Class Definition for Class 324 - ELECTRICITY: MEASURING AND TESTING

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CLASS 324,	ELECTRICITY: MEASURING AND TESTING
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

This is the residual home for all subject matter, not elsewhere classified, relating to the measuring, testing (or sensing) of electric properties, (e.g., determining ground resistivity, determining frequency of an alternating current, determining kilowatt hour demand), or the measuring, testing or sensing of nonelectric properties by electric means (e.g., determining moisture, a nonelectric property, by measuring conductance with a resistance bridge; determining speed, a nonelectric property by use of an electric tachometer).

(1) Note. Measuring and testing have been distinguished as being quantitative and qualitative, respectively, but in these definitions the terms are used synonymously.

(2) Note. This class was produced in 1953 by making official the unofficial digests which had been established by the Examiners of Class 175 (Division 48) during the period from about 1905 to 1952, and, in the case of subclasses 76+, by cursorily revising the unofficial digests which had been established by the Examiners of Classes 171 and 172 (Division 69) during the period from about 1902 to 1952. A caveat is given: While it is believed that the titles and definitions are reasonably correct, no assurance can be given that all of the patents, issued prior to the date of reclassification, are in the proper subclass, since only some of the individual patents were read during the reclassification project. Consequently, in making a thorough search in this class, it is advisable to investigate every subclass which may possibly be pertinent and not, in order to shorten the search, to rely upon the principle of superiority of subclass subject matter because of position in schedule, since the principle is applicable only in classes where each patent has been analyzed and placed in the schedule in accordance with that portion of the disclosed subject matter which is claimed.

(3) Note. Measuring and testing requires sensing and signaling or indicating to exhibit the result of the sensing. Sensing is synonymous with condition responsive. Sensing merely detects the presence and/or magnitude of the condition.

(4) Note. Since many other classes include condition responsive subclasses, often entitled automatically responsive or automatic, the search for sensing, in order to be complete, must extend to the class which relates to the environment in which the sensing occurs. Some of these classes are listed below under SEARCH CLASS.

(5) Note. Since Class 324 takes, under the class definition, only measuring and testing not elsewhere classified, the search, in order to be complete, must in appropriate instances extend to the other classes listed below under SEARCH CLASS.

(6) Note. The combination of the subject matter of this class (324) and an art environment is generally classified with the art environment where that environment is significant, either by virtue of a significant disclosed relationship or by virtue of a claimed relationship, as where a test is made of the condition of a portion of a telephone system without making said portion of the telephone system unavailable for use. Where the art environment is recited by name only the combination may be classified, in some instances, with the art environment, and in others, in this class (324). For a list of some of the other classes which contain pertinent subject matter, see the classes referred to under SEARCH CLASS.

SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

Class 324, subclasses 870.01+ take telemetric-signaling means useful in transmitting a measured quantity, not limited to any particular measuring instrument provided for in other classes, while Class 324 takes such telemetric-signaling means in combination with a particular measuring means of the type provided for in Class 324.

LINE BETWEEN CLASS 340 AND CLASS 324

See Class 340, Communications: Electrical, appropriate subclasses, for subject matter sometimes similar to that in Class 324. Often, but not invariably, the line between these two classes is as follows: If the testing system is permanently associated with the environment being tested, as in a machine monitoring device or in a burglar alarm, classification is in Class 340, while if it is temporarily associated, as in a portable test set, such as used by linemen, classification is in Class 324. Note particularly subclasses 870.01+ for telemetering and subclasses 500+ for signaling, automatically responsive to a condition.

LINE BETWEEN CLASS 429 AND CLASS 324

See Class 429, Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product and Process, subclasses 61+ for automatic battery control means combined with the battery, and subclasses 90+ for battery having measuring, testing, and indicating means. See Class 324, subclasses 20+ and Class 340, subclasses 636.1-636.21 for this subject matter.

SECTION III - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

29,	Metal Working, subclass 25.35 for the electrical measuring, testing or sensing of piezoelectric crystals combined with the manufacture thereof, and subclass 25.41 for the electrical measuring, testing or sensing of condensers combined with the manufacture thereof.
33,	Geometrical Instruments, subclasses 125+ , for the determination of distance, and subclasses 300+, for magnetic field direction sensing and indicating.
73,	Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for nonelectrical measuring and testing and for electrical measuring and testing of the following types: subclasses 26+ for gas analysis by electrical thermal determination,. subclass 75 for moisture determination by electrical thermal conductivity; subclass 760 for stress and strain gages, subclasses 104+ for surface and cutting edge determination by sliding pick-up, subclasses 112.01 - 112.06 for turbine engine testing, 114.01 - 114.81 for internal combustion engine measuring and testing, and especially 114.58 - 114.67 for electrical system testing of an internal combustion engine. Subclass 304 for liquid level gages; immersible electrode type; subclasses 305+ for float type, subclass 755 for fluid pressure (e.g., Pirani type), subclasses 488+ for speed.
100,	Presses, subclass 99 for presses having electrical measuring, testing or sensing means.
156,	Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture, subclasses 47+ for methods of making or joining conductors of indefinite length.
178,	Telegraphy, appropriate subclasses particularly subclass 69 , for telegraphy combined with electrical measuring, testing or sensing.
181,	Acoustics, subclasses 101+ , for geophysical or subsurface exploration involving mechanically transmitting or receiving sound waves, subclasses 123+ for mechanical sound echo systems in general, and subclass 125 for mechanical sound location means.
204,	Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, subclass 400 , for the analytical and testing apparatus related to the subject matter of that class, and subclass 242 for electrolytic cells, per se, (e.g., Beckmann cell).
205,	Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, appropriate subclasses for electrolysis utilized for electrochemistry and especially subclasses 775+ as the residual home for a process of electrolytic analysis or testing, per se.
209,	Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, for the subject matter of that class even if the basis of the separation is an electrical determination. Note subclasses 127.1+ for electrostatic separation and subclasses 212 and 213+ for magnetic separators, subclasses 511, 524+, 536, and 576 for photoelectric assorting.
250,	Radiant Energy, subclasses 200+ for miscellaneous photoelectric cell circuits, subclass 250 for wave meters for measuring the wavelength or frequency of radio and microwaves, subclass 281 for methods and apparatus for ionic separation or analysis, subclasses 302+ for fluorescent and radioactive tracer methods, subclasses 336.1+ for the detection of invisible radiation or the examination of material by invisible radiation using radiant energy responsive electric signalling means, subclasses 428+ for fluent material containing, support or transfer means with or without an irradiating source or radiating fluent material, subclasses 453.11+ for supports for objects of irradiation, subclasses 458.1+ for luminophor irradiation, subclasses 472.1+ for nonelectric invisible radiation detectors, subclasses 493.1+ for radiant energy generation and sources, subclasses 505.1+ for radiation controlling means and subclasses 522.1+ for source supports.
273,	Amusement Devices: Games, appropriate subclasses for games (e.g., pin-ball machines, target range) having electrical indicators.
307,	Electrical Transmission or Interconnection Systems, subclass 111 for systems which are nonresponsive to frequency change and subclass 152 for systems which are responsive to rate of change.
313,	Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices, subclass 10 for the subject matter of that class with integral temperature indicators.
314,	Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Consumable Electrodes, appropriate subclasses (note particularly subclass 9 ) for the subject matter of that class combined with measuring, testing or sensing.
315,	Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, appropriate subclasses (note particularly subclasses 129+ ) for the subject matter of that class combined with measuring, testing or sensing.
318,	Electricity: Motive Power Systems, appropriate subclasses for automatically responsive motor systems and subclass 490 for motor systems having signals, meters, recorders or testing devices.
320,	Electricity: Battery and Condenser Charging and Discharging, subclass 48 for battery charging and discharging systems having indicating, signaling and/or testing means.
322,	Electricity: Single Generator Systems, subclasses 17+ for the subject matter of that class automatically responsive to a condition.
323,	Electricity: Power Supply or Regulation Systems, subclasses 234 through 303for the subject matter of that class automatically responsive to a condition.
329,	Demodulators, for amplitude frequency, phase or pulse demodulators which may include an indicator.
330,	Amplifiers, appropriate subclasses, for amplifiers, generally, which may be used in electrical measuring and testing circuits, particularly subclass 2 for amplifier condition testing or measuring. Where the amplifier is used merely as a part of an arrangement to measure or test a condition other than that of the amplifier, itself, classification is not in Class 330 but in the appropriate subclass of Class 324.
331,	Oscillators, subclass 44 for oscillator systems provided with frequency calibrating or testing means, and subclass 64 for oscillator systems provided with indicator, signal or alarm.
332,	Modulators, appropriate subclasses particularly subclasses 118 and 150 for the modulators having indicating, observing and/or signaling means.
333,	Wave Transmission Lines and Networks, appropriate subclasses, particularly subclasses 2+ , 14 and 17.1+ for the subject matter of that class automatically responsive to a condition.
336,	Inductor Devices, subclasses 30+ for the subject matter of that class automatically responsive to a condition.
340,	Communications: Electrical, appropriate subclasses, for subject matter sometimes similar to that in Class 324. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class for a further discussion of the line).
343,	Communications: Radio Wave Antennas, subclasses 5+ for reflected and/or otherwise returned radio wave energy wave measuring, testing and sensing systems, such as RADAR and ponder systems, and subclasses 350+ for direction finding radio systems.
346,	Recorders, for recorders which record the operation of machines or workmen. Many of these recorders, especially in subclasses 33+ record the result of a measurement, test or sensing operation. Generally, but not invariably, a Class 324 disclosure, when combined with a recorder, is classified in Class 324.
348,	Television, subclasses 180+ for monitoring, testing, or measuring television signals or apparatus.
356,	Optics: Measuring and Testing, for measuring and testing light, materials and articles by means of visible light particularly subclasses 23+ for optical stroboscopes, subclasses 27+ for velocity or velocity and height measurements, subclasses 213+ for photometers, subclasses 237.1+ for apparatus for flaw detection subclasses 300+ for spectroscopic examination, subclasses 432+ for light transmission tests and subclasses 445+ for light reflection tests.
361,	Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices, subclasses 1+ for safety systems responsive to an unsafe condition, such as circuit breaker systems, and subclasses 236+ for speed responsive electrical systems.
363,	Electric Power Conversion Systems, subclasses 74 , 164 and 165 for the subject matter of that class automatically responsive to a condition.
365,	Static Information Storage and Retrieval, subclass 200 wherein a defective memory device is used to store information, subclass 201 for specifics of a memory device which is tested for defects or erroneous information.
368,	Horology: Time Measuring Systems or Devices, subclasses 155+ for time measuring by clocks having electrical features.
374,	Thermal Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for a measurement or test of a thermal quantity, whether performed electrically or nonelectrically, except for a measurement or test involving a particle spin determination.
376,	Induced Nuclear Reactions: Processes, Systems, and Elements, subclasses 245+ for processes or device for testing, measuring, etc., of a condition of a nuclear reactor during its operation.
378,	X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices, appropriate subclasses, particularly subclasses 44+ , 51+ and 70+ for X-ray systems used in testing.
379,	Telephonic Communications, appropriate subclasses, particularly subclasses 1.01 through 35,for telephony combined with electrical measuring, testing or sensing.
422,	Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclasses 50+ and 105+ for apparatus for electrical measuring, testing, or sensing combined with significant chemical reaction or control.
429,	Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product and Process, subclasses 61+ for automatic battery control means combined with the battery, and subclasses 90+ for battery having measuring, testing, and indicating means. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class for further discussion of the line between Class 429 and Class 324.)
434,	Education, and Demonstration appropriate subclasses, for electrical measuring, testing or sensing in combination with education.
436,	Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, subclasses 1+ for processes of electrical measuring, testing, or sensing combined with significant chemical reaction or control.
439,	Electrical Connectors, subclasses 488+ for a connector having indicating means or identifying means.
455,	Telecommunications, appropriate subclasses for radio systems having electrical measuring testing or sensing means for indicating the operative condition of the radio system.
473,	Games Using Tangible Projectile, and its incorporated class (273, Amusement Devices: Games), for a game device or apparatus (e.g., a pin-ball machine, target range, aerial projectile target device, bowling alley apparatus, golfing apparatus, simulated game apparatus, chance device, etc.) which may have an electrical indicator.
505,	Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material, Process, subclasses 150+ for high temperature (T_c greater than 30 K) superconducting device, and particularly subclasses 160+ for measuring or testing system or device; and subclass 310 for a process of measuring or testing a superconductive property.
702,	Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing, appropriate subclasses for data processing systems or calculating computers which are utilized for testing, measuring, or monitoring the operation of an external device or quantity where the external device or quantity must be only nominally claimed, particularly subclasses 6 through 13for well-logging, subclasses 14-18 for seismology, subclasses 57-80 for electrical signal parameter measurement, subclasses 85-107 for calibration, subclasses 108-126 for a testing system, subclass 141 for acceleration, subclasses 142-149 for speed or velocity, subclasses 176-178 for time duration or rate, and subclasses 191-195 for noise reduction in measured signal processing.
703,	Data Processing: Structural Design, Modeling, Simulation, and Emulation, subclass 4 for analog simulation of electrical device or system.
714,	Error Detection/Correction and Fault Detection/Recovery, appropriate subclasses for error detection, correction, recovery or prevention in pulse code data or computers.

SUBCLASSES

[List of Patents for class 324 subclass 66]

CONDUCTOR IDENTIFICATION OR LOCATION (E.G., PHASE IDENTIFICATION)

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter for determining the location of a particular conductor or for identifying a particular conductor out of many.

(1) Note. This subclass includes, for example, the determination of a particular phase of polyphase conductors.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

379,	Telephonic Communications, subclasses 1.01 through 35,for testing devices used in telephony to identify or locate a particular line.

[List of Patents for class 324 subclass 67]

Inaccessible (at test point) conductor (e.g., buried in wall)

This subclass is indented under subclass 66. Subject matter for determining the location of a conductor at a point which is inaccessible.

(1) Note. The conductor, for example, may be located in a conduit inside a wall.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

326+,

for similar subject matter utilized to determine the location of conductors which are buried in the earth.

[List of Patents for class 324 subclass 71.1]

71.1

DETERMINING NONELECTRIC PROPERTIES BY MEASURING ELECTRIC PROPERTIES:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter for determining a nonelectric property by measuring an electric property.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

61,	for the determination of a nonelectric property by measuring capacity.
65,	for the determination of a nonelectric property by measuring resistance.

71.2	Erosion:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 71.1. Subject matter where the nonelectric property measured relates to the amount of material removed from an object.

71.3	Beam of atomic particles:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 71.1. Subject matter where the property being measured is some characteristic of a beam of atomic particles.

[List of Patents for class 324 subclass 71.4]

71.4

Particle counting:

This subclass is indented under subclass 71.1. Subject matter where the measurement means includes means for counting particles.

(1) Note. For classification in this subclass there should be recited significant details in regard to handling or preparing the particles to be counted.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

377,	Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers, or Shift Registers: Circuits and Systems, subclasses 10+ for particle counting, per se, and see also the search notes thereunder.

[List of Patents for class 324 subclass 71.5]

71.5

Semiconductors for nonelectrical property:

This subclass is indented under subclass 71.1. Subject matter including semiconductive means for sensing variations in the nonelectrical property being measured.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

438,	Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Process, subclasses 17+ for methods of making semiconductor electrical devices combined with measurement of an electrical condition.

71.6	Superconductors:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 71.1. Subject matter where the nonelectric properties being determined are those of superconductors.

[List of Patents for class 324 subclass 72]

TESTING POTENTIAL IN SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT (E.G., LIGHTNING STROKE)

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter for determining voltage, phase, current, power, frequency or a related quantity in a specific environment.

(1) Note. This subclass includes, for example, voltmeters, per se, in combination with a specific lightning rod.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

76+,	for a measurement of electricity, per se, when not related to a specific environment. Note particularly subclass 157 for the measurement of electricity combined with some other feature. See (3) Note to the definition of subclass 76 for a statement of the line between subclasses 72 and 76.

[List of Patents for class 324 subclass 72.5]

72.5

Voltage probe

This subclass is indented under subclass 72. Subject matter having a voltage probe.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

119,	for volt meters and ammeters having rectifiers in a probe.
149,	for voltmeters and ammeters having a probe.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

439,	Electrical Connectors, appropriate subclasses for probe conductor structure, per se.

[List of Patents for class 324 subclass 73.1]

73.1

PLURAL, AUTOMATICALLY SEQUENTIAL TESTS:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter for measuring or determining two or more electrical characteristics of an electrical circuit or circuit element, or for measuring or determining a single electrical characteristic of two or more electrical circuits or circuit elements, wherein the measurements or determinations are made one after another without human intervention.

(1) Note. This subclass is the residual locus of processes and apparatus which automatically perform sequential tests of the Class 324 type, none of which tests are provided for by subclasses preceding this one in the Class 324 schedule. Similar processes and apparatus in which one of the plural tests is provided for in a preceding subclass will be found in that subclass. For example, a patent claiming means for automatically testing a circuit for an "open circuit" caused by the failure of a circuit element, followed automatically by a test to determine the input/output characteristics of the circuit is classifiable as an "original" in subclasses 500+.

(2) Note. This subclass is the locus of processes and apparatus for performing, in automatic sequence, two or more Class 324 type tests which otherwise may be provided for in subclasses following this one in the Class 324 schedule. For example, a patent claiming a testing apparatus consisting of a combination of means to determine frequency, means to compare phase, and means to permit a human operator to switch from one means to another is classifiable as an "original" in subclasses 78+.

(3) Note. Subject matter for performing plural, Class 324 type tests simultaneously but not sequentially will be found in subclasses determined by the tests, per se.

(4) Note. Electrical characteristics measured by the subject matter of this subclass type include the response of a circuit or circuit element to a particular electrical input and includes such tests to determine the existence of miswired circuits. For similar subject matter used to detect the presence of short or open circuits caused by failures in circuit elements or their interconnections, see the reference below to subclasses 500+ in the search notes to other subclasses in this class.

(5) Note. The measurements of this subclass type may result in either quantitative or qualitative ("go-no-go") indications.

(6) Note. The automatic, sequential measurement of the analog responses of a circuit or circuit element to two different input levels is classifiable in this subclass. The response of a circuit or circuit element to a pattern of high and low digital input signals is classifiable in Class 371.

(7) Note. Testing means of this subclass type produce a distinct indication for each of the plural tests, Hence, testing means comprising plural transducers or detectors, each of outputs are combined to produce only on indication is not classifiable in this subclass unless the whole test is automatically repeated.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

114,	for plural tests employing plural meters, which tests are not automatically sequenced.
115+,	for plural tests employing plural meter ranges, which tests are not automatically sequenced.
133,	for plural go-no-go tests which are not automatically sequenced.
140,	for testing means having plural inputs, which means does not include automatic sequencing.
459+,	for measuring or testing electrical parameters of printed circuits with an ionizable gas.
500+,	for plural tests explicitly for the purpose of detecting failures in circuits or circuit elements consisting of open or short circuits.
754+,	for probes, per se, which might be suitable for use with subject matter of this subclass type.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

209,	Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, especially subclass 556 , for diverse electrical test used to classify, separate or sort articles, and subclasses 571+ for sorting by sensing properties of articles by electrical testing means.
250,	Radiant Energy, subclasses 306+ for plural sequential tests involving testing by charged particles, especially subclass 310 for automatic sequential tests of printed circuits using an electron probe, and subclasses 363+ for automatic sequential tests of electrical circuits and devices using radiant energy and invisible-to-visible light converters.
340,	Communications: Electrical, subclass 653 for electrical alarms responsive to circuits for testing electrical circuits or components.
382,	Image Analysis, appropriate subclasses for automatic, sequential tests of printed circuits using image comparison.
455,	Telecommunications, subclasses 115.1 through 115.4and subclasses 226.1-226.4 for the testing of radio transmitters and receivers, respectively, which may include automatic sequential tests.
702,	Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing, subclasses 108+ for testing systems, particularly subclasses 117+ for testing of circuits, subclass 118 for testing multiple circuits, and subclass 121 for multiple test instruments.
714,	Error Detection/Correction and Fault Detection/Recovery, appropriate subclasses for error detection, correction, recovery or prevention in pulse code data or computers.

[List of Patents for class 324 subclass 74]

TESTING AND CALIBRATING ELECTRIC METERS (E.G., WATT-HOUR METERS)

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter for testing and calibrating electric meters.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

130,	for electric meters, per se, having self-calibrating features.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

73,	Measuring and Testing, subclasses 1.01+ , for the proving or calibrating of mechanical instruments.
374,	Thermal Measuring and Testing, subclasses 1+ for calibration or testing of a thermally responsive instrument.
702,	Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing, subclasses 85+ for calibration or correction system, subclasses 108+ for testing systems.

[List of Patents for class 324 subclass 75]

By stroboscopic means

This subclass is indented under subclass 74. Subject matter in which the testing or calibrating is done by stroboscopic means.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

315,	Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, appropriate subclasses, for flashing lamp systems.
356,	Optics: Measuring and Testing, subclasses 23+ for optical stroboscopes.

76.11

MEASURING, TESTING, OR SENSING ELECTRICITY, PER SE:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to the measurement of electric voltages or currents, or combinations thereof, when said electric voltages and currents do not occur in a significantly recited external environment.

(1) Note. Measurement requires sensing and some indication of the result of the sensing. The indication can be quantitative, as in a calibrated voltmeter, or qualitative, as in an uncalibrated cathode-ray oscilloscope or a "hot line" indicator. No distinction is made in these subclasses between testing and measuring.

(2) Note. The definition is not limited to subject matter which indicates the result of the measurement, but covers the sensing subcombination as well. Such subcombinations, when disclosed as having utility only in the measurement of this subclass, are generally classified here, but when disclosed to a specific art device, are classified in one of the classes referred to under the search notes.

(3) Note. The recited external environment is significant to the measurement when there is a disclosed significant relation or when the claims recite, by more than name only, more of the environment than is necessary for the performance of the measurement. When the external environment is not significant, for example, a meter which indicates the phase difference between A-C voltages in different circuits, will be classified in this class even though one of the inputs is recited as being from a generator and the other as being from a power system.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

72,	for this subject matter in combination with a specific environment. See (3) Note above.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

73,	Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for nonelectrical measuring and testing and for electrical measuring and testing in combination with non-electrical measuring and testing. See the proceeding Class 324 definition notes for specific subclasses.
315,	Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, subclasses 1+ for cathode-ray tube circuits of general application, including those for producing a visual grid on the face of the tube for calibration purposes.
340,	Communications: Electrical, subclasses 870.01+ for telemetering systems for indicating at a remote point the value of a local condition. Class 324 provides for significant measuring, testing, or sensing of electricity, per se, and the indication of the result, whether by a telemetering system or otherwise.
356,	Optics: Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for measuring and testing light.
362,	Illumination, subclass 23 for illuminated dial or scale, some of which can be used as voltage or current indicators.
370,	Multiplex Communications, subclasses 241+ for testing (other than synchronization) of a multiplex communication element.
374,	Thermal Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for thermal measuring and testing.
375,	Pulse or Digital Communications, subclasses 224+ for measuring and testing of pulse or digital communications device.
379,	Telephonic Communications, subclasses 1.01 through 35for diagnostic testing, malfunction indication, or electrical condition measurement of a telephonic communication device.
455,	Telecommunications, subclasses 115.1 through 115.4for measuring and testing of a transmitter and subclasses 226.1-226.4 for measuring and testing of a receiver in telecommunications.
714,	Error Detection/Correction and Fault Detection/Recovery, appropriate subclasses for error detection, correction, recovery or prevention in pulse code data or computers.

76.12

Analysis of complex waves:

This subclass is indented under subclass 76.11. Subject matter whereby one or more components of a periodic wave made up of a combination of several frequencies or several sine waves superimposed on one another has components which are examined.

(1) Note. Such analysis as is found in this subclass is usually referred to as Fourier analysis.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

76.39+,	for the measurement of frequency of a cyclic current or voltage, per se.
76.77+,	for the measurement of phase of cyclic voltage or current.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

73,	Measuring and Testing, subclass 861.06 for volume or rate of flow meters measuring transit time of a tracer or tag by correlator means.
702,	Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing, subclasses 66+ for wave form analysis, particularly subclass 77 for Fourier analysis, subclass 112 for a testing system having sinusoidal signal stimulus, and subclasses 124+ for signal generation or waveform shaping.
704,	Data Processing: Speech Signal Processing, Linguistics, Language Translation, and Audio Compression/Decompression, subclasses 205+ for determination of the component frequencies in a speech signal.

76.13

Amplitude distribution:

This subclass is indented under subclass 76.12. Subject matter comprising means to measure an extent of dispersion of magnitude variation in the component of the complex wave.

(1) Note. The amplitudes may be statistically analyzed.

76.14

Radiometer (e.g., microwave, etc.):

This subclass is indented under subclass 76.13. Subject matter having means that detect and measure radiant energy either at separate wave lengths or integrated over a broad wavelength band in the complex wave.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

76.56,

for microwave frequency detection in digital output used in determining the frequency of cyclic current or voltage.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

250,	Radiant Energy, subclass 250 for the measurement of radio or microwaves by an absorption wavemeter
342,	Communications: Directive Radio Wave Systems and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio Navigation), appropriate subclasses for directive radio wave systems and devices used in communication.

76.15

With sampler:

This subclass is indented under subclass 76.13. Subject matter including a device whose output is a series of discrete values representative of the values of an input at a series of points in time.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

76.24,	for sampling in a frequency spectrum analyzer.
76.38,	for sampling, per se, in analysis of complex waves.
76.42,	for sampling by frequency comparison in frequency of cyclic current or voltage.
76.58,	for sampling in digital output by phase comparison.

76.16

With counter:

This subclass is indented under subclass 76.13. Subject matter including a device capable of changing stages in a specified sequence upon receiving appropriate signals.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

76.48,	for counters in digital output by frequency comparison used to determine the frequency of cyclic current or voltage.
76.62,	for counters in digital output by phase comparison used to determine the frequency of cyclic current or voltage.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

377,	Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers, or Shift Registers: Circuits and Systems, subclass 19 where pulses are counted in systems for determining the value of some parameters.

76.17

With integrator:

This subclass is indented under subclass 76.13. Subject matter whereby summing of a signal is derived.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

327,	Miscellaneous Active Electrical Nonlinear Devices, Circuits, and Systems, subclasses 336+ for miscellaneous integrating circuits.
708,	Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and Calculating, subclasses 823+ for analog integrators, per se.

76.18

With slope detector:

This subclass is indented under subclass 76.13. Subject matter comprising means to monitor the rise over the run in a wave.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

76.25,

for slope detection in frequency spectrum analyzers.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

327,	Miscellaneous Active Electrical Nonlinear Devices, Circuits, and Systems, subclasses 14+ for miscellaneous slope detecting circuits and subclass 170 for slope control of a pulse waveform.

76.19

Frequency spectrum analyzer:

This subclass is indented under subclass 76.12. Subject matter including means that show an energy distribution as a function of frequency for a given signal.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

702,	Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing, subclasses 76+ for frequency spectrum analysis.

76.21

By Fourier analysis:

This subclass is indented under subclass 76.19. Subject matter wherein the energy distribution is taken at discrete harmonic components, i.e., harmonics, of the given signal.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

702,	Data Processing: Measuring, Calibrating, or Testing, subclass 77 for Fourier analysis in a waveform measuring system.
708,	Electrical Computers: Arithmetic Processing and Calculating, subclasses 823+ for analog integrators, per se.

76.22	Real-time spectrum analyzer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 76.19. Subject matter including a device which operates with sufficient speed that the energy distribution is determined within set timing limits.

76.23	With mixer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 76.19. Subject matter including a circuit that generates output frequencies equal to the sum or difference of two input frequencies. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: