Class Definition for Class 343 - COMMUNICATIONS: RADIO WAVE ANTENNAS

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CLASS 343,	COMMUNICATIONS: RADIO WAVE ANTENNAS
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

A. This is the generic class for antennas for the transmission of radio wave energy through the natural media (i.e., air, earth, water, etc.) for point-to-point communication or for the reception of such transmitted radio wave energy.

B. In this class are apparatus and systems which constitute part of an antenna transmission or reception apparatus or system and which are limited to use in connection with the transmission and reception of radio wave energy, e.g., electromagnetic horns and arrays.

C. Exclusions:

1. This class excludes noncommunication applications involving radio waves, such as resiation by radio waves for therapeutic purposes or for measuring and testing a physical parameter where no communications or signaling is involved.

2. Also excluded from this class are systems, such as detector and receiver systems, oscillation generator systems, modulator systems, amplifier systems, which are used as component parts of radio wave energy transmission or reception systems but which are of more general utility.

3. This class also excludes communication by electromagnetic waves other than radio waves (e.g., by partial rays, compressional waves, etc.). Communication restricted to rays or visible light, heat, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, cathode rays, ions, gamma rays, and beta rays, as well as inductive coupling are excluded from this class.

See References to Other Classes, below.

SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

TELEDYNAMICS OTHER THAN SIGNALING:

See Class Definition, C, above for the radio wave energy systems for controlling apparatus and mechanism other than indicating or measuring instruments which are included in this class. See subclass 7 of this class and the search notes thereto for the miscellaneous systems for controlling apparatus other than indicating and measuring instruments which are classified in this class. See the classes specified under "SEARCH CLASS" below for a reference to some of the other classes which provide for radiant energy controlled devices and apparatus.

COMMUNICATIONS:

Many classes provide for devices, apparatus and systems useful in communicating information. For example, one class provides for means for displaying information by printed or painted cards, calendars, pictures, labels, tags and signs. Another class provides for recording systems and recorders, etc. Class 343 is primarily concerned with the information conveyed by means of radio wave energy signals and with radio wave energy teledynamics. Also see References with Other Classes below.

SIGNALING:

For the relationship of Class 343 to the signaling classes, see the classes referencing this section in References to Other Classes, below.

MEASURING AND TESTING:

This class includes some patents for measuring, detecting, and/or utilizing radio wave energy. The detection of objects, or the use of radio wave energy to measure distance, direction, and/or velocity of an object is included in this class when the only measurement is of the amplitude of the radio wave energy, or of the direction in which the energy is transmitted or the direction from which the energy is received, or where the duration of time the energy is being propagated is measured, or where only the detection of radio wave energy is involved. This class also includes the measurement of the amplitude or intensity of the radiated radio wave energy where the measurement is performed by detecting and measuring the energy. Antennas combined with structure for measuring the magnitude of the signal energy flowing in, to, or from the antenna, a significant relationship existing between the antenna and the measuring structure, are classified in subclass 703 of this class.

For other measuring and testing, see References to Other Classes, below.

SECTION III - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

40,	Card, Picture, or Sign Exhibiting, for means for displaying information by printed or painted cards, calendars, pictures, labels, tags and signs,
47,	Plant Husbandry, subclass 1.3 for methods and apparatus for culture of plants by means of electricity, including radiating electrical energy.
73,	Measuring and Testing, is the generic class for measuring and testing methods and apparatus. The search notes to the class definition of Class 73 should be consulted for other classes which provide for measuring and testing processes and apparatus. subclasses 570+ for miscellaneous apparatus for testing devices by means of vibratory forces (e.g., certain types of compressional waves), see indented subclasses 584+ where sound waves are used. Class 73 provides for measuring and testing methods and apparatus which involve a radiant energy test and a nonelectrical test. Class 136, Batteries: Thermoelectric and Photoelectric, subclasses 200+ for thermoelectric generators, particularly subclasses 213+ for radiation (e.g., infrared) promoters. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
89,	Ordnance, subclasses 1 and 41 for apparatus designed to control and/or move a gun for aiming it towards a target, including such apparatus where radiant energy is utilized and subclass 1.5 for radiant energy actuated or controlled devices for releasing bombs, flares, etc., from aircraft.
91,	Motors: Expansible Chamber Type, appropriate subclasses for expansible chamber motors controlled by radiant energy.
102,	Ammunition and Explosives, subclass 384 for drop bombs with direction controlling means, including those controlled by radiant energy, subclasses 416+ and the subclasses specified in the notes thereto for explosive mines adapted to be fixed automatically, for firing device of the mine being actuated by electrical, magnetic, wave or radiant energy, and the ignitors, per se, for such mines; and subclass 214 for fuses, primers and igniting devices for explosives which involve the utilization of electrical, magnetic, wave, or radiant energy in their operation.
116,	Signals and Indicators, is the generic class of mechanical (nonelectrical) signaling; subclass 137 is the generic subclass for mechanical sonic and supersonic generators for wave transmission; see subclasses 18+ for code signaling, including heliographic signaling. The signal in Class 116 may be of any type that appeals to any one or more of the senses, such as a bell, horn, whistle, semaphore, light shutter, explosive device or flag. The classes specified in the class definition of class 116 should be searched for other nonelectrical signaling systems. See the notes to Class 116 for the distinction between Class 116 and the electrical classes. Class 116 includes code signaling, including helios:graphic signaling. Class 116, subclass 27 provides for apparatus for the mechanical production and reception of sound vibrations transmitter through bodies of water (submarine signaling). (See Lines With Other Classes, "Signaling" above ).
136,	Batteries: Thermoelectric and Photoelectric, see Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Measuring and Testing, above.
137,	Fluid Handling, appropriate subclasses for fluid flow control systems including radiant energy systems for valve actuation.
178,	Telegraphy, includes in many of the subclasses patents where the sole disclosure is of a radiant energy telegraph system, but the claims are not limited to radiant energy transmission of the signals; see especially subclass 19 for handwriting and drawing transmission systems, subclass 22 for secrecy systems, subclass 43 for space induction systems, subclasses 50+ for multiplex systems, and subclasses 58+ for duplex systems, subclasses 66.1+ for miscellaneous systems using alternating current (including high frequency current) to transmit the signal (note that many of the patents in Class 178, subclass 66.1 are closely analogous to the patents in Class 375, subclasses 259+), and subclasses 371+ for miscellaneous telegraph receivers. Also see the appropriate subclasses in Class 178 for telegraph apparatus useful either in radio or wire telegraphy, for example, subclasses 118+, for receivers and subclasses 101+ for keys. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Signaling" above).
181,	Acoustics, is the generic class for inventions in sound wave radiation, transmission or reception and instruments specific thereto; see subclasses 18 through 22, for speaking tubes, subclasses 126+, for anatomic or prosthetic relation, and subclasses 177+, for megaphones. See the notes to Class 116 for other acoustical signaling systems. (See Lines With Other Classes" Signaling" above).
181,	Acoustics, subclasses 101+ , for mechanical means for geophysical exploration, subclasses 123+, for mechanical sound echo systems and subclass 125 for mechanical sound locating devices for determining the direction from which a sound proceeds. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
191,	Electricity: Transmission to Vehicles, subclass 10 , for systems for transferring energy from a roadway or other place to a movable vehicle by means of electromagnetic induction.
194,	Check-Actuated Control Mechanisms, appropriate subclasses, provides for coin controlled radios. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Signaling", above.)
219,	Electric Heating, subclass 553 provides for infrared ray generating apparatus.
244,	Aeronautics and Astronautics, subclass 3.1 for control means for missiles and subclass 77 for systems for automatically controlling aircraft by means of electrical apparatus and radiant energy. Subclass 77 is the generic subclass for the automatic control of the steering of mobile craft in two or three dimensions where electrical means are utilized. See the search notes to subclass 77 in Class 244 for the other classes which provide for radiant energy controlled steering and for a statement as to the lines between the classes.
246,	Railway Switches and Signals, Note that class 246 contains a number of subclasses relating to "inductive" control or actuation, i.e., where an inductive connection rather than a physical contact being made. subclass 8 provides for inductive telegraphy or telephony in train dispatching systems, subclass 63 for block signal systems having cab signal or train of the inductive type, subclass 194 for train control of the inductive type for controlling the train mechanism. Subclass 4, for train dispatching systems having a train carried signal or train control mechanism, the system including radiant energy control, subclasses 29+ for block signaling systems in which traffic control devices are controlled by radiant energy, see indented subclass 30 where radio energy is used, and subclass 189 for radiant energy control systems for controlling the engineer"s brake valve on a train. (See Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above).
250,	Radiant Energy, subclasses 200 through 239are the generic subclasses for photosensitive systems which are responsive to visible light and for apparatus used with photocells, subclass 250 provides for radio and microwave wavemeters for measuring the length or frequency of radio or microwaves, subclasses 281+ provides for methods and apparatus for the ionic separation and or analysis of material on the basic of the mass to electric change of ionic particles of the material being separated or analyzed, subclasses 306+ provides for methods and apparatus of inspecting solid or liquid material by charge particles, and subclasses 336.1+ provides for generic methods and apparatus for utilizing invisible ray energy, such as, cathode rays, ultraviolet rays, the radiations and emanations or radio-active substances, for measuring and detecting purposes; and subclasses 492.1+ is the generic place for methods and apparatus utilizing invisible ray energy, such as ultraviolet and infrared rays. (also see Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
250,	Radiant Energy, contains patents for signaling by means of radiant energy; see appropriate subclasses for the generic transmission or reception of energy propagated in the form of electromagnetic waves of subatomic, atomic or molecular particles. (See Class Definition, Statement of Class Subclass Matter.)
251,	Valves and Valve Actuation, subclasses 129+ , for electrical valve actuation.
307,	Electrical Transmission or Interconnection Systems, subclass 117 for switching systems controlled by radiant energy.
313,	Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices, appropriate subclasses, provides for the structure of electronic tubes.
314,	Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Consumable Electrodes, subclass 63 for arc lamps and other similar consumable electrode discharge devices where the feeding of the electrode is controlled by radiant energy, usually light or radiant heat.
315,	Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, subclass 34 , provides for radio tubes and other electronic tubes which have an antennae within the envelope of the tube or otherwise structurally combined with the tube. (See Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above).
315,	Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, see Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Signaling, above. Class 315 provides in subclasses 1+ for circuits for energizing cathode-ray tubes, subclass 10 for radiant energy controlled cathode-ray tube circuits, subclasses 32+, for electronic tubes which have a circuit element, such as a switch, inductance, etc., built into and structurally combined with the electronic tube structure, and in subclasses 32 to 363 for systems where a gas or vapor tube or an electric lamp is energized by or controlled by radiant energy, including radio waves, see subclasses 149+ for radiant energy controlled electric lamp and gas or vapor type electric space discharge device systems.
318,	Electricity: Motive Power Systems, subclass 16 for electric motor systems where the motor is controlled or supplied by space transmitted electromagnetic or electrostatic energy (including radio energy), subclass 460 for electric motor systems controlled by sound or supersonic vibrations, subclass 480 for electric motor systems controlled by radiant energy (e.g., light).
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, is the generic class for methods and apparatus for testing to determine electrical properties by electrical means; subclasses 323+ , especially subclasses 332+ and 344+ provide for ore detection determination by electrical means, including the use of radio waves, except such methods and apparatus which involve the use of reflected or otherwise returned radio waves, the excepted subject matter being in this class (343), subclasses 5+. Class 324 provides for electrical testing methods and apparatus which include a test by means of radio waves and another electrical test. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
327,	Miscellaneous Active Electrical Nonlinear Devices, Circuits, and Systems, appropriate subclasses for miscellaneous circuits supplying current or potential to active devices such as an electron tube or circuits controlling the current or potential utilizing an active device such as an electron tube.
329,	Demodulators, appropriate subclasses, for various types of demodulators for extracting the intelligence modulated on a high frequency wave.
330,	Amplifiers, appropriate subclasses, for the various types of amplifier systems.
331,	Oscillators, appropriate subclasses, for electric oscillation generators having utility in the radiant energy communication systems of Class 343.
332,	Modulators, appropriate subclasses, for modulators, per se. (See Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above).
333,	Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, provides for wave transmission lines or networks, which may be used for communication purposes wherein the wave energy is guided or constrained by a wave propagating medium of appreciable electrical length with respect to the wave length of the propagated energy. For example, subclasses 1+ provides for plural channel systems and subclasses 236+ provides for single channel long lines having distributed electrical parameters, such as parallel conductors, wave guides, and shielded lines. This class also contains systems and networks useful in communication with radiant energy. See particularly subclasses 101+ for branched circuits with switching, subclasses 109+ for directional couplers, subclasses 117+ for hybrid type networks, subclass 13 for resonator type breakdown discharge systems, e.g., T-R or R-T systems, subclass 22 for dissipating terminations for long lines, subclasses 24+ for coupling networks including filters, equalizers, delay networks, and impedance matching networks, and subclass 81 for attenuators. (See Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above).
334,	Tuners, appropriate subclasses for tuner networks adapted for use in radiant energy systems.
340,	Communications: Electrical, is the generic class for electric signaling. See subclasses 384.1+ for electrically operated audible signals such as bells and whistles. (See Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above).
342,	Communications: Radio Waves Systems and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), appropriate subclasses for whole radio wave systems and devices, or radio wave system or device components other than antennas. See the "SEARCH CLASS" references in Class 342 for the lines between radio wave communication and the subject matter of other classes. (See Class Definition, Statement of Class Subclass Matter.)
345,	Computer Graphics Processing and Selective Visual Display Systems, subclasses 418 through 475for computer graphics processing.
346,	Recorders, for recording systems and recorders, etc.
348,	Television, appropriate subclasses for television systems whether the signals are transmitted by radiant energy or otherwise. (See Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above).
356,	Optics: Measuring and Testing, provides for measuring instruments and processes involving reflection, refraction, chromatic effects and other optical properties of light and materials, that is, for devices which utilize visible light and optical principles for the measurement of angles, distances, chromatic effects and the intensity of light, flaw analysis, and fiducial instruments not provided for elsewhere; see subclasses 3+ for range and height finders which utilize visible light, subclasses 27+ for velocity or velocity and height measuring apparatus, subclass 29 for the measurement of relative velocity of a remote object by means of apparatus having an optical element or a reticle, and subclasses 138+ for the measuring of angles or axial alignment by means of visible light. See subclasses 625 and 388+ for the mensuration or configuration analysis of areas, volumes or linear measurements of articles or indefinite length materials or the measurement of distance traveled by a scale or optical grid displaced relative to a remote fiducial mark. Search subclasses 43+ optical pyrometers for the determination of the temperature of bodies or the temperature of light radiation for photos: graphic purposes by means of relative intensity of radiation, color, or incandescence comparison and subclasses 213+ for apparatus to measure the intensity of light generally. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
358,	Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing, appropriate subclasses facsimile systems whether the signals are transmitted by radiant energy or otherwise. (See Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above).
361,	Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices, subclasses 173+ for photocell controlled relay and electromagnet circuits.
362,	Illumination, appropriate subclasses for radiant energy controlled illuminating devices, see especially subclass 276 .
367,	Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and Devices, is the residual class for electroacoustic wave signalling devices. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Signaling", above).
367,	Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and Devices, appropriate subclass for means to transmit and receive sonic or supersonic waves. (See Class Definition, Statement of Class Subclass Matter.)
367,	Communications, Electrical: Acoustic Wave Systems and Devices, provides for apparatus for detecting objects and/or determining their distance and/or direction which are provided with means to transmit and receive sonic or supersonic waves, the sonic or supersonic waves being either generated or received by electrical means. See subclasses 87+ for echo systems, subclasses 118+ for distance or direction finding, and subclasses 131+ for underwater systems. Note that the acoustics class has similar apparatus. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
369,	Dynamic Information Storage or Retrieval, subclasses 6+ for a combined radio and phonography systems. (See Lines With Other Classes, Signaling, above).
374,	Thermal Measuring and Testing, subclass 122 is drawn to determining the temperature of a body by use of a microwave arrangement to measure the thermal radiation emitted by the body. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
375,	Pulse or Digital Communications, appropriate subclass for apparatus for the transmission or reception of pulses into or from free space, per se. (See Class Definition, Statement of Class Subclass Matter.)
378,	X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices, subclasses 44+ , 51+, and 70+ for X-ray systems used for testing. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
382,	Image Analysis, appropriate subclass for pattern recognition or image processing.
431,	Combustion, subclass 79 for a fuel burner controlled by a photoelectric type sensor.
434,	Education, Demonstration, and Cryptography, subclasses 239+ for devices for instructing or training in the characteristics or operation of navigational aids, such as radio beacons, blind landing systems, direction finders, etc.; subclasses 1+ for devices for instructing or training in characteristics or operation of object detecting systems, such as radar or sonar systems; and subclass 222 for patents relating to instruction in the art of signaling, including instruction in the operation of radio transmitters and receivers.
455,	Telecommunications, for analog modulated carrier wave and light wave communications.
505,	Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material, Process, subclasses 150+ for high temperature (T_c > 30 K) superconducting devices, and particularly subclass 201 for antennas.
700,	Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific Applications, subclasses 1 through 89for generic data processing control systems; and subclasses 90-306 for particular application of data processing systems or calculating computers.
701,	Data Processing: Vehicles, Navigation, and Relative Location, subclasses 200+ for the application of a computer in the area of navigation, particularly subclasses 207+ for position determining equipment, and subclasses 300+ for determining the relative location between two points. (See Lines With Other Classes, "Measuring and Testing," above.)
704,	Data Processing: Speech Signal Processing, Linguistics, Language Translation and Audio Compression/Decompression, subclasses 200+ for artificial intelligence systems that process speech signals.
706,	Data Processing: Intelligent Processing Systems and Methods, various subclasses for artificial intelligence systems that represent, apply, and acquire knowledge.
708,	Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and Calculating, subclasses 1+ for hybrid computers; subclasses 100+ for digital calculating computers; and subclasses 800+ for analog computers.
715,	Data Processing: Presentation Processing of Document, Operator Interface Processing, and Screen Saver Display Processing, subclasses 700 through 866for computer operator interface processing.

SECTION IV - GLOSSARY

ACTIVE ELEMENT

An element or network whose energy output is modified due to the presence of a source of energy in the element or network (other than the mere signal energy which passes through the network) or an element or network in which the energy output from a source of energy is controlled by the signal input.

ANTENNA ARRAY

A plurality of active antennas coupled to a common source or load to produce a directive radiation pattern. Usually the spatial relationship also contributes to the directivity of the antenna.

ANTENNA COMPONENT

A portion of the antenna performing a distinct function and limited for use in an antenna, as for example, a reflector, director or active antenna.

ANTENNA COUNTERPOISE

Structure of conductive material most closely associated with ground but insulated from or capacitively coupled to the natural ground, and aiding in the function of the natural ground, particularly where variations or limitations of the characteristics of the natural ground interfere with its proper function, and such structure being connected to the terminal of the signal receiver or source opposing the active antenna terminal.

ANTENNA COUPLING NETWORK

A passive network (which may be resistive, inductive or capacitive or any combination thereof) for transmitting the signal energy between the active antenna and a source or receiver of such signal energy.

ANTENNA GROUNDING STRUCTURE

Ground, or structure most closely associated with or simulating ground which is connected to the terminal of the signal receiver or source opposing the active antenna terminal, (i.e., the signal receiver or source is interposed between the active antenna and this structure), for establishing a reference potential level for operating the active antenna.

ANTENNA INHERENT REACTANCE

This includes not only the distributed reactance of the active antenna but also the natural reactance due to its location and surroundings, as for example, the capacity relation inherent in the position of the active antenna relative to ground.

ANTENNA LEAD-IN

A conductive means (transmission line, feed line) for conveying the signal energy between the active antenna and the signal source or receiver, and extending directly from the active antenna towards the source or receiver.

ANTENNA SHIELD

A conductive or low reluctance structure, such as a wire, plate or grid which is adapted to be placed in the vicinity of an active antenna to reduce, as by dissipation through a resistance or by conduction to ground, undesired electromagnetic radiation, or electric or magnetic fields, which are directed toward the active antenna from an external source or which emanate from the active antenna.

ANTENNA TUNING

Adjusting an inductance or capacity combined with the active antenna but distinct and separate therefrom, the inductance or capacity providing a reactance which combines with the inherent reactance of the active antenna to establish a resonance in a circuit including the active antenna, this resonance being at a frequency other than the natural electrical resonant frequency of the active antenna, adjustment of the inductance or capacity changing this resonance; or adjusting the length of an electrically long linear antenna to alter the electrical resonance of the antenna.

COMMUNICATION

The conveying or transferring of information; specifically a system, as radio, telephone, telegraph for conveying or transferring information. For a general statement of the classes which include communication devices, apparatus and systems,see section V below.

DIRECTOR

A conductive (usually metallic) structure (e.g., a rod) which reradiates into free space impinging electromagnetic radiation (waves) coming from or going to the active antenna, the velocity of the reradiated wave having a component in the direction of velocity of the impinging wave, thereby to modify the radiation pattern of the active antenna, there being no significant potential relationship between the active antenna and the conductive structure.

DISTANCE

The space between two points, which may be immediately juxtaposed or widely spaced.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE POLARIZATION FILTER

Structure which acts directly on the electromagnetic wave to filter out wave energy of an undesired polarization and to pass wave energy of a desired polarization.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE REFRACTOR

Structure which is shaped or positioned to delay or accelerate transmitted electromagnetic waves, passing through such structure, an amount which varies over the wave front, to alter the direction of propagation of the waves emitted from the structure with respect to the waves impinging on the structure, or to bring the wave to a focus, or to alter the wave front (such as to convert a spherical wave front to a planar wave front or vice versa).

FREE SPACE

Space where the movement of energy in any direction is substantially unimpeded, such as interplanetary space, the atmosphere, the ocean and other large bodies of water or the earth.

LOADED ANTENNA

An active antenna having an elongated portion of appreciable electrical length and having additional inductance or capacity directly in series or shunt with the elongated portion so as to modify the standing wave pattern existing along the portion or to change the effective electrical length of the portion.

MESSAGE

A signal used to convey intelligence, such as telegraph signals or telephone signals (e.g., speech). Message is used in more limited sense than signal for the purpose of classification in this class in that signal includes the transmission of control impulses for operation mechanism other than mere signal reproducers.

ORIENTING

Changing the direction of the antenna beam.

PARASITIC ELEMENT

A conductive (usually metallic) structure (e.g., rod) which reradiates into free space impinging electromagnetic radiation (waves) coming from or going to the active antenna, the velocity of the reradiated wave having a component which is in the same direction (director) as, or in the opposite direction (reflector) to, that of the velocity of the impinging wave.

RADIANT ENERGY

The energy (partially kinetic, partially potential) associated with waves produced in free space by a space by a source of energy, as light waves, electromagnetic radiations (including radio wave), neutron and similar radiation, subsonic, supersonic and sonic waves.

RADIATE

The emanation of energy into free space.

RADIO OR HERTZ WAVE

An electromagnetic wave whose frequency spectrum extends over a range from somewhat above the frequency of audible sound waves to somewhat below the frequency of heat and light waves. Values of 10 kilocyles and 30,000 megacyles have been given as the lower an upper limits of the range for radio waves, although values exist beyond these limits. Radio waves as here defined exclude compressional waves, light waves, heat waves, infrared waves, ultraviolet waves, X-rays, cathode rays, gamma rays, and ion beams. The radio waves are produced by oscillations of electric change in an antenna.

REFLECTOR

A conductive structure, usually metallic (e.g., screen, rod or plate) which reradiates back into free space impinging electromagnetic radiation (waves) coming from or going to the active antenna, the velocity of the returned wave having a component in a direction opposite to the direction of velocity of the impinging wave, thereby to modify the radiation of the active antenna, there being no significant potential relationship between the active antenna and the conductive structure.

RESTRICTED SPACE

A space or medium which tends to confine the energy within specified boundaries along a predetermined path, as wave guides, hollow resonators, conductive wires.

SCANNING

Repeatedly moving the antenna beam over an area in space.

SIGNAL

Control impulse, wave energy, intelligence or message conveyed, such as a sign, noise indication agreed upon, understood and used to convey intelligence at a distance.

SWEEPING

Moving the antenna beam repeatedly along a single line (which may be straight or curved) in space.

TELEGRAPHY

The transmission to a distance of signals, unlimited with respect to the extent of the message communicated, by the utilization of energy, the elements of the message being selected or composed at will according to a prearranged code.

TELEPHONY

The conversion of spoken or sound waves into energy which is transmitted a distance and reconverted into sound waves for reproduction of the speech or sounds.

SUBCLASSES

[List of Patents for class 343 subclass 700]

700

ANTENNAS

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter and limited by claimed subject matter to coupling electrical energy between free space and restricted space, i.e., the radiation or collection of such energy together with its transmission to or from a transmitter or receiver, and not otherwise classifiable.

(1) Note. The free space may be interplanetary space, atmospheric space, the earth, or large bodies of water, and the electrical energy therein is radio wave energy covering the range between long and extremely short waves. Excluded are visible light, infrared and ultra violet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays, as well as compression wave energy, either sonic or supersonic. The restricted space may be either a wire transmission line or a wave guide type line, and the electrical energy flowing therein is pulsating at the frequency of the corresponding free space energy, which is established by or establishes the energy flowing in the wire transmission line or wave guide.

(2) Note. Since any conducting mass may function as a radiator or collector of radio wave energy, the subject matter classified here is specialized for use as an antenna. The antennas as here classified are formed as a passive conducting mass, which may be in the form of a metallic current conductor, wave guide, or space discharge. This mass in use is in direct engagement with free space to emit or collect radio wave energy to or from free space, and is coupled or connected to a source of energy or to a load. To act as an antenna the mass usually has a particular shape of dimension, or may have electrical circuit elements, namely, resistance inductance, or capacity, associated therewith. Included herein are devices designed to operate as an antenna, but involving no particular structure and claimed in combination with other electrical means, when no other class provides for the claimed subject matter. See the Notes to this subclass, below.

(3) Note. Combinations of an antenna and additional nonperfecting structure, i.e., structure having an added purpose or independent utility other than to perfect the antenna, are classified as follows:

A. Combinations of an antenna and a diverse type art device (i.e., nonradio device), such as an aircraft, water-borne device, vehicle, or lamp, for example, wherein the antenna is claimed by name only in combination with details of the device, there being no significant relationship between the nominal antenna and the diverse type art device, are generally not classified in this or indented subclasses but in the appropriate class taking such device.

B. Combinations of an antenna and a diverse type (i.e., nonradio device) art device including significant antenna structure or wherein a significant relationship exists between the antenna and the diverse type art device are classified in this and the indented subclasses, where the only structure of the diverse type device recited is structure which permits the antenna to function as such (e.g., supports the antenna, forms a ground plane or reflector for the antenna, or makes a specific type antenna necessary for use with the device). For example, the combination of an antenna with a radio cabinet, aircraft, watercraft, or vehicle, there being a significant relationship between the antenna and the associated structure, is classified in indented subclasses 702, 705+, 709+, and 711+, while subclasses 720+ is the residual subclass for this subject matter. Where the other device is recited merely in broad terms for such purposes as background for the antenna or supporting the antenna, classification is in the appropriate indented subclasses, such as in subclasses 878+ where the other device is a support.

C. Generally, where the antenna itself is designed to function also as another device and significant antenna structure is recited, as for example, a venetian blind or water sprinkler, classification is in this and the indented subclasses, subclasses 708, 710, 712, and 720+ being especially pertinent. Where the antenna is broadly claimed, and the other device is significantly claimed, classification is with the other device. For example, a rubber mounted vehicle bumper which may operate as an antenna is classified in Class 293, Vehicle Fenders, subclass 88.

D. Combinations of an antenna and additional electronic structure or system are generally classified with the combination. For example, an antenna and a cabinet containing some radio structure other than the antenna would be classified in Class 455, appropriate subclasses, especially subclasses 269+. However, where detailed antenna structure is combined with additional electronic structure, nominally recited, classification is in this and the indented subclasses. For example, such terms as transmitter, receiver, signal source, and load are considered nominal recitation of the other structure. A plurality of antennas combined with additional electronic structure nominally recited is considered as detailed antenna structure with a nominal electronic structure, and is classified in this and the indented subclasses. A plurality of such nominal elements, such as a plurality of transmitters, a plurality of receivers, or a transmitter and receiver, are generally considered nominal structure, which when combined with detailed antenna structure are classified in this and the indented subclasses. When the antenna is combined with a nominal transmitter and receiver forming a duplex system, classification is in Class 370, Multiplex Communications, subclasses 276+ as a duplex system. The combination of an antenna and electric space discharge device may be in this class (343) where the combination performs the functions there defined. Where the antenna includes an electric discharge device, the discharge serving as a portion of the antenna coupling, and wherein the combination performs no function classified elsewhere, classification is in this class (343) subclass 701. See Class 315, subclass 34 for a space discharge device having an antenna within or integral therewith and Class 325, especially subclass 384 for means for coupling antennas to radio receivers by means of electron tubes.

(4) Note.

A. Combinations of an antenna within the class definition and additional structure for the purpose of improving or perfecting the antenna in the performance of its primary function, which is the radiation or collection of radio wave energy together with the transmission of such energy to or from the transmitter or receiver, are classified in this and the indented subclasses where the structure claimed includes significant antenna structure or is more than is provided for in other classes. Examples of such subject matter are found in indented subclasses 704, 872, 878, and 904; subclass 904 being the residuary home for such subject matter.

B. Combinations of an antenna with no significant antenna structure with perfecting structure, such as a support, connector or leadin, the combination not being peculiar to antennas (i.e., the combination has more general application) are classified in a more general class if such exists. For example, the structure of a metallic antenna rod, whether insulated or not, unlimited by modifications for radiating purposes, together with a support is classified in Class 52, Static Structures (e.g., Buildings), subclasses 108, 109, 110, 111+, 632, 633+, and 720+. Where the antenna is in the form of a generalized conductor, whether insulated or not, combined with lead-in or connector means, classification is in Class 174, Electricity: Conductors and Insulators. Where a nominal antenna is formed as a helical extensible spring, classification is in Class 267, Spring Devices, subclass 74. Where a nominal antenna is formed as a rod of adjustable length with a joint for permitting such adjustment, classification is in Class 287, Rod Joints or Couplings, subclass 58.

C. Combinations of a nominal antenna or a nominal reflector together with significant structure used with the antenna for supporting, moving, signaling some condition of the antenna, etc., are not classified in this or the indented subclasses where some other class provides for the claimed subject matter (e.g., the support class provides for the significant support structure and will also take the thing supported by name only), even though the combination improves or perfects the operation of the antenna or reflector. Such subject matter is found in the classes which provide for the significant structure used with the nominal antenna or reflector. Situations of this nature are as follows (for an exception, see (11) Note, below):

1. The combination of a nominal antenna or reflector together with significant mechanism for moving the antenna or reflector, is classified in Class 74, Machine Element or Mechanism, especially subclass 1, where the mechanism is for scanning, sweeping or orienting the antenna. The broad recitation of a motor for driving the mechanism in this combination does not preclude classification in this class (74).

2. The combination of a nominal antenna or reflector together with an electric motor and motor control means for moving the antenna or reflector, is classified in Class 318, Electricity: Motive Power Systems. See also the class definition of Class 318.

3. Combinations of a nominal antenna or reflector together with significant structure for providing a signal, indication or alarm indicative of some condition of the antenna or reflector, are classified in Class 116, Signals and Indicators, where the signaling structure is mechanical in nature, and in Class 340, Communications: Electrical, where the signaling structure is electrical in nature. This reference to Classes 116 and 340 does not include signals, indicators or alarms actuated by the radio wave energy collected or transmitted by the antenna. For example, Class 340 includes electrical signaling means for indicating the direction in which the antenna is oriented, but Class 343, subclasses 100+, includes direction finding radio systems.

4. Combinations of a nominal antenna together with significant structure for transmitting electrical energy, which may be signal energy, thereto and permitting movement of the antenna are classified in the appropriate subclass of Class 191, Electricity: Transmission to Vehicles. Where a flexible extension for transmitting electrical energy between relatively moving parts is combined with a reel, classification is in subclasses 12.2+ of Class 191. The addition of a drag to any of the combinations involving Class 191 as here set forth is sufficient to exclude such subject matter from Class 191. For classification of such combinations, see paragraph 6 under this section, subclass 707 below, and also the reference to Class 244, Aeronautics, under "SEARCH CLASS", below.

5. Combinations of nominal antennas together with a support are classified in Class 211, Supports: Racks, where the support involves frame structures or a plurality of supports, or supports a plurality of antennas; and in Class 248, Supports, where the support is a single support or supports a single antenna.

6. Combinations of a nominal antenna together with a reel are classified in Class 242, Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding.

7. Combinations of a nominal antenna together with aircraft structure along with such elements as a fair lead, a drag on the free end of the antenna, and a reel or other extending and retracting structure are classified in Class 244, Aeronautics, subclass 1.

8. Combinations of a nominal antenna together with significant electrical connector or terminal structure are classified in Class 439, Electrical Connectors.

(5) Note. Subcombinations of an antenna which are not otherwise classified and are specialized for use in an antenna are classified in this and indented subclasses. Examples of such subject matter are antenna components, such as reflectors and directors. Radio wave lenses, refractors and polarizing converters, which are usually associated with an antenna or a wave guide, are also classified here.

(6) Note. Subcombinations merely amenable to use in an antenna are classified with the subcombination. For example, stock materials and other fabricated materials which may be used in making an antenna are classified in such classes as 28, Textiles: Manufacturing, 29, Metal Working, 138, Pipes and Tubular Conduits, and 139, Textiles: Weaving and 245, Wire Fabrics and Structure. See the Search Notes under subclasses 897, 900 and 907 below for a field of search for such materials.

(7) Note. The electrical energy coupled by the antennas of this and the indented subclasses is ordinarily signaling energy for such purposes as communication and telemetering. Also included are antennas and reflectors which are analogous in structure to those used in communication and telemetering. Many other classes provide for apparatus for treating persons or materials with radiated electromagnetic waves and include antennas and reflectors which are specialized for such use. See, for example, Class 422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclasses 221+ for processes and apparatus for preserving, disinfecting and sterilizing, which may involve electromagnetic waves; Class 99, Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, subclass 451, for apparatus for treating foods with electromagnetic waves. Class 128, Surgery, particularly subclasses 404+, for electrical applicators for treating the human body; Class 134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, subclass 1, for cleaning and liquid contact with solids involving a electromagnetic wave energy; Class 204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, appropriate subclasses, for chemical processes involving electromagnetic wave energy; Class 219, Electric Heating, subclass 10.55, for structure for heating a device or material by subjecting it to a field of electromagnetic wave radiation; Class 250, Radiant Energy, subclasses 493+, for structure generating and applying ray energy; and Class 426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products, subclasses 234, 235, 236, and 237+, for processes involving the application of electromagnetic waves in the treatment of edible material.

(8) Note. There are other classes which provide for structures which project or extract to or from space, earth, or water signaling energy which is wave energy and may be in the form of electromagnetic wave energy (other than radio waves); and such subject matter is not classified in this and the indented subclasses. For example, this subject matter may be found in the following classes and subclasses: 116, Signals and Indicators, subclasses 18+ for visual or audible code signaling, subclass 27 for submarine sound signaling, and subclasses 137+ for horns, whistles and compressional wave generators for signaling; 178, Telegraphy, subclass 43 for space induction telegraph systems; 181, Acoustics, appropriate subclasses for acoustical signaling systems and subclass 175, for sound modifying means; 200, Electricity: Circuit Makers and Breakers, subclasses 61.01 and 61.02 for electric circuit makers and breakers responsive to sound and light respectively; 246, Railway Switches and Signals, subclasses 8, 63 and 194 for inductive type railway signaling systems; 336, Inductor Devices, appropriate subclasses, for the structure of inductor devices, per se, which may be used in inductive type signaling systems; 340, Communications: Electrical, subclasses 4+ for under water compressional wave signaling systems, and especially subclasses 8+ for compressional wave transducers; subclasses 15.5+ for earth propagated compressional wave signaling systems; subclasses 366+ for visual electrical signaling; and subclass 384.1 for audible electrical signaling; 359, Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, subclasses 109+ for light wave communications.

(9) Note. Communication or signaling systems including an antenna as an element or subcombination are classified with the system. Such communication systems which may include an antenna as an element or subcombination thereof are classified in Class 246, Railway Switches and Signals, subclass 30 for railway block-signal systems involving Hertzian waves (See also the reference to Class 246 in References to Other Classes, in the Class Definition, above); Class 250, Radiant Energy, for radiant energy systems which may include an antenna (See also the references to Class 250 in Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Signaling, and Measuring and Testing, above; and References to Other Classes, above, in the class definition of this class (343), and under the Notes to this subclass (700); Class 318, Electricity: Motive Power Systems, subclasses 16 and 480 for motor control systems involving radiant energy; Class 340, Communications: Electrical, subclasses 189+ and 224 for signaling systems involving radiant energy; and this class (343) subclasses 5+ for reflected and/or otherwise returned wave systems, subclasses 100+ for directive systems; Class 370, Multiplex Communications, for duplex and multiplex systems.

(10) Note. Antennas within the subclass definition combined with a lightning arrester are classified in subclass 904 of this class. Lightning arresters generally are classified in Class 361, Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices, subclass 40 for lightning arresters. Lightning arresters where the only structure is an arc or spark gap are classified in Class 313, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices. Lightning arresters combined with thermal switches are classified in Class 200, Electricity: Circuit Makers and Breakers, subclass 115.

(11) Note. As between Class 333, Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, and this and indented subclasses, the combination of an antenna and its coupling network, whether single or plural channel, where the antenna is only nominally recited, is classified in this and the indented subclasses.

(12) Note. As between loop antennas and the inductor devices of Class 336, Inductor Devices, the claiming of an antenna by name only or structure peculiar to antennas together with inductor structure would classify the patent in this class (343), subclasses 700+, and particularly subclasses 866+. If the disclosure is a loop antenna, but the claims recite merely an inductor device, classification is in Class 336.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

29,	Metal Working, subclasses 600+ , for a method of making an antenna or other wave-energy "plumbing" device not elsewhere classified.
52,	Static Structures (e.g., Buildings), appropriate subclass for a residual elongated or openwork structure which may be disclosed or merely defined as an antenna, particularly subclass 40 for a shaft or tower with an article support, 108 for a strip-like unit which is reversibly flexible and rigid, 110 for an elongated member attached to a vehicle shell, 111+ for a mechanism operated or relatively movable assembly, 632 for an axially extensible shaft or openwork, 633+ for a residual openwork structure, e.g., tower, mast, grating, etc., and 720+ for a residual rigid elongated structure.
60,	Power Plants, appropriate subclasses for fluid actuated devices which may be used for extending or retracting an antenna to its operative or inoperative position.
74,	Machine Element or Mechanism, for mechanisms for controlling the position of an antenna, and particularly subclass 1 for mechanisms for imparting scanning, sweeping or orienting motion to an antenna.
99,	Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, subclass 451 , for apparatus for treating foods with electromagnetic waves.
114,	Ships, subclass 311 for drags or sea anchors.
116,	Signals and Indicators, for mechanical signaling or indicating structure which may be used with an antenna.
134,	Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, subclass 1 for cleaning processes including application of electrical, radiant or wave energy to the work.
139,	Textiles: Weaving, subclass 425 for fabric materials including metal which may be used as an antenna.
174,	Electricity: Conductors and Insulators, subclass 3 for lightning rod conductor structure; subclasses 6 and 7 for earth grounds, in general, which may be used with antennas; subclass 45 for towers, poles, or posts for supporting overhead conductors; subclasses 68.1-136 for cables and conductors which may be used in antennas; subclasses 137+ for antenna insulators, particularly subclasses 151+ for antenna insulators through a wall or plate; and subclasses 350-397 for anti-inductive structures involving a shield or screen.
188,	Brakes, subclasses 378+ for vibration dampers which use the inertia of a damping mass to dissipate motion; and subclass 381 for dampers using friction between damper elements to dissipate motion.
191,	Electricity: Transmission to Vehicles, for means for transmitting electrical energy between relatively moving parts, one of which may be a movable antenna, and particularly subclasses 12.2+ where a reel is involved, and subclasses 22+ where a conductor presenting a substantially continuous exposed surface along the path of movement for contact with a collector is involved.
200,	Electricity: Circuit Makers and Breakers, for structure adapted for switching signal energy to or from an antenna.
204,	Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, for electrical or wave energy processes and apparatus.
205,	Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, appropriate subclasses for electrolytic processes and selected electrolytic products.
211,	Supports: Racks, for frame structure supporting means which usually involve a plurality of supports or a support for a plurality of articles which may be antennas.
219,	Electric Heating, subclasses 600+ for inductive heating, subclasses 678+ for microwave heating, and subclasses 764+ for capacitive dielectric heating.
242,	Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding, subclasses 370+ , particularly subclasses 390.2, 390.3, and 917 for a reeling device on which a flexible antenna may wound.
244,	Aeronautics and Astronautics, subclass 1 for miscellaneous aircraft structure including fairlead structure, in combination with a wire or cable, which may be a trailing antenna, and which may include a drag at the free end of the wire or cable.
246,	Railway Switches and Signals, subclasses 8 , 63, and 194 for inductive signaling systems which may involve inductive coupling devices similar to loop antennas; and subclass 30 for Hertzian wave systems involving antennas. See also the reference to Class 246 under References to Other Classes in the class definition of this class (343).
248,	Supports, for supporting structure usually involving single supports or supporting a single article which may be an antenna.
293,	Vehicle Fenders, subclass 136 for vehicle bumpers with rubber mounting means, which may be used as antennas.
307,	Electrical Transmission or Interconnection Systems, for miscellaneous electrical transmission or interconnection systems not otherwise classified. See particularly subclasses 11+ for plural load systems, subclasses 43+ for plural supply systems, subclasses 89+ for anti-induction systems, and subclasses 112+ for switching systems.
312,	Supports: Cabinet Structure, subclass 7.1 for radio type cabinets.
315,	Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, subclass 34 for the structural combination of an electric discharge device and an antenna, integrally united.
318,	Electricity: Motive Power Systems, for motor control systems which may be used for controlling the position of antennas, particularly for such purposes as scanning, sweeping, or orienting.
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, see Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Measuring and Testing, in the class definition of Class 343.
332,	Modulators, subclass 174 for absorption type amplitude modulators which may include a directive antenna.
333,	Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, subclasses 1+ for plural channel wave transmission systems which may be used for coupling antennas to their transmitters or receivers, which may involve impedance matching, directional couplers, hybrid type networks and switching in addition; subclass 22 for dissipating terminations for long lines which may simulate the power absorbing characteristics of antennas; subclass 23 for artificial lines which may simulate the impedance characteristics of an antenna over a frequency range; subclasses 24+ for coupling networks for coupling an antenna to its source or load, which may involve balanced to unbalanced coupling networks, delay networks, impedance matching, equalizers, and wave filters; subclasses 219+ for resonators of the distributed parameter type; and subclasses 236+ for long lines. See (11) Note immediately above. See also the reference to Class 333 in References to Other Classes in the class (343) definition.
336,	Inductor Devices, appropriate subclasses, for inductor structure, per se, including coils and coil structure which may be used as loop antennas or in the coupling systems of antennas. See (12) Note, above.
340,	Communications: Electrical, subclasses 853.1+ for telemetering via a radiant energy beam. See also (4) Note, C, 3 and (8) Note above, and Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, Signaling, and Measuring and Testing, in the class definition for this class (343) and the reference to Class 340 in References to Other Classes in the class definition of Class 343.
342,	Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), subclasses 1 through 205for reflected or otherwise returned radio wave energy systems which are characterized by some quality that varies according to the relative direction, position or plane of polarization of the sender and receiver, which may include and antenna. See Class 455 for transmitter and receiver, which may include and antenna. See Class 455 for transmitter and receiver systems where such directive properties are not present.
359,	Optics: Systems (Including Communication) and Elements, subclasses 483+ for optical polarizers, subclasses 642+ for optical lenses, subclasses 838+ for optical reflectors and subclasses 350+ and 885+ for optical filters.
362,	Illumination, for illuminating devices which often are structurally similar to antennas; particularly subclass 19 for illuminating means with a polarizer; subclass 327 for combined reflectors and refractors; subclasses 341+ for reflectors and subclasses 326+ for refractors.
375,	Pulse or Digital Communications, for pulse communication apparatus having an antenna.
403,	Joints and Connections, appropriate subclasses for a joint or coupling which may be used in an antenna. See especially subclasses 52+ for articulated connections.
426,	Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products, subclasses 234 , 235, 236, and 237+, for processes involving the application of electromagnetic waves in the treatment of foods.
439,	Electrical Connectors, for electrical connector or terminal structure which may be used in antennas. See also (4) Note, C, 8, above.