matter.
(3)
Note. The Raman effect results in the re-radiation of light
from a bombarded molecule, having a longer wavelength than the original
bombaring beam of coherent light. Part of the energy of the coherent beam
is distributed throughout the molecule whereas the remaining energy
is re-radiated. This effect may be described as being feeble, instantaneous,
independent of absorption, independent of the wavelength of the
exciting radiation; and it results in the re-emission of light generally
having a wavelength longer than the existing one. Although there
is a difference in wavelengths or frequency between the wavelengths
of each re-emitted spectral line, or Raman line, and the wavelength
of the incident or exciting radiation; the intensity of Raman increases
as the fourth power of the incident frequency except in the neighborhood
of an absorption band, where the scattering intensity increases
still more markedly.
(4)
Note. Brillouin scattering is the nonlinear optical phenomenon
of the spontaneous scattering of light in a medium by its interaction
with sound waves passing through the medium
This subclass is indented under subclass 333. Subject matter wherein a beam of "free" and unbound
electrons of an atom or molecule are passed through an undulator
(i.e., "wiggler"), which creates a magnetic field
of alternating polarity, to cause the electrons to move along a helical
path (i.e., "wiggle") for the release of a high
power light radiation (i.e., amplification of the light input beam).
(1)
Note. The use of a free-electron laser for light amplificatoin
belongs in this subclass.
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