Processes for the recovery or treatment of natural occurring
mineral oil which result in the production of a purified or modified
mineral oil or of coke.
Mineral oil products of the above processes or mixtures thereof
which include only mineral oil components.
Processes for the recovery of oily liquid or tar-like hydrocarbonaceous
material from a solid mineral source.
APPARATUS
See References to Other Classes, below, that reference apparatus
SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
PROCESSES OF TREATING MINERAL OIL
Processes that treat a mineral oil to produce both a particular
carbon compound classified in Class 260, Class 518, Class 560,
Class 562, or Class 568 and a mineral oil classified in Class
208 are classified in Class 208.
See References to Other Classes, below, that reference processes
of treating mineral oil.
PRODUCTS AND COMPOSITIONS
The products and compositions classified in this class (208)
are those which consist only of a mineral oil or mixtures of mineral
oils. Compositions including, in addition to a mineral oil, some
nonmineral oil component are classified in other composition classes,
usually upon the basis of the use, property or function of the composition.
Class 508, Solid Antifriction Devices, Materials Therefor, Lubricant
or Separant Compositions for Moving Solid Surfaces,and Miscellaneous
Mineral Oil Compositions, is the residual class for heavy mineral oil
compositions not otherwise provided for.
The rules for determining Class placement of the Original
Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in
the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER
CLASSES AND WITHING THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY,
which includes a hierarchical ORDER OF SUPERITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.
Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,
subclass 428 for a process of cooling solids by mere contact
with a gas; that is, quenching, per se, of a solid by use of a gas.
(Processes of treating mineral oil).
Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, appropriate subclasses, and particularly
subclasses 443+ for miscellaneous methods of contacting solids
with gases or vapors.
Gas: Heating and Illuminating, appropriate subclass, for processes of producing a heating or
illuminating gas from mineral oil wherein no liquid mineral oil
is recovered. Processes which result in the production of both a
modified mineral oil and a gas are classified in this class (208)
see also the reference of Class 48 in the definitions of
subclass 400 , below. (Processes of treating mineral oil).
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, for a process in which metal (usually considered
a catalyst poison) is recovered in elemental form from a hydrocarbonaceous
material which has come out of the ground. Where a patent has a
Class 75 claim and a Class 208 claim, it is classified in Class 75
and cross-referenced in this class (208).
Gas Separation: Processes, for processes of separation of mineral oil from gases;
see the notes in
subclass 340 of Class 208 for the line between these classes.
(Processes of treating mineral oil).
Wells,
subclasses 244.1+ for processes of treating mineral oils involving
the use of wells, especially subclasses 256+ for processes involving
in situ combination, subclass 266 for a process involving treating
oil after it has left a producing well and placing a separated constituent
of the oil into an injection well, subclasses 272.1+ for
processes using injection and producing wells and heating the formation and
subclasses 302+ for miscellaneous processes involving heating.
(Processes of treating mineral oil).
Mineral Oils: Apparatus, appropriate subclasses for apparatus for carrying
out processes classifiable in Class 208 and not elsewhere classified.
(apparatus).
Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,
subclasses 193+ for electrolytic apparatus and apparatus for treating
materials to cause a chemical reaction (other than by mere heating). (apparatus).
Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, appropriate subclass, for the treatment of mineral
oil involving the use of electrical or wave energy, other than mere
electrical heating. (Processes of treating mineral oil).
Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate subclasses, particularly
subclass 767 for processes of separating or purifying mineral
oil by filtering or liquid settling or decanting. Purification of
mineral oil by treating with sorptive agents or an agent which exerts
some chemical or solvent action is classified in this class (208).
The line between Class 210 and Class 208 with respect to treatment
with a solvent chemical or sorbent treating agent is as follows:
Where the disclosure includes both water and a mineral oil, the
patent is classified in: (1) Class 210 if all claims are broad as
to the liquid treated. (2) Class 210 if any claim is limited to the
treatment of water (whether or not there are other claims limited
to the treatment of other liquids). (3) Class 208 if the only claimed
species of liquid treated is mineral oil. Where water is the only
disclosed liquid treated the patent will be classified in Class
210. If mineral oil is the only disclosed liquid treated the patent
is classified in Class 208.
Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate subclasses for apparatus for separating
or purifying a liquid within the scope of the definition thereof
even though mineral oil is disclosed as the liquid treated, including
apparatus for treating mineral oil with sorbtive agents, but excluding
apparatus for refining mineral oil with chemical agents. (apparatus).
Mining or In Situ Disintegration of Hard Material, appropriate subclass for mining mineral oil and
oil bearing earth. (Processes of treating mineral oil).
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclasses 190+ and 211+ for apparatus for treating a
material (including mineral oil) with a catalyst. (apparatus).
Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,
subclasses 210+ for purifying or separating gaseous mixtures by
a chemical reaction, and other appropriate subclasses for the recovery
of an inorganic compound or nonmetallic element from a hydrocarbonaceous
material which has come out of the ground. Where a patent has a Class
423 claim, and a Class 208 claim, it is classified in Class 423
and cross-referenced to this class (208). (Processes of treating
mineral oil).
Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,
subclass 281 for processes of treating or separating mineral
oil including a fermenting operation. (Processes of treating mineral
oil).
Imperforate Bowl: Centrifugal Separators, appropriate subclasses, for apparatus for breaking
up a mixture of fluids or fluent substances into two or more components
by centrifuging within a generally solid-walled receptacle-like member.
(apparatus).
Imperforate Bowl: Centrifugal Separators,
subclass 37 for a process for breaking up a mixture of fluids
or fluent substances into two or more components by centrifuging
within a generally solid-walled, receptacle-like member. (Processes
of treating mineral oil).
Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor: Product
or Process of Making, for a catalyst or sorbent which may be used in a
process of this class (208) and a method of making or regenerating
such composition.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions
for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam
breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling,
gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior
provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art, and when
there is no additional treatment of the oil. Combinations of emulsion
breaking and a treatment of the mineral oil provided for in Class
208 are classified in Class 208.
Chemistry: Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or Purification
or Recovery of Products Thereof, for processes of producing hydrocarbons by the hydrogenation
of carbon oxides. (Processes of treating mineral oil).
Organic Compounds,
subclasses 398.8 , 469.9, 910.5, and 949-959 for processes of oxidizing nonaromatic
hydrocarbon mixtures. (Processes of treating mineral oil).
Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, for hydrocarbon compounds, certain compositions containing
nonmineral oil hydrocarbons and processes for synthesizing or purifying
such materials. See the Class Definition of that class, Lines With
Other Classes, for statements of the line between Class 585 and
Class 208. (Processes of treating mineral oil).
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 313 through 321and 405-415 wherein mineral are the hazardous or toxic
waste being destroyed or contained. (Processes of treating mineral
oil).
SECTION IV - GLOSSARY
ASPHALT
A brown to black solid bituminous substance either occurring
naturally or obtained as a residue from certain petroleums, coal
tars, lignite tar, etc.
COAL TAR
Mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons obtained by the distillation
of bituminous coal.
COKING
A cracking type conversion in which solid, free carbon or
coke as a product thereof. Additional liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon
may also be obtained.
CONVERSION
A treatment of the mineral oil which results in an alteration
of the hydrocarbon molecule making up the mineral oil.
CRACKING
A conversion treatment in which the hydrocarbons of the
mineral oil are broken down to a shorter carbon chain length, resulting
in hydrocarbons having a lower boiling temperature, which may be
carried out in the presence of a catalyst (catalytic cracking) or
in the absence of any catalyst (thermal cracking).
FEED
The mineral oil which is subjected to treating processes provided
for in this class, which in most cases, is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
FRACTIONATION
The separation of one portion of the hydrocarbons of
a mineral oil from another, regardless of the steps employed for
affecting such separation. The separated fractions usually differ
from each other in some chemical or physical property as for instance
in boiling range (in the case of distillation) or solubility in
a solvent (as in extraction).
MINERAL OIL
Included in this term are natural petroleum, asphalt,
tars, pitches and waxes which are primarily mixtures of hydrocarbons.
Included also are Fischer-Tropsch crudes, that is, the liquid hydrocarbonaceous
mixture resulting from the hydrogenation of a carbon oxide, wood
tars and wood tar oils which are similar to coal tar in that they
include an unidentified mixture, including hydrocarbons. Solid carbonaceous
materials such as coal, lignite, peat, etc., (as distinguished from
solid asphalts or asphalt bearing shales or sands) are not included.
PERIODIC TABLE
In this class metals and metal compounds may be identified
as belonging to a certain "Group" distinguished
by Roman numerals. These groups are taken from Henry D. Hubbard"s "Periodic
chart of the Atoms" (1956 Ed.).
(1)
Note. The metals making up the various groups are as follows:
IA = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Fr (these metals are also
identified as "alkali metals").
IB = Cu, Ag and Au
IIA = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Ra (Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba
are also identified as "alkaline earth metals")
IIB = Zn, Cd and Hg
III = Al, Ga, In, Tl, Sc, Y, Rare Earth metals and
Actinide series metals [Rare Earth Metals: La, Ce, Pr,
Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu; Actinide Series Metals
(atomic numbers 89 and greater) Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk,
Cf, E, Fm and Mv]
IV = Ge, Sn, Pb, Ti, Zr and Hf
V = As, Sb, Bi, V, Nb and Ta
VI = Po, Cr, Mo and W
VII = Mn, Tc and Re
VIII = Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir and Pt. (Ru,
Rh, Pd, Os, Ir and Pf are also known as "Noble Metals")
REFINING
The removal of impurities or nonhydrocarbon, gums or gum
forming components from a mineral oil or the conversion of such
components to some less objectionable form (e.g., sweetening: conversion
of mercaptans to disulfides).
REFORMING
A chemical conversion operation which results in a change
of the hydrocarbon molecule such that the product has substantially
the same boiling range but has its "antiknock" or "octane" rating
improved or increased. Various types of reaction are believed to
be involved including cyclization, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, alkylation,
isomerization and dealkylation. Such reactions, if applied to a
mineral oil, are classified in the subclass providing for reforming.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Mineral oil products and compositions which have the properties
of and simulate natural drying oil in that they dry or harden in
contact with the air and processes of preparing the same.
(1)
Note. The mineral oil products classified herein must be claimed
or disclosed as having drying properties.
Compositions: Coating or Plastic, appropriate subclasses and particularly
subclass 285 for coating or plastic compositions comprising
a mineral oil which has drying properties and nonmineral oil components.
Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, appropriate subclasses, especially
subclasses 429 and 507+, for the synthesis of nonmineral
drying oil; and subclass 945 for a collection of patents which disclose
products having utility as drying oil.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Mineral oil products and compositions which are phenolic
in character or have properties of killing, repelling or preventing
the growth of insects, fungi or bacteria, and the processes of preparation
thereof.
(1)
Note. This subclass also includes wood tars, wood tar oils,
and derivatives thereof which are phenolic or exhibit toxic properties
similar to coal tar, etc.
Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, for a toxic oil of this class (208) with some other ingredient,
e.g., active, carrier, diluent, etc., and seesubclasses 346+ for a phenolic composition.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 313 through 321,405-415 and 249-260 for the destruction or containment
of phenolic or toxic oil waste.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes of preparation of a mineral oil which include
an oxidizing treatment to convert a part of the hydrocarbons into
oxygenated hydrocarbons resulting in the production of a mixture
thereof with hydrocarbons, and the products of such processes.
Organic Compounds,
subclass 132 and indented subclasses for processes of oxidizing
nonaromatic paraffin mixtures to form mixtures of organic compounds.
Organic Compounds,
subclasses 398.8 , 469.9, 910.5, and 949-959 for processes of oxidizing
nonaromatic paraffin mixtures to form mixtures of organic compounds.
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Processes for producing asphalts, tars or pitches by oxidation
of mineral oils and products of such processes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 4. Processes wherein the oxidation is carried out in the presence
of a solid contact material, e.g., a catalyst.
This subclass is indented under subclass 4. Processes wherein the material subjected to the oxidizing
treatment is itself an asphalt, tar or pitch.
(1)
Note. The processes classified herein involve the modification
of the general properties of the asphalt, pitch or tar, e.g., raise
the melting point thereof.
Compositions: Coating or Plastic, appropriate subclasses, and particularly
subclasses 273.1+ for coating or plastic compositions containing
oxidized asphalts, tars or pitches and a nonmineral oil additive.
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Processes which include a mineral oil cracking step in addition
to the oxidation treatment.
(1)
Note. This subclass contains, for example, processes of cracking
mineral oils wherein air or oxidizing gas is introduced into the
cracking zone during cracking to exercise some oxidizing of the
mineral oil.
for mineral oil cracking processes, per se, particularly
subclasses 128+ for cracking mineral oil in the presence
of nonreactive gases or vapors. See the definition to subclass 106
for the definition and scope of the term "cracking".
Organic Compounds,
subclass 132 and indented subclasses for the oxidation of petroleum
or other nonaromatic hydrocarbon mixtures to obtain definite organic
compounds of mixtures thereof.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes of imparting a desired color property to mineral
oils and products of such processes.
(1)
Note. The processes classified herein involve a treatment
of the oil to give the desired color property which is more than
the mere addition of a color body thereto. However, some of the
patents classified herein recite the treatment of the oil with another
mineral oil which may impart bloom or fluorescence to the oil being
treated. Treatments with nonmineral oil color bodies (pigments or dyes)
are classified in the appropriate composition class.
Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical
Modification of Textiles and Fibers, subclass for process and 521 compositions for dyeing oils
or waxes.
Compositions: Coating or Plastic,
subclass 272 for wax with a nonmineral oil dye or pigment and
subclasses 280-284 for bituminous compositions containing nonmineral
oil dye or pigment.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes which include the treatment of a sludge obtained
in the refining of mineral oils to recover additional mineral oil
values therefrom.
(1)
Note. This subclass contains, for example patents dealing
with the treatment of the sludges obtained as a result of the sulfuric
acid or aluminum chloride refining of mineral oils.
(2)
Note. When the recovery of the inorganic compound (e.g., sulfuric
acid) is specifically claimed the patent will be classified in Classes
23, Chemistry: Physical Processes and 423, Chemistry of Inorganic
Compounds, whether or not mineral oil is also recovered. Processes wherein
an organic compound such as an organic sulfonic acid or sulfonate
is recovered in addition to a mineral oil are classified in this
subclass and cross referenced to Class 260, Chemistry of Carbon
Compounds, when desirable. Class 260 provides for such organic compound recovery
processes when no mineral oil is recovered.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 313 through 321and 405-415 for the destruction of hazardous or
toxic waste refining sludge.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Products and compositions which include only mineral oils
or mixtures of two or more mineral oils or mineral oil fractions,
and processes of preparation of such mixtures which include only
a mixing or blending of the mineral oils with each other.
(1)
Note. Mixtures of mineral oils with a nonmineral oil material
are not included in this or indented subclasses but are classified
elsewhere, usually on the basis of the use, property or function
of the composition. See (1) Note in the class definition of this
class (208).
(2)
Note. Processes of preparation of mineral oil compositions
which involve a chemical conversion of the hydrocarbon, a refining
treatment or fractionation step, whether or not combined with a
mixing or blending step, are classified in the subclass providing
for the particular treatments involved.
Fuel and Related Compositions, appropriate subclasses, especially
subclasses 591 and 607 for a fuel product containing a carbonized
component and subclass 599 for a method of making a consolidated
fuel product which includes carbonizing using a specified condition
or technique.
Solid Anti-Friction Devices, Materials Therefor,
Lubricant or Separant Compositions for Moving Solid Surfaces, and
Miscellaneous Mineral Oil Compositions, for mineral oil lubricants with nonhydrocarbon or
solid polymeric hydrocarbon material added thereto and for miscellaneous heavy
mineral oil compositions with nonhydrocarbon or solid polymeric hydrocarbon
material added thereto. See (1) Note.
Explosive and Thermic Compositions or Charges, for fuels disclosed for use in jet or rocket engines
and which comprise a mineral oil and a nonmineral oil material.
A mixture of mineral oils only which is a jet fuel is still classified
in this class (208).
Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds,
subclasses 1+ , especially subclass 14 for a fuel comprising a
mineral oil component with a nonmineral oil hydrocarbon component.
Those processes of preparing fuel oils which involve a chemical
conversion of the mineral oil and subsequent treatment of a known
hydrocarbon component, separated therefrom or formed in the process,
which may be reblended with the mineral oil components are classified
in this class (208) in the subclass providing therefor (see (2)
Note to the definition of subclass 14).
This subclass is indented under subclass 15. Products and compositions which are claimed disclosed for
use as fuels for internal combustion engines and which generally
have a boiling range of below 400 to 425°.
This subclass is indented under subclass 16. Products and compositions which are blends or mixtures of
two or more mineral oils or mineral oil fraction and methods of
mixing or blending them.
(1)
Note. Products classified herein may be a blend or mixture
of two or more gasoline fractions or a mixture of a gasoline with
another mineral oil fraction (not a gasoline). Providing the product
has a boiling range within the limits set out in the definition
of subclass 16.
Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds,
subclasses 1+ , especially subclass 14 for a composition comprising gasoline
and a definite hydrocarbon which is not a mineral oil.
This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Products and compositions which are claimed or disclosed
for use as lubricants between relatively moving surfaces, and which
are liquid at normal atmospheric temperatures (lubricating oils).
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. Products and compositions which are blends or mixtures of
two or more mineral oils or mineral oil fractions and methods of
mixing such oils.
(1)
Note. Mixtures or blends classified in this subclass may include
a wax or asphaltic component if the mixture is liquid at normal
atmospheric temperatures.
Solid Anti-Friction Devices, Materials Therefor,
Lubricant or Separant Compositions for Moving Solid Surfaces, and
Miscellaneous Mineral Oil Compositions, particularly
subclasses 110+ for lubricants containing nonhydrocarbon or solid
polymeric hydrocarbon additives. Subclass 110+ is the residual
place for compositions of heavy mineral oils admixed with nonhydrocarbon
or solid polymeric hydrocarbon ingredients not disclosed as lubricants
nor provided for elsewhere.
Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds,
subclasses 1+ for a lubricating composition containing a definite hydrocarbon,
in particular, subclasses 9 and 13 for a lubricant blended from a
mineral oil fraction and a nonmineral oil hydrocarbon.
This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Products and compositions which include paraffin wax.
(1)
Note. Paraffin wax consists of a colorless, odorless, tasteless
mixture of solid hydrocarbons of the paraffin series and is slightly
greasy to the touch.
Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds,
subclass 9 for an all hydrocarbon composition containing mineral
wax plus a nonmineral oil hydrocarbon or a synthetically produced
wax; and subclass 946 for a collection of patents drawn to the production
of a greasy or waxy nonresinous hydrocarbon polymer.
This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Products and compositions which are blends or mixtures of
petroleum waxes or of a wax and a mineral oil, and methods of mixing
such ingredients.
Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, particularly Class 524,
subclasses 487+ and 848 for mixtures of petroleum waxes with synthetic
resins or natural rubbers.
This subclass is indented under subclass 14. Products and compositions which include asphalts, tars,
pitches or resins derived from petroleum, coal tar, or petroleum
tar sources, or from solid natural sources such as asphaltic rocks
or bituminous sands.
(1)
Note. Asphalts, tars, pitches and resins are relatively high
boiling, viscous or solid dark colored fractions or residues which
may result from petroleum distillation or treatment or which may
be natural occurring. Resins classified herein are those derived
from mineral oils, such as asphalts by solvent extraction or which
are residues of mineral oil treating processes.
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, and particularly Class 526 thereunder and, subclass
290 for synthetic resins formed from an unsaturated petroleum hydrocarbon
fraction.
Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers-- Part of
the Class 520 Series,
subclass 1 for synthetic resins or natural rubbers preparation,
or treatment thereof; compositions containing synthetic resins or
natural rubbers preparation or treatment thereof.
This subclass is indented under subclass 22. Products and compositions which are mixtures of a natural
asphalt, petroleum asphalt, tar, pitch, or resin with each other
or with some other mineral oil, and methods of mixing such ingredients.
Compositions: Coating or Plastic, particularly
subclasses 273.1+ for compositions containing mixtures of asphalt,
tar, pitch or petroleum resin and a nonmineral oil material.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes for the treatment, preparation, separation or
purification of paraffin waxes wherein the product retain its identity
as a wax.
(1)
Note. Paraffin waxes are the colorless mixtures of solid hydrocarbons
of the paraffin series. Petrolatum which is composed of a mixture
of heavy residual oils and paraffin wax is considered a paraffin wax.
Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate subclass for apparatus for purifying
paraffin waxes by filtration, decantation or dialysis, not combined with
a treatment of the wax provided for in this class (208).
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing, appropriate subclasses for apparatus for treating
paraffin waxes with chemicals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Processes wherein a urea is employed as a treating agent.
(1)
Note. Included herein are those processes in which urea is
used to separate paraffin wax from wax containing mixtures by forming
an adduct with the wax which then is separated from the other material.
Organic Compounds,
subclass 1.5 for adducts of ureas and an organic compound and
processes for their preparation as well as processes of separating or
purifying organic compounds by forming adducts thereof with ureas.
This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Processes wherein the paraffin wax is treated with a material
which exerts a chemical reaction on the wax or component associated
therewith.
(1)
Note. Included in this subclass are processes of refining
paraffin waxes and/or modifying their chemical and physical properties,
by treatment with chemicals, excluding processes of mere solvent extraction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Processes for the separation of paraffin wax from another
mineral oil associated therewith.
(1)
Note. The separation may be by mechanical means or by the
addition of solvents or other materials to the mixture and the oil
may be recovered separately.
(2)
Note. Processes for the removal of paraffin wax from a liquid
mineral oil is generally known as "dewaxing" (of
the mineral oil) and the separation of the residual oil associated
with a solid paraffin wax is generally known as "deoiling".
Presses, appropriate subclasses for presses not provided for elsewhere, particularly
subclasses 104+ for presses having a drain duct or channel for
liquid expressed from the material pressed.
Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate subclasses, especially
subclasses 175+ , 737, 766, and 774+ for liquid separating
processes and apparatus involving the use of heaters or coolers.
Imperforate Bowl: Centrifugal Separators, appropriate subclasses, for a separator of that
class, as explained in the references thereto appearing in Sections
3 and 5 of the definition of this class (208).
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting, appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating
to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions,
foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such
as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions
of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed
for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions
and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or
peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems;
processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes
of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance,
when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior
provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art. Combinations
of emulsion breaking and a treatment of the mineral oil provided
for in Class 208 are classified in Class 208.
This subclass is indented under subclass 28. Processes for the separation of residual oil from paraffin
wax.
(1)
Note. Treatments included in this and indented subclasses
are those in which the material treated is primarily paraffin wax
which includes a relatively small amount of oil, usually occluded
or dissolved therein, and the treatments are for the purpose of
purifying the paraffin wax by the removal of this residual oil.
(2)
Note. Processes of separating paraffin wax from a mineral
oil (dewaxing) which include a broadly recited step of washing the
wax to remove residual oil are classified on the basis of the dewaxing
operation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Processes wherein the separation is facilitated by the use
of a nonreactive material which exerts a solvent action upon some
component of the mixture.
This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Processes wherein paraffin wax containing residual oil is
cooled and then slowly heated to release the lower melting point
oils and other components.
This subclass is indented under subclass 28. Processes wherein paraffin wax is separated or recovered
by the use of a nonreactive material which exerts a solvent action
upon some component of the mixture.
Mineral Oils: Apparatus,
subclass 14.5 for dewaxing apparatus and subclass 14.52 for other
solvent extraction apparatus disclosed for use on mineral oils.
for treatments of mineral oils to remove asphalt
therefrom which is regarded as an undesirable component thereof
and no steps to recover or use the asphalt are included.
This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Processes wherein the material is cooled or chilled by the
evaporation of the solvent usually causing a precipitation of the
separated paraffin wax.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes, for example, solvent dewaxing
processes wherein the normally gaseous solvents which are used in
liquid form are vaporized thereby causing a reduction in temperature
and precipitation of paraffin wax.
This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Processes combined with a solvent extraction of mineral
oil which extraction does not result in a separation of paraffin
wax from the oil.
(1)
Note. The nondewaxing extraction may be prior to or subsequent
to the wax separation by means of a solvent.
Refrigeration, particularly
subclasses 123+ for processes and apparatus for cooling or chilling
paraffin wax-mineral oil mixtures by refrigeration, even though
combined with a separation of solidified constituents (wax). Such
processes combined with other treatments of the mixture or separated wax
or oil, for example, solvent extraction, or distillation are classified in
this class (208).
Liquid Purification or Separation,
subclasses 175+ , 737, 766, and 774+ for processes and
apparatus for liquid separation combined with heating or cooling
there provided for.
ASPHALTS, TARS, PITCHES AND RESINS; MAKING, TREATING AND
RECOVERY:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes for preparing, separating, recovering or treating
asphalts, tars, pitches and resins of mineral origin wherein the
asphalt tar, resin, etc., is recovered as a product.
for treatments of mineral oils to remove asphalt
therefrom which is regarded as an undesirable component thereof
and no steps to recover or use the asphalt are included.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions
for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam
breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling,
gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the
USPC for the specifically claimed art. Combinations of emulsion
breaking and a treatment of the mineral oil provided for in Class
208 are classified in Class 208.
This subclass is indented under subclass 39. Processes wherein asphalt, tar, pitch or resin is produced
by a chemical conversion of another liquid mineral oil.
(1)
Note. Many processes classified herein include conversions
of mineral oils wherein the residues of which are treated to recover
asphaltic components therefrom.
This subclass is indented under subclass 39. Processes wherein asphalt, tar, pitch or resin is obtained
by a distillation of an oil feed under nonconversion conditions.
This subclass is indented under subclass 42. Processes wherein the tar is contacted by high temperature
gas during distillation.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes, for example, those processes
of distilling tars wherein hot gases from another part of the process
may be used to facilitate the distillation process.
This subclass is indented under subclass 39. Processes including a chemical modification of an already
formed asphalt, tar, pitch or resin.
(1)
Note. Many of the processes classified herein result in a
modification of the properties such as hardness, ductility, softening
point, etc., of the asphalt, tar, pitch or resin treated.
for treatments of mineral oils to remove asphalt
therefrom which is regarded as an undesirable component thereof
and no steps to recover or use the asphalt are included.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes of treating mineral oils which result in a chemical
alteration of at least some of the hydrocarbon molecules thereof
forming mineral oils having different properties, or which result
in the formation of coke.
(1)
Note. This and indented subclasses include chemical treatments
of the mineral oil as cracking (forming shorter chain hydrocarbon,
light fractions), hydrogenation (saturation of double bonds) polymerization
(forming longer chain hydrocarbon molecules) reforming (isomerization
of the hydrocarbon molecules, etc.) and decomposing at least a part
of the oil to coke.
(2)
Note. Within this and indented subclasses 47 to 105 include
combinations there provided for, whether the conversion is claimed
broadly or specifically. Conversion processes which involve contacting
mineral oil with a solid are classified in the subclass providing
for the particular conversion when the mineral oil to be converted
or the solid material (catalyst or inerts) is specifically identified.
Such processes in which neither the oil to be converted or the solid material
contacted therewith are specifically identified, even though the
conversion be named, e.g., cracking, are included in subclass 146.
Cross references of patents classified in other subclasses which
disclose or claim any significant solids-oil contacting procedure
are placed in subclass 146.
Gas: Heating and Illuminating, appropriate subclass for the conversion of a mineral
oil to a gas; processes which result in the production of a mineral oil
and a gas are classified in this class (208) unless the production
of the mineral oil is only incidental to the process.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, appropriate subclasses, for a process of thermolytic
distillation of solid hydrocarbon containing material to produce
coke, whether or not volatiles are recovered.
Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,
subclass 172 for electrostatic or electrical discharge cracking
processes, other than those in which the chemical conversions are
caused by merely thermal effects which are in this class (208).
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing, especially
subclasses 190+ and 211+ for apparatus for treating a
material (including mineral oil) with a catalyst.
Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, appropriate subclasses for processes of forming
definite identifiable carbon compounds from a mineral oil; however,
the formation of a definite compound as an intermediate in a mineral
oil treating process, such as a condensation process wherein a paraffin
wax is chlorinated and subsequently dechlorinated or dehydrochlorinated
to produce another mineral oil, is classified in this class (208).
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes including some step to prevent or reduce corrosion
or erosion of the apparatus employed in the process.
(1)
Note. This subclass contains, for example, those processes
involving introduction of agents that inhibit or prevent corrosion
or erosion as well as the removal of materials that tend to cause such
corrosion or erosion during the conversion of the oil, when claimed
in combination with conversion or conversion operations which are
carried out in such manner as to avoid erosion or corrosion of the
apparatus.
Distillation: Processes, Separatory,
subclass 7 , for a distillation process in which a substance
is added to inhibit scale formation or to prevent corrosion.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclasses 7+ for process of maintaining an environment nondestructive
to metal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes which include (1) the prevention of the deposit
or precipitation of solid carbon on the surfaces of the apparatus
employed during a conversion of a mineral oil or (2) the removal of
such solid deposits of carbon in combination with a conversion step.
(1)
Note. Processes classified herein are directed to the prevention
of or removal of carbon deposits from the surfaces of the apparatus,
such as would, for example, cause clogging of the pipes, and not carbon
which might deposit on the catalyst or inert solids employed in
the process.
particularly subclass 167 for processes involving
solid-liquid contacting procedures. If it is disclosed that such
procedures prevent deposition of carbon on the apparatus, the process
is classified in this subclass (48) and cross referenced to the
appropriate subclass providing for the manipulation.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclass 2 for a process of thermolytic distillation including
the step of cleaning the apparatus or removing adhering char product.
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes in which a mineral oil is subjected to two or
more successive distinct chemical conversions.
(1)
Note. Processes classified herein include, for example, those
in which the total product of the first conversion is subjected
to a second conversion or those in which only a fraction of the product
of the first conversion is subjected to further conversion.
(2)
Note. Processes of treating a mineral oil to plural, successive
conversions are included herein, even though one of the conversions
is a reaction, per se, classifiable in Class 585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon
Compounds, etc., e.g., conversion of a mineral oil fraction to a definite
compound (ethylene, butene, etc.), providing there is produced a
converted mineral oil product. In such combination processes, including
steps classifiable in Class 260, are classified in the subclass
including the corresponding type of process (e.g., polymerization, hydrogenation,
etc.). Combinations including dehydrogenation, isomerization, cyclization,
aromatization, alkylation or dealkylation reactions are classified
in the subclass providing for combinations including reforming.
for processes including plural distinct conversions
applied to separate mineral oils or mineral oil fractions which are
either (1) fractions from a single mineral oil source or (2) are
subsequently blended or mixed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Processes wherein coke is a product of at least one of the
conversion stages.
(1)
Note. Included herein are processes wherein, in at least one
of the stages, mineral oils are converted to product coke, per se,
or along with any hydrocarbons produced.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic, appropriate subclass, for a process of producing coke by
distilling a nonmineral oil material and see
subclass 23 for a process of producing coke by distilling a
carbonaceous mixture including a minor amount of mineral oil.
This subclass is indented under subclass 50. Processes including also at least one stage of catalytic
cracking and at least one stage of thermal cracking (not coke forming)
in addition to the coke producing conversion step.
This subclass is indented under subclass 53. Processes wherein the coke producing conversion is followed
by a cracking operation in which no product coke is produced.
This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Processes wherein one component or product of a conversion
step is subjected to hydrogenation and then returned or recycled
to the process as a source of hydrogen (a "hydrogen donor").
This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Processes wherein mineral oil is subjected to hydrogenation
treatment which saturates at least a part of the unsaturated hydrocarbons present
prior to any other conversion step, and the hydrogenated material
is not employed as a source of hydrogen in a subsequent conversion step.
This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Processes wherein mineral oil is subjected to a cracking
step in the presence of hydrogen prior to any other conversion step.
(1)
Note. For the purpose of classification in this and indented
subclasses those plural stage conversions which include processes
of desulfurizing mineral oils in the presence of hydrogen are classified herein
if the hydrode sulfurization is carried out under conditions which
cause cracking of the mineral oil.
This subclass is indented under subclass 58. Processes wherein mineral oil is subjected only to a plurality
of steps of destructive hydrogenation (cracking in the presence
of hydrogen).
This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Processes wherein the mineral oil is subjected to a reforming
reaction prior to any other conversion step.
This subclass is indented under subclass 63. Processes wherein at least one of the reforming reactions
takes place in the presence of catalytic material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 64. Processes wherein the catalyst employed contains a noble
metal of compound thereof. (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir or Pt).
This subclass is indented under subclass 49. Processes wherein the mineral oil is subjected to a thermal
of a catalytic cracking reaction prior to any other conversion step.
This subclass is indented under subclass 67. Processes including at least one subsequent step of cracking
in the presence of hydrogen (destructive hydrogenation).
This subclass is indented under subclass 67. Processes wherein the mineral oil is subjected only to a
plurality of stages of cracking reactions, either thermal or catalytic.
and 53+, for processes wherein the oil is
subjected to combinations of cracking reactions in series, at least
one of which results in the production of product coke.
This subclass is indented under subclass 72. Processes wherein the total undivided product from the first
cracking step is subjected to a subsequent cracking operation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 72. Processes wherein the product of the initial cracking stage
includes a plurality of separate fractions having different boiling
ranges and in which the nonvolatilized or residual fraction is subjected
to another cracking operation (all stages noncatalytic).
This subclass is indented under subclass 72. Processes wherein the product of the initial cracking stage
includes a plurality of separate fractions having different boiling
ranges, and includes at least one fraction intermediate the lowest
boiling fraction and the nonvolatilized or residual fraction and
at least one of said intermediate fractions is subjected to another cracking
operation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes wherein a plurality of mineral oils or mineral
oil fractions are separately subjected to conditions resulting in
a conversion or alteration of the hydrocarbons.
(1)
Note. Processes classified in this or subclasses may involve
subsequent blending of the products of the separate conversions,
or the separate fractions may be from a single mineral oil source.
This subclass is indented under subclass 78. Processes wherein a single mineral oil is separated into
a plurality of fractions at least two of which are subjected to
conversion conditions.
(1)
Note. In many of the processes classified herein, the separately
converted mineral oil products are blended to form the desired mineral
oil admixture.
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes wherein a conversion operation is combined with
the contaction of the mineral oil to be converted with a vapor product
of the conversion operation prior to the conversion step (prior
to entering the conversion zone) and in which the higher boiling
components of the vapor product are absorbed by the mineral oil, and
the more volatile products of the mineral oil feed are volatilized
and stripped therefrom.
(1)
Note. The processes classified herein generally involve the
stripping of the liquid feed with vapor products of the conversion
stage prior to the feed entering the conversion zone. The liquid
feed in turn scrubs the vapor products of undesirable products.
The contacting must take place outside the actual conversion zone
even if occurring in the same chamber. In any event, the contaction
for mixing or fractionation purposes must precede the actual conversion
step.
This subclass is indented under subclass 81. Processes wherein only a part of the vapor product or only
a part of the mineral oil to be converted are contacted.
(1)
Note. The parts being contacted may be obtained by separation
of the vapor product or mineral oil feed into fractions having different
properties (e.g., boiling point).
This subclass is indented under subclass 81. Processes wherein the products are separated into fraction
having different properties subsequent to contacting the mineral
oil feed.
(1)
Note. This separation is generally by distillation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 81. Processes wherein a material, other than the vapor product
or mineral oil feed, is added to the vapor-oil contact zone.
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes wherein the mineral oil to be converted is subjected
to some separate and distinct nonconversion treatment combined with
a subsequent chemical conversion of the treated oil.
(1)
Note. Processes which include a single preliminary treatment
defined by name only are not included in this or indented subclasses.
Nor are processes included where the only "preliminary" treatment is
heating the oil to conversion treatment (even though accompanied
by vaporization of the oil) or the addition of the conversion catalyst
or inerts, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Processes wherein the mineral oil feed is subjected to a
treatment to remove asphaltic components therefrom prior to the
conversion stage.
This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Processes wherein the preliminary treatment is a treatment
of the mineral oil feed with a solvent which separates therefrom
some component of the mineral oil which may be nonmineral oil component
or a mineral oil fraction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Processes wherein the preliminary treatment of the mineral
oil includes the removal of nonhydrocarbon impurities or the conversion
of the impurity to an inactive form.
(1)
Note. Many of the patents classified herein involve the removal
of or the inactivation of impurities which would tend to inactivate
or reduce the activity of (poison) the catalyst employed in a subsequent
conversion process.
This subclass is indented under subclass 88. Processes wherein the refining treatment of the mineral
oil includes the use of hydrogen, either in the free state or by
means of a hydrogen rich material (hydrogen donor).
This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Processes wherein the mineral oil to be converted is subjected
to distillation prior to the conversion reaction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 92. Processes wherein at least one of the fractions produced
by the distillation is blended with either (1) another of the said
fractions or (2) with the product of the conversion reaction or
a fraction thereof.
This subclass is indented under subclass 92. Processes wherein the mineral oil to be converted is subjected
to two or more successive distillation stages prior to conversion.
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes in which a mineral oil conversion step is combined
with a subsequent separate and distinct nonconversion treatment
of the mineral oil products of the conversion.
(1)
Note. Processes which include a single subsequent treatment
defused by name only, or include the separation and removal of the
catalyst or inert material employed in the process as the only subsequent
treatment are not included in this or indented subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Processes wherein the treatment subsequent to conversion
includes treatment of the product with a solvent which dissolves
and separates therefrom a component of the product which may be
a nonmineral oil component or a mineral oil fraction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Processes wherein the treatment subsequent to conversion
includes the removal of nonhydrocarbon natural occurring material
(impurity) from the mineral oil, or the conversion thereof to an
inactive or unobjectionable material.
(1)
Note. Processes which include a single subsequent treatment
defused by name only, or include the separation and removal of the
catalyst or inert material employed in the process as the only subsequent
treatment are not included in this or indented subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 95. Processes wherein the treatment of the products subsequent
to conversion includes a separation of vapor products from liquid
involving (1) plural stages of separation, (2) a specifically defined
separation procedure or (3) the recovery of particular fractions
identified by some property thereof, (e.g., specific boiling range).
(1)
Note. Broadly recited single stage separations, as for example,
broad rectification, to recover named fractions such as gasoline,
gas oil, etc., are not included herein as a subsequent treatment.
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Processes wherein the separation process includes an absorption
of one of the components of the vapor products with a liquid absorbent.
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Processes wherein the liquid product resulting from one
separation step is subjected to a further separation of vapors from
the liquid.
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Processes wherein the vapor product resulting from one separation
step is subject to a further vapor from liquid separation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 103. Processes wherein liquid product from the second separation
step in additionally subjected to distillation to separate the same
into desired fractions.
This subclass is indented under subclass 103. Processes wherein vapors from the second separation step
are subjected to a condensation treatment to produce liquid products.
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes wherein hydrocarbons are converted into a mixture
including lighter, lower boiling hydro-carbons which are liquid
at atmospheric temperature and pressure, or to coke.
(1)
Note. Cracking operations which result in the formation of
product coke is generally known as "coking". Cracking operations
conducted under heat and pressure and in the absence of a catalyst is
known as "thermal cracking".
Gas: Heating and Illuminating, particularly
subclasses 211+ for processes of cracking an oil to produce a gaseous
hydrocarbon, having utility as a heating or illumination gas.
This subclass is indented under subclass 106. Processes wherein the cracking takes place in the presence
of added hydrogen.
(1)
Note. Hydrogenative cracking is generally referred to as destructive
hydrogenation.
(2)
Note. The hydrogen may be added as a free gas or a hydrogen
rich material may be used under such conditions as to generate or
liberate hydrogen (hydrogan donor processes).
This subclass is indented under subclass 107. Processes in which a catalytic material is employed.
(1)
Note. To be classified in this or indented subclasses the
process must include (a) the treatment of a specific mineral oil identified
by some definite physical or chemical property thereof, such as
boiling range, specific gravity, etc., or (b) the use of a specifically
identified catalytic material. Merely identifying the feed as a naphtha,
as boiling within the gas-oil range or the use of a catalyst of
a particular size is not itself sufficient to cause classification
in this or indented subclass. Processes excluded by this note are
classified below in subclass 146 which provides for mineral oil
processes including the contacting of the oil with solids.
This subclass is indented under subclass 109. Processes wherein the catalyst includes a free metal or
metal oxide.
(1)
Note. Combinations of a metal oxide and silica are classified
herein even though they are combined in the form of a metal silicate.
Similarly metal salts of amphoteric metals, for example, metal chromate are
classified herein as mixtures of metal oxides.
This subclass is indented under subclass 110. Processes wherein the catalytic material includes a group
III metal, a rare earth metal, or oxide thereof.
(1)
Note. The catalysts used in the processes classified herein
include the combination of alumina and silica gels, whether obtained
separately or simultaneously, as well as the aluminum silicates.
This subclass is indented under subclass 111.01. Processes wherein the catalytic material includes a group
VIII metal or oxide thereof.
(1)
Note. The iron group metals are iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), and
nickel (Ni). The platinum group metals are ruthenium (Ru), rhodium
(Rh), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), and platinum (Pt).
This subclass is indented under subclass 108. Processes wherein the catalytic material contains a free
metal or a metal oxide.
(1)
Note. Metal salts of an amphoteric metal, e.g., metal chromates
are classified herein as a mixture of metal oxides (chromium oxide
with the other metal oxide).
This subclass is indented under subclass 106. Processes in which a catalytic material is employed.
(1)
Note. To be classified in this or indented subclasses the
process must include (a) the treatment of a specific mineral oil identified
by some definite physical or chemical property thereof, such as
boiling range, specific gravity, etc., or (b) the use of a specifically
identified catayltic material. Merely identifying the feed as a naphtha,
as boiling within the gas-oil range or the use of a catalyst of
a particular size is not itself sufficient to cause classification
in this or indented subclasses. Processes excluded by this note are
classified below in subclasses 146+ which provides for
mineral oil processes including the contacting of the oil with solids.
This subclass is indented under subclass 113. Processes wherein the catalyst contains phosphorus, boron,
nitrogen either as a free element or as a compound thereof.
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Processes wherein the catalyst also contains a free metal
or a metal oxide.
(1)
Note. Combinations of a metal oxide and silica are classified
herein even though they are combined in the form of a metal silicate.
Similarly metal salts of amphoteric metals, for example, metal chromate are
classified herein as mixtures of metal oxides.
This subclass is indented under subclass 120.01. Processes wherein the catalytic material includes a group
VIII metal or oxide thereof.
(1)
Note. The iron group metals are iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), and
nickel (Ni). The platinum group metals are ruthenium (Ru), rhodium
(Rh), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), and platinum (Pt).
This subclass is indented under subclass 113. Processes wherein the catalyst contains a metal or metal
oxide.
(1)
Note. Metal salts of an amphoteric metal, e.g., metal chromates
are classified herein as a mixture of metal oxides (chromium oxide
with the other metal oxide).
This subclass is indented under subclass 106. Processes wherein cracking takes place in the presence of
an added nonreactive material.
(1)
Note. The processes classified in this and indented subclasses
are thermal cracking processes wherein the mineral oil is either
converted to lower boiling mineral oils or to coke and wherein nonreactive liquids,
vapors or solids are added prior to or during the conversion to
facilitate the same.
This subclass is indented under subclass 125. Processes wherein cracking takes place in the presence of
added inert solids.
(1)
Note. Many processes classified herein are directed to cracking
in the presence of heat carriers which may cause formation of coke
in addition to lighter hydrocarbon products. The heat carriers may be
coke solids or inert refractory materials. The process is generally
known as "coking".
(2)
Note. To be classified in this or indented subclasses the
process must include (a) the treatment of a specific mineral oil identified
by some definite physical or chemical property thereof, such as
boiling range, specific gravity, etc., or (b) the use of a specifically
identified solid material. Merely identifying the feed as a naphtha,
as boiling within the gas oil range, or the use of solids of a particular size
is not sufficient to cause classification of the process in this
or indented subclass. Processes excluded are classified below in
subclass 146.
Mineral Oils: Apparatus,
subclasses 104+ for apparatus for coking a mineral oil and treating
vapor products (e. g., fractionating the mineral oil product).
This subclass is indented under subclass 126. Processes wherein cracking takes place in the presence of
added inert solids which are suspended in a fluid medium, the mixture
being handled as a fluid.
for processes of conversion including the use of
solid materials suspended in a fluid wherein neither the mineral
oil treated nor the solids is specifically identified.
This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Processes wherein the cracking takes place in the presence
of added gaseous products of combustion of a gaseous, liquid or
solid fuel.
This subclass is indented under subclass 106. Processes wherein mineral oil to be cracked is heated to
the desired temperature and cracking takes place due solely to the
heat stored during the initial heating, no further heat being added during
the progress of the cracking operation.
(1)
Note. Processes classified herein generally result in the
making of product coke, the process being generally known as "coking".
This subclass is indented under subclass 106. Processes wherein the feed oil to be cracked (or coked)
is heated in a continuous confined zone of generally tubular configuration.
(1)
Note. The conversion reaction may be initiated in the heating
zone but additional heat is required to continue the reaction to
completion.
for similar cracking processes wherein heating of
the feed oil may be accomplished in a tubular confined zone but
no additional heat is required to continue the cracking (or coking) operation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes wherein a mineral oil is converted to an oil of
similar boiling range, but of generally improved octane rating,
the reaction being known as reforming.
(1)
Note. A reforming process generally includes a number of different
reactions of the hydrocarbon molecule, including dehydrogenation,
isomerization, aromatization, cyclization, alkylation and/or dealkylation.
The subjection of a mineral oil to any of the above mentioned reactions
is classified in this or indented subclass.
(2)
Note. The feed oil in the processes classified herein is generally
a naphtha, although special fractions thereof may similarly be treated,
the feed oil in these processes being of generally more volatile
nature than the feed to a cracking process.
This subclass is indented under subclass 133. Processes wherein reforming takes place in the presence
of catalytic material.
(1)
Note. To be classified in this or indented subclasses the
process must include (a) the treatment of a specific mineral oil identified
by some definite physical or chemical property thereof, such as
boiling range, specific gravity, etc., or (b) the use of a specifically
identified catalytic material. Merely identifying the feed as a naphtha,
as boiling within the gas-oil range or the use of a catalyst of
a particular size is not itself sufficient to cause classification
in this or indented subclass. Processes excluded by this note are
classified below in subclasses 146+ which provides for
mineral oil processes including the contacting of the oil with solids.
This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Processes combined with the subsequent recovery of or the
treatment of the catalyst to rehabilitate the same to condition
for reuse.
Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor:
or Process of Making, comprising a catalyst or sorbent, per se, and see especially
subclasses 12 and 20+ for a process of regeneration
of such composition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 134. Processes directed to the catalytic reforming of a specifically
identified mineral oil.
(1)
Note. To be classifiable in this subclass the process must
include the treatment of a mineral oil identified by some definite chemical
or physical property such as the boiling range, specific gravity,
etc. Merely naming the oil as paraffinic, olefinic, etc., is not
sufficient, per se, to identify the mineral oil for this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes wherein mineral oil is subjected to treatment
with added free hydrogen or under conditions which generate hydrogen
and in which hydrogen is added to the hydrocarbon molecule to saturate
at least some of the unsaturated molecules therein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 142. Processes wherein hydrogenation takes place in the presence
of catalytic material.
(1)
Note. To be classified in this or indented subclasses the
process must include (a) the use of a specifically identified solid catalytic
material, or (b) the treatment of a specific mineral oil identified
by some definite physical or chemical property thereof, such as
boiling range, specific gravity, etc. Processes of this latter type are
specifically provided for in subclasses 144+ indented hereunder.
Processes excluded by this note are classified below in subclasses
146+ which provides for broadly claimed processes of contacting
mineral oil with solids.
This subclass is indented under subclass 143. Processes directed to the catalytic hydrogenation of a specifically
identified mineral oil.
(1)
Note. To be classifiable in this subclass the process must
include the treatment of a mineral oil identified by some definite chemical
or physical property such as the boiling range, specific gravity,
etc. Merely naming the oil as paraffinic, olefinic, et., is not
sufficient, per se, to identify the mineral oil for this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 144. Processes in which an added material which under the conditions
of the reaction supplies the hydrogen necessary for hydrogenation
is employed.
(1)
Note. Such hydrogen supplying materials are commonly known
as "hydrogen donors". Example thereof are naphthenes,
asphalts, and tars.
This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Processes which are directed to contacting fluid, in either
the liquid or vapor state, and which may include, in addition to
the mineral oil treated a solids regenerating or rehabilitating
fluid with solids, and which are neither directed to the treatment
of a specifically identified mineral oil nor include the use of
specifically identified solids.
(1)
Note. Process of (a) treating a mineral oil identified by
some definite physical or chemical property such as the boiling range,
specific gravity, etc., or (b) using a specifically identified catalyst
or heat carrier, are classified in a preceding subclass providing
for the process involved. Processes classifiable in this or indented subclass
may identify the process as hydrocracking, reforming, etc., or be directed
to the treatment of a naphtha, feed boiling within the "gas
oil range" (without giving the temperature range) or specify
the use of a catalyst of a particular particle size.
(2)
Note. Processes of conversion of mineral oil which involve
a plurality of named conversion steps (of the same type or of a
different type) or which are in combination with a preliminary treatment
of the feed oil or a subsequent treatment of the converted products
are classified in the preceding subclass providing for the combination,
(subclasses 49 to 105) even though the conversion treatment is only broadly
defined.
(3)
Note. In this and indented subclasses is intended to be collected
processes of converting mineral oil which are distinguished primarily
by the manipulative procedure in which solids (catalysts or inert
solids) are contacted with a fluid, in the liquid or gaseous state
which may be either the mineral oil to be converted or a solids
regeneration medium (e.g., oxygen or air).
Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, appropriate subclasses, which is the generic class
providing for processes and apparatus for contacting solids with
either gases or vapors.
Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, appropriate subclass, which is the generic class
providing for processes and apparatus for contacting solids with
liquids.
Heat Exchange,
subclasses 104.11+ for a heat exchange system in which an intermediate
fluent receives and discharges heat, and subclasses 4+ for a
heat exchanger having a solid heat storage mass.
Conveyors: Fluid Current, appropriate subclasses, for processes and apparatus
for conveying solid materials by means of or with the assistance of
a forced propelling fluid current.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing, especially
subclasses 190+ and 211+ for apparatus for treating a
material (including mineral oil) with a catalyst.
Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor:
Product or Process of Making, for a composition comprising a catalyst or sorbent, per
se, and see especially
subclasses 12 and 20+ for a process of regenerating
such composition. Combinations of treating mineral oil in the presence
of solids with regeneration of the solids employed are classified
in this class (208) and in this or an indented subclass when the mineral
oil conversion is claimed broadly.
This subclass is indented under subclass 146. Processes wherein a plurality of dissimilar reactions are
carried out within the same enclosure or chamber, which reactions
take place in zones which are separated by a common wall, through
which heat exchange generally takes place.
(1)
Note. The reactions involved may be a conversion and catalyst
regeneration or a plurality of unnamed conversions.
This subclass is indented under subclass 146. Processes which include both fluid contact with a gravitating
compact bed of solids and contact with solids while suspended in
the fluid.
(1)
Note. This subclass contains, for example, those plural stage
unnamed conversions but which embody the two different types of
moving system conversions or where the solids are regenerated during
movement as a gravitating bed and are elevated by pneumatic lifting, the
lift gas including mineral oil which is simultaneously converted
in the lift zone, the solids being in a suspension state during
this reaction.
for gravitating compact bed type contacting including
the transfer of solids between compact bed zones by entraining the
solids in a suspending gas stream.
This subclass is indented under subclass 146. Processes which include a significant treatment of the contact
solid to remove therefrom adsorbed or occluded material, other than
contaminant coke or carbon.
(1)
Note. Treatments to remove contaminant coke or carbon are
not included herein even though the treatment may simultaneously
remove other occluded or adsorbed material.
(2)
Note. "Purging" or "stripping" claimed broadly
by name only or processes including broadly the use of steam as
a stripping medium are not considered significant purging or stripping
steps for this subclass. The use of steam in a particular manner,
e.g., with agitation, or the use of other purging mediums to remove
occluded hydrocarbons, flue gases, etc., are examples of significant purging
for this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 146. Processes wherein during the contacting process solids are
added to the system to make up losses or selected fractions of the
solids are withdrawn from the system.
(1)
Note. This subclass contains, for example, those solids contacting
processes wherein (a) catalyst is added to the circulating mass
to maintain constant catalyst inventory and thus replenish normal losses
to maintain a constant average catalytic activity, or; (b) solids
below the desired catalytic activity are discarded from the system
or solids that are too fine or have grown in size are discarded thereby
preventing any interruption of normal solids flow in the system.
This subclass is indented under subclass 146. Processes wherein solids are suspended in a fluid medium,
and the mineral oil conversion or solids regeneration or rehabilitation
takes place in the presence of the suspended solids.
(1)
Note. The suspending medium may be either a liquid or a gas
or vapor, and the suspension may flow similar to a liquid from a
point of high elevation or pressure to one of lower elevation or
pressure, or the solids may be suspended in a upward flowing fluid
(fluidized dense bed), or even flow in an upward direction with
the fluid, e.g., dilute or transfer line system.
Distillation: Processes, Thermolytic,
subclass 12 for a thermolytic distillation process in which
the charge is heated by contact with a hot disparate, inert solid
and subclass 31 for a fluidized bed process.
Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor:
Product or Process of Making, especially
subclasses 20+ for a process of regeneration, per se, of a composition
of that class.
This subclass is indented under subclass 153. Processes which include the step of starting up the operation
fluid suspension system or of shutting down the operation of the
suspension system.
(1)
Note. Many of the processes found herein have for their object
to properly heat up or cool down the system or the prevention of
explosions therein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 153. Processes which include (1) a plurality of separate unnamed
mineral oil conversions (2) a plurality of separate solids regenerations
or rehabilitations, or (3) a plurality of zones in which mineral
oil conversions occur alternately with solids regeneration or rehabilitation.
(1)
Note. Plural mineral oil conversion processes classified herein
are claimed broadly as "mineral oil conversion" for example
and may be disclosed as being of different type, e.g., cracking
and reforming. The zones are generally associated with a common
solids supply or reactant supply.
for mineral oil conversion processes involving plural
parallel stages of chemical conversion wherein the reactions are
identified at least by name (see (1) Note).
This subclass is indented under subclass 155. Processes in which both the fluid and the solids contacted
thereby are passed from one reaction zone to the other reaction
zone successively, either counter-current to each other or concurrent
with each other.
This subclass is indented under subclass 153. Processes wherein mineral oil to be converted is introduced
into the reaction zone in the liquid state.
(1)
Note. This subclass contains, for example, those contacting
processes wherein the liquid feed to the suspension system remains
in the liquid state and the entire system is in liquid suspension
or wherein the liquid feed is vaporized by the hot solids and the
entire system is in the vapor phase or wherein there is a mixed vapor-liquid
feed and the vapors are in equilibrium with the liquid in the vapor-liquid
suspension. Many of the techniques classified here result in uniform wetting
and contacting of the solids and prevent agglomerating or sticking
of the particles due to the use of a heavy liquid feed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 153. Processes wherein the suspended solids are subjected to
some step to increase the turbulence or mixing thereof which increases
the motion of the solids beyond that necessary to maintain the solids
suspension.
(1)
Note. Additional mixing or turbulence may, for example, be
accomplished by use of a mechanical stirrer or by applying some
vibrations to the solids suspension.
This subclass is indented under subclass 153. Processes involving the control of the temperature during
the fluid-solid contacting over and above that caused by the normal
heat transfer properties of the moving solid bodies as they circulate
in and through the system.
(1)
Note. This subclass contains, for example, processes of regulating
temperature in mineral oil conversion in a suspension system wherein
heating and cooling occurs by indirect heat exchange or by some
specific manipulation of the circulating solids to cause such change
in the temperature.
(2)
Note. Preheating the feed or quenching the products of the
reaction are not regarded as temperature controls within the scope
of this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 159. Processes wherein the temperature is controlled by removing
a portion of the solids, circulating the same to an external heat
exchange, and then back to the zone from which they were removed.
(1)
Note. This technique may be used to reheat solids which have
been used as heat carriers or to cool overheated solids.
(2)
Note. Excluded from this subclass are processes in which spent
solids are reheated merely by the regeneration operation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 153. Processes which include a specifically recited step of removing
finely divided solids from the effluent gas from the reaction zone.
(1)
Note. Particles of 20 microns in diameter and less are considered
fines for classification in this subclass. Processes wherein the
separation of fines is (1) claimed broadly by name only or (2) recites
broadly the use of centrifugal force or of a "cyclone" are
not classified herein unless the separated fines are returned other
than by gravity to the zone from which the effluent comes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 161. Processes wherein the fines separation is facilitated by
use of a liquid.
(1)
Note. The liquid may act to agglomerate the fines. The liquid
may be formed in situ by partial condensation of effluent vapor
or may be an added liquid. The technique may involve counter-current scrubbing
of the effluent product. Subsequent treatments of the resulting
slurry of fines such as washing or filtering the same may be included,
per se, as necessarily involving a separation of fines from the
effluent in the presence of a liquid.
This subclass is indented under subclass 153. Processes in which solids are suspended in upward flowing
gas or vapor, the upward force of the fluid on the solids is countered
by gravity resulting in the formation of a zone in which the particles
are compacted into a dense phase.
(1)
Note. The particles are in a state of hindered settling and
the dense bed resembles a boiling liquid and above this dense bed
some solids may be suspended in a dilute or dispersed phase.
This subclass is indented under subclass 163. Processes which include a specifically recited procedure
for transferring solids from one solids suspension zone to another.
(1)
Note. Processes classifiable herein may include the transfer
of solids between fluidized dense beds or between such a bed and
a zone having another type of solids suspension, as for example,
a dispersed phase suspension of solids.
(2)
Note. Processes of transferring solids from zone to zone set
out by name only are not included herein. The use of pressurizing
and depressurizing zones is one example of transfer process included
in this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 146. Processes wherein solids move downwardly by gravity as a
relatively compact mass, the particles being in contact with each
other and wherein the compactness is not disrupted by the contacting
fluids.
Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor:
Product or Process of Making, for a composition comprising a catalyst or sorbent, per
se, and see especially
subclasses 20+ for a regeneration process which may include treatment
by a contacting fluid.
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Processes wherein mineral oil to be contacted is introduced
into the reaction zone in the liquid state.
(1)
Note. The feed may be all liquid or a mixed vapor-liquid phase
feed and the procedure permits uniform contacting and wetting of
the solids by the liquid feed resulting in a uniform reactant flow through
the compact bed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 166. Processes wherein solids are introduced onto the surface
of a compact bed as a freely falling stream or curtain and liquid
mineral oil to be converted is sprayed against the freely falling curtain
of solids.
(1)
Note. In many of the processes classified herein the curtain
of falling solids prevents the liquid spray of mineral oil from contacting
the walls of the reaction vessel.
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Processes including a specific step of separating the effluent
vapors or gases from the contacting zone from the solids and removed
from the contacting zone.
(1)
Note. The disengagement technique generally involves an interruption
or baffling of the solids flow to form a solids free zone into which
vapors from the interstices of the bed flow and from which they
can be removed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Processes in which (1) a plurality of fluid streams separately
contact a single stream of solids flowing through a series of gravitating compact
bed zones or (2) a single stream of fluid serially contacts a plurality
of gravitating compact bed zones wherein the solids flow in the
zones is at least partially in parallel, all the contact zones being
within the same chamber.
(1)
Note. Where the mineral oil conversion reaction is named in
each of the zones, the original patent is classified above in subclasses
49+ or 78+. However, plural zone unnamed reactions
of the same type are classified herein whether the reactions are
of the conversion or the regeneration type. The reaction or regeneration
zones are generally associated with a common solids supply.
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Processes which include some step to prevent the solids
in the gravitating bed from becoming nonuniformly distributed as
to particle size over the horizontal cross-section of the bed.
(1)
Note. The technique provided for in this subclass prevents
sizing of the solids as might occur when solids are discharged onto
the mass from a central point and the fines tend to sift downward
to form a pile and coarser particles roll outward across the surface
of the pile. A baffling of the flow, for example, will prevent this
stratification of the different size particles.
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Processes including the step of removing the solids from
the gravitating bed in such a manner that the solids are withdrawn
uniformly over the horizontal cross-section of the bed.
(1)
Note. The technique provided for in this subclass prevents
a flow of solids at some point within the bed at a greater velocity
than at other points as might be the case if solids are withdrawn
from a single centrally located point and the adjacent solids fill
the gap created. Such techniques as baffling the flow of solids withdrawn
or providing multi-point withdrawal of solids prevent the nonuniform
flow within the bed by providing a uniform withdrawal of solids.
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Processes wherein (1) the heated solids, are employed to
heat the fluid prior to entry to the gravitating bed or (2) cool
solids are employed to extract and/or recover heat from
the effluent from the gravitating bed zone.
(1)
Note. This subclass contains, for example, processes of maintaining
a better thermal balance in the system by use of the solids to preheat
the feed or cool the products. Undesirable side reactions may be
prevented by quickly cooling the products below reaction temperatures.
This subclass is indented under subclass 165. Processes including a specific procedure for transferring
solids from one compact gravitating bed zone to another.
(1)
Note. Processes which recite broad transferring of solids
between zones by name only are not included. Some particular condition
or procedure of transferring must be claimed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 173. Processes wherein solids are taken from the discharge end
of one gravitating compact bed and transferred to a more elevated
inlet of another bed by entraining or suspending the solids gas
stream.
for contacting processes wherein there are combined
gravitating and suspension zones. Thus if a reaction occurs in the
dispersed lift step (either a mineral oil conversion or a regeneration, stripping,
etc., of the solids) the process is a combined gravitating bed and suspension
zone process classified in subclass 148, whereas if the lift gas
is used for transfer purpose only, the process is classified in
this subclass (174).
This subclass is indented under subclass 174. Processes wherein the solid particles are maintained in
contact with each other, the solids being transferred as a compact
mass, usually by means of a force applied counter to the upward
direction of flow of the conveying current.
This subclass is indented under subclass 146. Processes which include the step of imparting motion of
the solids being contacted.
(1)
Note. The solids particles may be moved relative to each other
within a fixed mass or bed or motion may be imparted to the whole
bulk of solids making up the bed. This subclass includes the movement
of solids during fluid contacting or either before or after fluid
contact. The movement is other than in a fluid suspending medium
or as a gravitating bed. See Search This Class, Subclass, below.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes for treating a mineral oil to (1) remove impurities
or undesirable nonmineral oil components therefrom or (2) to inactivate these
contaminants or impurities by converting them to some less noxious
form, whether or not they are subsequently removed.
(1)
Note. An impurity is any component, usually a nonhydrocarbon,
which renders the mineral oil less fit for use for its intended
purpose. Gum formers which are olefinic hydrocarbons and may be mineral
oil components are regarded as impurities within the scope of the
term "impurity" as are the gums formed by polymerization
of such gum formers. Water is also regarded as an impurity.
(2)
Note. Certain subclasses indented hereunder (subclasses 179-186)
provide for the treatment of a particular type of mineral oil while
other subclasses (187-263) provide for a specific type of reaction
or the removal of specified impurities. Processes are classified
in the above mentioned subclasses when (1) the claims specify the
particular impurity removed (or the treatment of used oil) or (2)
the disclosure is limited to the removal of a single particular
impurity (or the treatment of used oil). Processes wherein the claims
do not specify the treatment of used oil or the impurity removed
or treated and it is disclosed that a number of different impurities
are removed or treated are classified in other indented subclass
usually on the basis of the reagent employed. Patents classified
on this latter basis may be cross-referenced to the subclasses for
the impurities removed if necessary.
Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate subclass for processes and apparatus
for separating or purifying liquids not elsewhere provided for. See
the search notes in Class 210 for the line between that class and
Class 208.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions
for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam
breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling,
gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the
USPC for the specifically claimed art. Combinations of emulsion
breaking and a treatment of the mineral oil provided for in Class
208 are classified in Class 208.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 313 through 321and 406 for the destruction of hazardous or toxic
waste in the form of refined hydrocarbons.
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes which includes the step of controlling of the
amount of reagent employed in the refining of the mineral oil.
(1)
Note. Processes of control classified herein include more
than the setting out of the amount of reagent employed. This subclass
contains, for example, the step of controlling the rate of reagent
introduction may be responsive to some condition of the feed as
stopping the flow of the reagent when a determination is made that
the amount of contaminant remaining is no longer harmful.
Fluid Handling, particularly
subclasses 2+ and 87.01+ for processes and apparatus
for proportioning the flow of two or more fluids not otherwise provided
for.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions
for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam
breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling,
gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the
USPC for the specifically claimed art. Combinations of emulsion
breaking and a treatment of the mineral oil provided for in Class
208 are classified in Class 208.
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes for treating used mineral oils to render them
suitable for reuse.
(1)
Note. Many of the processes classified in this or indented
subclasses are directed to the treatment of mineral oil dry cleaning
solvents or lubricating oils.
Liquid Purification or Separation, for liquid purification not otherwise provided for, see
particularly
subclasses 234+ , 296 and 511 for the use of liquid as separating
medium; subclasses 737, 766, and 774+ for process of separating
including heating or cooling; and subclasses 175+ for separators combined
with heaters or coolers.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions
for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam
breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling,
gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the
USPC for the specifically claimed art. Combinations of emulsion
breaking and a treatment of the mineral oil provided for in Class
208 are classified in Class 208.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions
for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam
breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling,
gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the
USPC for the specifically claimed art. Combinations of emulsion
breaking and a treatment of the mineral oil provided for in Class
208 are classified in Class 208.
This subclass is indented under subclass 179. Processes in which a plurality of inorganic materials are
added to the used oil, either together or in sequence.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions
for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam
breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling,
gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the
USPC for the specifically claimed art. Combinations of emulsion
breaking and a treatment of the mineral oil provided for in Class
208 are classified in Class 208.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions
for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam
breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling,
gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the
USPC for the specifically claimed art. Combinations of emulsion
breaking and a treatment of the mineral oil provided for in Class
208 are classified in Class 208.
This subclass is indented under subclass 182. Processes wherein, in addition to the solid contact material,
an acid or an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, magnesium or ammonium oxide,
hydroxide or carbonate is employed.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions
for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam
breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling,
gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the
USPC for the specifically claimed art. Combinations of emulsion
breaking and a treatment of the mineral oil provided for in Class
208 are classified in Class 208.
This subclass is indented under subclass 179. Processes wherein the used oil is purified by distillation
or a mechanical removal of gaseous material as by heating or use
of reduced pressure.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions
for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam
breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling,
gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the
USPC for the specifically claimed art. Combinations of emulsion
breaking and a treatment of the mineral oil provided for in Class
208 are classified in Class 208.
This subclass is indented under subclass 184. Processes wherein distillation or degassing treatment is
carried out in the presence of an added gaseous treating agent.
(1)
Note. Steam is an example of gaseous treating agents provided
for herein.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions
for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam
breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling,
gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the
USPC for the specifically claimed art. Combinations of emulsion
breaking and a treatment of the mineral oil provided for in Class
208 are classified in Class 208.
This subclass is indented under subclass 184. Processes which include a specifically defined separation
of liquid from solid material.
(1)
Note. Solid-liquid separation steps recited by name only are
not included herein. Many of the processes classified in this subclass
are directed to the separation of solid treating agents from the treated
oil.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions
for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam
breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling,
gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the
USPC for the specifically claimed art. Combinations of emulsion
breaking and a treatment of the mineral oil provided for in Class
208 are classified in Class 208.
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes for removing water from mineral oils.
(1)
Note. The water is generally present as entrained water although
this and indented subclasses also provide for the separation of
water emulsified with the oil wherein there is some treatment of the
oil in addition to the breaking of the colloid system.
Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate subclass for processes of separating
liquids from liquids not otherwise provided for. Processes and apparatus
for separating water from a mineral oil including mere heating within
a gravitational separator are classified in Class 210.
Compositions,
subclasses 319+ and particularly subclasses 328+ for processes
of resolving emulsions such as petroleum emulsions. Processes classified
in Class 252, involve destroying the colloid system as distinct
from removing water bound chemically and/or physically
as by entrainment. If there is some treatment of the mineral oil
in addition to the resolving step, the process is classified in
this class (208).
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions
for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam
breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling,
gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the
USPC for the specifically claimed art. Processes classified in
Class 516 involve destroying the colloid system as distinct from
removing water bound chemically and/or physically as by
entrainment. Combinations of emulsion breaking and a treatment
of the mineral oil provided for in Class 208 are classified in Class
208.
This subclass is indented under subclass 187. Processes wherein a material is added to facilitate the
removal of the water or resolution of the mineral oil-water system.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 113+ for compositions for or subcombination compositions
for or breaking of or inhibiting of colloid systems (e.g., foam
breaking, emulsion breaking, dispersion inhibiting, suspension settling,
gel breaking, smoke suppressing, coagulating, flocculating), when generically
claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the
USPC for the specifically claimed art. Combinations of emulsion
breaking and a treatment of the mineral oil provided for in Class
208 are classified in Class 208.
This subclass is indented under subclass 177. Processes wherein a mineral oil is treated to convert mercaptans
contained therein to disulfides.
(1)
Note. These processes are known as "Sweetening" treatments
and result in an improvement of the color and odor of the mineral
oil. Sweetening generally involves an oxidation treatment and the less
noxious form of sulfur (disulfides) may or may not be removed from
the mineral oil.
(2)
Note. Sweetening processes are classified herein even though
carried out in the presence of an anti-oxidant. This process is
known as "inhibitor sweetening". If the resulting
sweetened oil is claimed and the inhibitor is not a mineral oil,
the patent is classified as original in the appropriate composition
class, e.g., those listed in the Search Notes below.
Compositions,
subclasses 182.11+ , particularly subclasses 185 and 189+ for
reagents employed in sweetening operations classified herein (in
Class 208) (see (2) Note).
Solid Anti-Friction Devices, Materials Therefor,
Lubricant or Separant Compositions for Moving Solid Surfaces, and
Miscellaneous Mineral Oil Compositions, particularly
subclasses 110+ for mineral oil lubricating compositions including
nonhydrocarbon additives.
This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Processes combined with a nonconversion treatment of the
mineral oil prior to the sweetening treatment with a copper compound.
(1)
Note. The preliminary treatment may, for example, include
a removal of some other contaminant prior to the sweetening treatment.
This subclass is indented under subclass 191. Processes wherein the sweetening treatment is combined with
a subsequent nonconversion treatment of the sweetened oil.
(1)
Note. The subsequent treatment may include the removal of
the disulfide sulfur formed during sweetening or some other contaminant
from the sweetened oil.
This subclass is indented under subclass 193. Processes wherein the subsequent treatment includes a specifically
defined procedure for separation and recovery of the copper containing
sweetening agent from the sweetened oil.
(1)
Note. Recovery of the copper containing sweetening agent when
recited by name only is not included as a subsequent treatment of
the sweetened oil.
Compositions,
subclass 185 for compositions containing plumbiferous sulfur
bindant agents which may be used in processes classified in this subclass
(197).
This subclass is indented under subclass 199. Processes combined with a nonconversion treatment of the
mineral oil prior to the sweetening treatment with sodium plumbite.
This subclass is indented under subclass 199. Processes wherein the sweetening treatment is combined with
a subsequent nonconversion treatment of the sweetened oil.
(1)
Note. The subsequent treatment may include the removal of
the disulfide sulfur formed during sweetening or some other contaminant
from the sweetened oil.
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