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 [Search a list of Patent Appplications for class 204]   CLASS 204,CHEMISTRY: ELECTRICAL AND WAVE ENERGY
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

STATEMENT OF CLASS SUBJECT MATTER

This class includes, where not provided for elsewhere:

A. Processes (1) involving the use of electrolysis (as provided for in Class 205); (2) of preparing or purifying compounds or elements involving chemical reaction brought about by electrical or wave energy in a magnetic field; (3) of treating materials involving chemical reaction brought about by wave energy; (4) of preparing or purifying compounds or elements involving chemical reaction brought about by an electrostatic field or electrical discharge; (5) involving the use of electrophoresis or electro-osmosis; (6) of treating a liquid (a) to separate or purify the liquid using electric and magnetic fields simultaneously, (b) to separate or purify the liquid using an electric field, or (c) using a magnetic field to obtain some effect other than mere separation or purification of the liquid; (7) involving coating, forming, or etching by the use of sputtering; and (8) involving coating by the use of vacuum arc discharge. (See Subclass References to the Current Class, below.)

B. Products solely disclosed as made by a process under (A). For exceptions, see Lines With Other Classes and Wtihin This Class, Exceptions, below.

C. Apparatus for carrying out the processes set forth under (A) except the apparatus used to carry out the wave energy treatment processes provided for in Class 204; such apparatus is provided for elsewhere. (See Lines With Other Classes, below.)

D. Electrolyte compositions specialized for use in electrolytic processes or methods of preparing the compositions.

(1) Note. A list of superiority of several composition classes appears elsewhere. See Lines With Other Classes below.
(2) Note. Although the processes described above in (A), items (6), (7), and (8), do not involve strictly chemical changes, they are in some respects closely related to other portions of the class and so have been included here.
(3) Note. Processes involving purely thermal actions of electrical phenomena or wave energy are not included in this class.
(4) Note. Class 204 provides for the combination of electrical and wave energy processes as described in (A) above with subsequent: (1) conventional treatments such as filtering, distilling, washing, and other methods of separating or concentrating products from the previous Class 204 operation or (2) mere admixing of products from the previous Class 204 operation to form a desired end product. Where a subsequent step significantly modifies a composition, product, or article made by the previous Class 204 operation, the combined process is generally provided for elsewhere and is cross-referenced in Class 204, where necessary.
(5) Note. The combination of an electrical or wave energy operation as described in (A) above with a preceding method, such as treatment of material to prepare it for the electrical or wave energy operation, is provided for in Class 204. When a method preparatory to a Class 204 operation is claimed, per se, and is not provided for elsewhere, it may be classified in Class 204.

SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

For apparatus for carrying out the wave energy treatment processes provided for in Class 204, subclasses 157.15+, see Class 250, Radiant Energy, particularly subclasses 492.1+, and Class 422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, particularly subclasses 186+; the apparatus used to carry out the processes provided for in Class 204, subclasses 155+; such apparatus is provided for in Class 422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, particularly subclasses 186.01+; the apparatus used to carry out the processes provided for in Class 204, subclasses 164; such apparatus is provided for in Class 422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing particularly subclasses 186.04+; and the section References to Other Classes, herein, the entry to Class 118 for apparatus provided for in Class 118.

The rules for determining Class placement of the Original Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY, which includes a hierarachical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.

EXCEPTIONS

This class includes, where not provided for elsewhere products solely disclosed as made by a process under (A) in Class Definition, above, with the following exceptions: (1) products which comprise two or more contiguous metallic layers; (2) products of processes classifiable in Class 204, subclasses 157.15+ and 450+, and Class 205, subclasses 640+. These products are properly classified in the appropriate product or stock material class (e.g., 260, 423, 428, etc.).

LINE BETWEEN CLASS 204 AND CLASS 75

Combinations of metallurgical process steps falling within the definition of Class 75 and electrical or wave energy steps falling under the definition of Class 204 are classified in Class 204, when the metallurgical process steps are preparatory to the electrical or wave energy steps, and are placed in Class 75 when the electrical or wave energy methods are preparatory to the metallurgical process steps. The above applies even when such preparatory steps result in a desired by-product. Class 75, subclasses 228+, provides for a "nominal" element usable in a Class 204 process (i.e., an element claimed only in terms of the metal composition from which it is made). The order of superiority among various metal, alloy, and metal stock areas and methods of manufacture involving them is as follows:

1. Class 419, Powder Metallurgy Processes.

2. Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 22+, compositions for treatment of solid metal.

3. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 300, 301, and 303+, gaseous, liquid, or solid treating compositions for liquid metal or charges, and subclass 302, welding rods defined by composition.

4. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 228+, consolidated metal powder compositions, and subclasses 255+, loose metal particulate mixtures.

5. Class 420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, alloys or metallic compositions claimed as products.

6. Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 95-122, 194-287, and 500-714, in class schedule order, certain processes of treating solid or semisolid metal by modifying or maintaining internal physical structure (i.e., microstructure) or chemical properties of metal, processes of reactive coating of metal, or processes of chemical heat-removing (e.g., flame-cutting, etc.) or burning of metal. However, if metal casting, fusion bonding, machining, or working is involved, there is a requirement of significant heat treatment as described in References To Other Classes in the Class 148 definition.

7. Class 148, Metal Treatment, subclasses 33+, p-n type barrier layer stock material, and subclasses 400+, stock.

8. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 331+, processes of making solid particulate alloys directly from liquid metal, and subclasses 343+, processes of producing or purifying alloys in powder form.

9. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 10.1+ and 10.67, electrothermic, electromagnetic, or electrostatic processes of making alloys.

10. Class 420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions, processes of manufacture.

11. Class 75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures, subclasses 330+, processes of making metal, treating liquid metals and liquid alloys, and consolidating metalliferous material.

12. Class 204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, processes.

13.Class 164, Metal Founding, subclasses 1+, processes.

14. Class 266, Metallurgical Apparatus, subclasses 44+, processes of operating metallurgical apparatus.

LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 156, 204, 205, AND 216

In general, a class 156 operation (e.g., chemical etching of an electrical function semiconductor substrate, etc.) performed on a composition, product, or article made by a Class 204 process (e.g., an entire article previously etched by electrolysis, a product portion modified by electrolytic material treatment, etc.) is considered to provide a significant modification of the composition, product, or article made by the Class 204 process; therefore placing the combination of a Class 204 process followed by a Class 156 procedure in Class 156. However, the combination of a Class 204 electrolytic coating step followed by a Class 156 operation (other than a laminating process as described above) performed (1) to allow at least a portion of the electrolytic coating to remain and (2) to only significantly modify the electrolytic coating, per se, is considered to be an electrolytic coating process followed by a mere perfecting step for the electrolytic coating; therefore placing the combination in Class 204. The significant modification of only the electrolytic coating allows for mere incidental alterations to other portions of a coated article such as the substrate, provided that such changes are clearly unintentional (e.g., chemical etching through an electrolytic coating which may also progress into the substrate in some areas to allow complete penetration through all desired other areas of the electrolytic coating, etc.). Class 156, subclasses 625.1+, provide for the original classification of chemically etching an electrical function semiconductive precursor, substrate, or device when the claims are alternative (claims to a Class 156 etching process and claims to a Class 205 electrolytic etching, or when a generic claim is present and no species is specifically claimed). When, however, a generic claim is present (disclosure includes both Class 156 etching and Class 204 or Class 205 subject matter) and a Class 204 or Class 205 species is specifically claimed, and there is no specific claim to a Class 156 etching process, the original classification is in Class 204 or Class 205 and a mandatory cross-reference is placed into Class 156 etching based on the generic claim. Other combinations of Class 204 step(s) with Class 156 step(s) will follow the general class line for the combination of Class 204 step(s) with those from other classes as stated at the beginning of Class 204. Also, see the search class note to Class 216 in this section, since Class 216 is an integral part of Class 156.

LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 216, 156, 204, AND 205

Chemical etching performed on a composition, product, or article made by a Class 204 process (e.g., an entire article previously etched by electrolysis, a product portion modified by electrolytic material treatment, etc.) is considered to provide a significant modification of the composition, product, or article made by the Class 204 process; therefore placing the combination of a Class 204 process followed by Class 216 chemical etching in Class 216. However, the combination of a Class 205 electrolytic coating step followed by Class 216 chemical etching performed (1) to allow at least a portion of the electrolytic coating to remain and (2) to only significantly modify the electrolytic coating, per se, is considered to be an electrolytic coating process followed by a mere perfecting step for the electrolytic coating; therefore placing the combination in Class 205. The significant modification of only the electrolytic coating allows for mere incidental alterations to other portions of a coated article such as the substrate, provided that such changes are clearly unintentional (e.g., chemical etching through an electrolytic coating which may also progress into the substrate in some areas to allow complete penetration through all desired other areas of the electrolytic coating, etc.). Class 216 also provides for the original classification when the claims are alternative (claims to a Class 216 process and claims to a Class 205 electrolytic etching, or when a generic claim is present and no species is specifically claimed). When, however, a generic claim is present (disclosure includes both Class 216 and Class 204 or Class 205 subject matter) and a Class 204 or Class 205 species is specifically claimed, and there is no specific claim to a Class 216 etching process, the original classification is in Class 204 or Class 205 and a mandatory cross-reference is placed into Class 216 based on the generic claim. Other combinations of Class 204 step(s) with Class 216 step(s) will follow the general class line for the combination of Class 204 step(s) with those from other classes as stated at the beginning of Class 204. Also, see the search class note to Class 156 in this section, since Class 216 is an integral part of Class 156.

LINE BETWEEN CLASS 250 AND CLASS 204

Note the difference between the scope of "radiant energy" as set out for Class 250 and "wave energy" as defined in Class 204, subclass 157.15.

LINE BETWEEN CLASSES 260, 204, AND 520

See Class 260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, for (1) a chemical process, in general and for preparation and treatment of carbon compounds or a product formed by such a process; (2) the combination of a Class 204 operation with a subsequent significant chemical process provided for in Class 260 when the subsequent Class 260 process modifies a product of the Class 204 operation to produce a different compound; and (3) a branched process in which one branch is a Class 204 process and another branch falls within the class definition of Class 260. The combination of a Class 260 process and a subsequent Class 204 operation is classified in Class 204. The foregoing applies even when the preparatory process or operation results in a desired by-product. Also, see the search class note to Class 520 in References to Other Classes, since Class 520 is an integral part of Class 260.

LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 424, 204, AND 514

See Class 424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, for a drug, bio-affecting, or body treating composition which may be made by a Class 204 process; especially subclasses 1.11+ for a radionuclide or intended radionuclide containing, adjuvant or carrier, intermediate, or preparatory composition. Also, see the search class note to Class 514 in REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES, below, since Class 514 is an integral part of Class 424.

LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 520, 522, AND 204

See Class 520, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers -- Part of the Class 520 Series, appropriate classes, especially Class 522, subclasses 1+, for a composition to be polymerized by wave energy wherein said composition contains a rate-affecting material; or a synthetic resin composition to be modified by wave energy wherein said composition contains a rate-affecting material; or a process of preparing or treating a solid polymer utilizing wave energy. Any process step involving electrolysis, electric current, electro-osmosis, electrophoresis, electrostatic field, electrical discharge, or magnetic field and also involving the treating of a synthetic resin or natural rubber is proper in Class 204 if a wave energy step is involved in any part of the process. The combination of a Class 520 chemical process not involving the use of wave energy with a Class 204 operation is classified (1) in Class 204 when the Class 520 nonwave energy process is preparatory to the Class 204 operation and (2) in Class 520 when the Class 204 operation is preparatory to the Class 520 nonwave energy process. A branching process in which the claims are alternative to producing or treating a polymer by a Class 204 process or by a Class 520 chemical process not involving the use of wave energy is classified in Class 520. See Class 204, subclass 157.15, for a further elaboration of the line between Class 204 and Class 520, subclasses 1+.

LINES BETWEEN CLASSES 585, 204, AND 260

The line between Class 585 and Class 204 is analogous to that between Class 260 and Class 204. See the search class note to Class 260 in REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES, below.

SECTION III - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

155+,for preparing or purifying compounds or elements involving chemical reaction brought about by electrical or wave energy in a magnetic field.
157.15+,for treating materials involving chemical reaction brought about by wave energy.
164+,for preparing or purifying compounds or elements involving chemical reaction brought about by an electrostatic field or electrical discharge.
192.1+,for processes involving coating, forming, or etching by the use of sputtering .
192.38,for processes involving coating by the use of vacuum arc discharge.
450+,for processes involving the use of electrophoresis or electro-osmosis.
554+,for treating a liquid (a) to separate or purify the liquid using electric and magnetic fields simultaneously, (b) to separate or purify the liquid using an electric field, or (c) using a magnetic field to obtain some effect other than mere separation or purification of the liquid .

SECTION IV - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

8, Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical Modification of Textiles and Fibers,   for bleaching or dyeing, fluid treatment, and chemical modification of textiles and fibers using electrical, radiant, or wave energy; without involving electrolysis (electrolytic treatment of organic fibrous material is provided for in Class 205, subclasses 689+ ).
47, Plant Husbandry,   subclass 1.3 for processes and apparatus for culture of plants by using electricity.
75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures,   for (1) general production of metals, (2) electrothermal processes of preparing metals and alloys, and (3) branching processes in which one branch comprises a process falling within the definition of Class 204 and which contains at least one other branch falling within Class 75. See Lines With Other Classes, above, for further discussion of the line between Class 75 and Class 204.
101, Printing,   appropriate subclasses for electrotype molds, matrices, or other printing members which may be produced by electrolytic coating, electroforming, or cathode sputtering methods. For processes of their production by such methods, see Class 204, appropriate subclasses.
118, Coating Apparatus,   for a general coating apparatus which does not involve the use of electrolysis, electrophoresis, electro-osmosis, or cathode sputtering. Class 204 provides for apparatus having means for combined coating operations in which at least one coated layer is applied by electrolysis, electrophoresis, electro-osmosis, or cathode sputtering. However, Class 118 provides for coating apparatus which also has means to subsequently cure (considered to be a mere perfecting step) the coating using electrical or wave energy.
128, Surgery,   for electrical or wave energy treatment of the living human body and apparatus specialized therefor.
131, Tobacco,   subclasses 294 , 295, and 299 for processes of treating tobacco with electrical or radiant energy.
134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,   subclasses 1+ for processes of cleaning solids by the application of electric, wave, ray or radiant energy to the work, other than broadly recited radiant heat energy.
148, Metal Treatment,   particularly subclass 518 for processes of treating solid or semisolid metal to modify or maintain the internal physical structure (i.e., micro structure) or chemical properties of metal combined with a Class 204 procedure. Class 148 takes the combination, whether the Class 148 operation precedes or is subsequent to the Class 204 procedure. Also, see Class 148, subclasses 240+ for the location of processes of reactive coating of metal wherein an externally applied agent combines with the metal substrate to form a coating thereon which contains an element from the metal substrate. Combinations that involve reactive coating as defined in Class 148, subclasses 240+, and a Class 204 coating operation are proper in Class 204. Combinations of a Class 148 reactive coating, a Class 204 coating operation, and an etching operation that occurs while the electrocoated layer still exists are in Class 204. However, combinations of carburizing or nitriding of metal, as defined in Class 148, subclasses 206+, with a Class 204 operation are proper for Class 148.
156, Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   subclasses 625.1+ for a process of chemically etching an electrical function semiconductive precursor, substrate, or device and subclasses 60+ for surface bonding and/or assembly therefor, particularly subclasses 150+ for a laminating process combined with at least one Class 204 step of electrodeposition (i.e., by electrolysis, electrophoresis, electro-osmosis, or cathode sputtering). See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, for discussion of the lines between Classes 156, 204, 205, and 216.
208, Mineral Oils: Processes and Products,   for processes of treatment and preparation of mineral oils employing mere electrical thermal effects.
209, Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,   for electrical or wave energy classification, separation, or assortment of solids, particularly subclasses 127.1+ for electrostatic processes and apparatus, subclasses 179+ for electrical amalgamation processes and apparatus, and subclasses 212 and 213+ for magnetic separating processes and apparatus.
210, Liquid Purification or Separation,   subclasses 600+ for purification or separation of a liquid which may include a Class 204-type step of making an agent used in the process. A process of treating the liquid directly by a Class 204 step to purify or separate it will be placed in Class 204 whether or not combined with a physical separation step classifiable in Class 210, subclasses 767+. Class 210 will take the combination of a 210 process, other than mere separation (as provided for in subclasses 767+), with a Class 204 operation. However, a Class 204 process (e.g., synthesis) preceded by a Class 210 step which is ancillary to the process will be placed in Class 204.
216, Etching a Substrate: Processes,   for a chemical etching process, in general. See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class for a discussion of the lines between Classes 216, 156, 204, and 205.
250, Radiant Energy,   for radiant energy processes and apparatus, particularly subclasses 281+ for ionic separation or analysis of materials utilizing the mass to electric charge ratio of particles. See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class for a discussion of the lines between Class 250 and Class 204.
260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,   for a chemical process, in general. See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class for a discussion of the lines between Classes 260, 204, and 520.
324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing,   for measuring, testing, or sensing, per se, to determine electrical properties by electrical means even though nonelectrical values may be derived therefrom; especially subclasses 323+ for testing of underground formations by electrolytic methods (e.g., testing an oil well bore for water strata, etc.), subclasses 425+ for testing of an electrolyte to determine electrical properties thereof, and other appropriate subclasses for electrical testing processes or apparatus which is combined with a significant electrical testing circuit or is unrelated to the subject matter of Class 204.
361, Electricity: Electrical Systems and Devices,   subclasses 230+ for ionization apparatus, in general, and subclasses 500+ for electrolytic apparatus which is utilized for a purpose other than to produce a desired chemical change.
373, Industrial Electric Heating Furnaces,   for electric furnaces and methods of using them, in general, especially subclasses 60+ for electric arc furnaces and methods of using them in which an electric arc is used as a heating means and the reactions performed are a result of the mere thermal effects of the electric arc.
420, Alloys or Metallic Compositions,   appropriate subclasses for a "nominal" element usable in a Class 204 process (i.e., an element claimed only in terms of the alloy or metallic composition from which it is made) and for processes of producing an alloy or metallic composition. See the class definition of Class 420 for a description of the class line between Class 75 and Class 420. Also, see the search class note to Class 75 in this section for the order of superiority among various metal, alloy, and metal stock areas and methods of manufacture involving them.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,   for (1) a chemical process of producing an inorganic compound or nonmetallic element, in general; (2) the combination of a Class 204 operation with a subsequent chemical process provided for in Class 423 when the Class 423 process modifies a product of the Class 204 operation to produce a different compound or element, and (3) a branched process in which one branch is a Class 204 process and another branch falls within the definition of Class 423. The combination of a Class 423 process with a subsequent Class 204 operation which modifies a product of the Class 423 process is classified in Class 204. In processes where a useful by-product is formed, the patent is classified according to the primary product ultimately produced.
424, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   for a drug, bio-affecting, or body treating composition. See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, for the a discussion of the lines between Classes 424, 204, and 514.
426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products,   especially subclasses 234 , 235, 236, and 237+ for processes of preparing, preserving, and treating food involving the use of electrical or wave energy, including electrolysis.
427, Coating Processes,   for general coating processes. Class 204 provides for processes involving combined coating operations in which at least one coated layer is applied by a Class 204 coating operation. However, a Class 427 coating step followed by curing (considered to be a mere perfecting step) of the 427 coating using electrical or wave energy is proper for Class 427.
428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,   appropriate subclasses for a stock material product not elsewhere provided for in the form of a single or plural layer web or sheet. Also, see Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class in the class definition of Class 428 for an elaboration of the class line between Class 204 and Class 428.
429, Chemistry: Electrical Current Producing Apparatus, Product, and Process,   for an electrolyte, process, or apparatus specialized for the production of electrical current as a result of a chemical reaction or change of state (e.g., from a liquid to a gas, etc.).
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,   for a process or apparatus involving measuring or testing by electrical or wave energy which is separate and apart, but in combination with a process or apparatus for use with a viable microorganism or a catalytically active enzyme; and for a process or apparatus involving electrical or wave energy treatment of a microorganism or an enzyme when the treatment is solely disclosed for use with a viable micro-organism or a catalytically active enzyme.
436, Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing,   for a qualitative or quantitative chemical analysis including (1) a step of electrochemistry followed by at least one step of another chemical reaction not involving electrochemistry or (2) a process which is alternatively chemical or electrochemical.
502, Catalyst, Solid Sorbent, or Support Therefor: Product or Process of Making,   especially subclass 5 for the use of electrical, magnetic, or wave energy in making a catalyst, solid sorbent, or support therefor.
505, Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material, Process,   subclasses 300+ for processes of producing high temperature (Tc > 30 K) superconductors, particularly subclass 411 for sputter etching, subclass 472 for electrolytic or electrophoretic coating, or subclasses 475+ for sputter coating.
506, Combinatorial Chemistry Technology: Method, Library, Apparatus,   for a process of creating a library (e.g., chemical, biological, etc.), process of testing or analyzing a library, or an apparatus specially adapted for such processes.
514, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,   as an integral part of Class 424, for a drug, bio-affecting, or body treating composition which may be made by a Class 204 process, especially subclasses 167+ for a composition including activated or irradiated ergosterol. Also, see the search class note to Class 424, since Class 514 is an integral part of Class 424.
516, Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   appropriate subclasses for subject matter relating to: colloid systems (such as sols*, emulsions, dispersions, foams, aerosols, smokes, gels, or pastes) or wetting agents (such as leveling, penetrating, or spreading); subcombination compositions of colloid systems containing at least an agent specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in making or stabilizing colloid systems; compositions and subcombination compositions specialized and designed for or peculiar to use in breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; processes of making the compositions or systems of the class; processes of breaking (resolving) or inhibiting colloid systems; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art; when without involving electrolysis.
520, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers -- Part of the Class 520 Series,   appropriate classes. See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Classs for a discussion of the lines between Classes 520, 204, and 522.
585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds,   for a process of synthesizing or purifying a hydrocarbon compound. See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class for a discussion of the lines between Classes 585, 204, and 260, and also see the search class note to Class 260 in this section.
588, Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,   for chemical destruction of hazardous or toxic waste by using electrical wave energy, especially subclass 302 and 303 for electrolytic or electrodialytic degradation.
700, Data Processing: Generic Control Systems or Specific Applications,   subclasses 266 through 274for chemical process control or monitoring systems in combination with a data processing system or calculating computer.

SECTION V - GLOSSARY

ACYCLIC

For the purposes of this class, "acyclic" refers to an organic compound which does not contain a heterocyclic, nitrocyclic, or carbocyclic nucleus.

ALKALI-FORMING METAL

A metal element chosen from the group consisting of the alkali metals (lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr)), the alkaline earth metals (calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra)), and magnesium (Mg) (included due to its similarity in properties to the alkaline earth metals).

DESIGNATED CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (DCC)

A composition in which at least one of the chemical atoms can either be deduced with certainty or be determined to belong to a limited select group of elements (as indicated in the exemplary lists of terms provided below); except that for the purposes of this class, "organic" is considered to be too broad, eventhough inherently reciting the presence of a carbon atom. An exemplary list of terms used to describe compositions to be regarded as DCC"s is as follows: alcohol, alkali or alkaline earth metal, amine, carbon black, carboxylic acid, chalcogen, drying oil, ether, fat, fatty acid or ester, halogen, hydrocarbon, latex, metal hydrate, peroxide, peroxy-, proton donor, sulfide, water, etc. An exemplary list of terms used to describe compositions not to be regarded as DCC"s is as follows: amphoteric, anionic, antioxidant, blue, cationic, cosolvent, conductor, crystalline, curing catalyst, deliquescent, dielectric, dispersant, drier, electrophoretic, emulsifier, fibrous, filler, fluorescent, free radical, gas, humectant, hydrophillic, inorganic compound, insulator, ionic, Lewis acid or base, liquid, lubricant, luminescent, metal containing, mineral, numerically described without designating a chemical atom or a limited select group of elements, organic compound, organic solvent, organometallic, particulate, phosphorescent, pigment, plastic, plasticizer, preservative, solid, solvent, stabilizer, surface active agent, surfactant, wax, Ziegler or Natta catalysts, etc. These lists are not intended to be exhaustive.

ELECTROLYSIS

A process which is characterized by conduction of an electric current between two or more electrodes through an electrolyte and resulting in a chemical change (e.g., oxidation, reduction, etc.) (other than that brought about by the mere heating effect of the electric current) at one or more of the electrodes (e.g., electrolytic coating or etching, etc.) or at another location in contact with the electrolyte as a direct result of the electric current passing therethrough (e.g., electrolytic material treatment, etc.), such chemical change being the process objective and not merely as a means of conducting an electric current through the electrolyte (as is the case in "electrophoresis" as defined in subclass 450 of this class).

ELECTROLYTE

A substance which is or forms a liquid, solid, or gel containing dissociated ions to conduct an electrolytic current (usually an ionic compound is dissolved in solution or melted into a fused state to provide an electrically conductive medium).

ESTER-TYPE WAX

A "wax" which is essentially an ester in chemical structure, (e.g., montan wax, carnauba wax, etc.).

FAT, FATTY OIL

A glyceride of a higher fatty acid, including naturally occurring mixtures thereof.

FATTY STILL RESIDUES

Bottoms, tars, or pitches resulting from the distillation of fats, fatty oils, and ester-type waxes, (e.g., stearine pitch, etc.).

HIGHER FATTY ACID

A monocarboxylic acid containing an unbroken chain of at least seven carbon atoms bonded to a carboxyl group, (e.g., stearic acid, etc.).

INTERNAL BATTERY

A device or means which generates an electrical current by chemical action within a zone of desired electrolysis without the need for an external source of electrical current.

ORGANIC COMPOUND

A chemical compound limited by the definition of a "carbon compound" found under the class definition in Class 260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds.

PERMANENT COATING

A coating which remains as part of a finished article as distinguished from a coating which is formed upon and removed or stripped from a base or substrate.

PLATINUM METAL

A metal element from the group consisting of iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), and rhenium (Re).

PRECIOUS METAL

A metal element from the group consisting of gold (Au), platinum metals, and silver (Ag).

SYNTHESIS

For purposes of this class, "synthesis" includes the production of a desired element or compound by breaking down from complex forms to simpler ones as well as the building up of complex forms from simpler ones.

WAVE ENERGY

For the purposes of this class, "wave energy" includes radiation as well as wave energy transmitted by various mediums and embraces electromagnetic wave energy or radiation, sonic and supersonic waves, neutron, proton, deutron, and other types of corpuscular radiation.

SUBCLASSES

     PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes falling and the products necessarily resulting therefrom where not provided for elsewhere.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 155]    155Electrical, or wave energy in magnetic field:
 This subclass is indented under the unnumbered subclass, PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS.  Chemical processes which have for their purpose the preparation of compounds or elements through chemical reaction brought about by the agency of electrical or wave energy in which the reaction is carried out within a magnetic field; except electrolytic processes, provided for above, and those brought about through mere heating effect of electrical or wave energy. For example, the conversion of the surface of a polymeric material to produce a film thereon. This includes both the synthetic production of compounds or elements and, likewise, the chemical modification or chemical purification of compounds or elements, making use of electrical or wave energy to effect the chemical changes in such processes. The processes falling within these subclasses are those whose purpose is for the production of compounds, elements by chemical reactions, but not those wherein a material or composition is treated, such as a metal, tobacco, foods, beverages, leather and the like, and in which a chemical change may be brought about.

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118, Coating Apparatus,   for coating apparatus.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   subclasses 186+ for apparatus having means for initiating or perfecting chemical reaction using electromagnetic wave energy or corpuscular radiation and subclasses 127+ for apparatus having means to initiate or perfect a process using shock or sound wave.
427, Coating Processes,   subclasses 457+ for processes of coating in general involving a magnetic base or coating.
588, Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,   subclass 301 for the use of electrical energy magnetic force in the chemical destruction of hazardous or toxic waste.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 156]    156With discharge:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 155.  Processes in which the chemical reaction is carried out within a magnetic field including electrical discharges. The discharges may be produced by the same means as that which creates the magnetic field, such as an electromagnetic field of such character as produces discharges, or an additional electrical discharge field may be imposed.

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422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   subclass 186.03 for the corresponding apparatus.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.15]    157.15Processes of treating materials by wave energy:
 This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Subject matter involving chemical reactions brought about by wave energy.
(1) Note. Subclasses 157.15+ provides for the following subject matter: (a) provides for preparing a compound or element, involving a chemical reaction induced by wave energy; said chemical reaction resulting in either (1) an element or chemical compound (2) a purified product (wherein the chemical reaction has assisted in the removal of a contaminant) or (3) an element (wherein the chemical reaction consists of decomposing a compound to produce the elemental form). (b) provides for any process of treating waste or unwanted material involving a chemical reaction induced by wave energy where there is no intent to recover a specified desired product. (c) provides for effecting optical rotation, i.e., d, 1 optical rotation for effecting a change in isomeric forms, e.g., cis to trans isomers by wave energy, etc. (d) provides for producing a photochromic material by using wave energy. (e) provides for effecting a chemical reaction by wave energy where the product produced is a composition not disclosed as having a desired use. Materials which are compositions to begin with such as tobacco, foods, etc., are not proper for this area unless a final desired product is isolated which is a compound or element. (f) provides for the degradation of a chemical compound or polymer by wave energy to produce a chemical compound or element.
(2) Note. The utilization of wave energy to effect a color change is presumed to be a chemical reaction for purposes of this class unless otherwise stated in the specification.
(3) Note. The utilization of wave energy to increase the viscosity of a chemical compound is considered to be a chemical reaction for purposes of this class unless otherwise stated in the specification. Also included herein is a process of removing an embrittlement causing material from a metallic substance to reduce the embrittlement condition of metal.
(4) Note. The term "wave energy" includes radiation as well as wave energies transmitted by various mediums and embraces electromagnetic waves or radiations, sonic supersonic, ultrasonic waves, neutrons, protons, deutron and other corpuscular radiations.
(5) Note. The term "electromagnetic waves"" as employed in the (4) Note above includes, e.g., X-ray and gamma-ray, ultraviolet, infra red, and visible light rays, and short electric and radio waves. Energy including wave energy processes which produces merely a thermal effect or heat waves, per se, even if a chemical reaction is induced is excluded under the provisions of the class definitions, see CLASS DEFINITIONS, REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES, and GLOSSARY in the main class definition.
(6) Note. Classification of documents into this area is on the basis of the wave energy step providing the final desired product and not necessarily on the first wave energy step recited if that product is not the ultimate desired product of the claim. An example of such a situation would be a wave energy step of preparing a nitrogen heterocyclic compound followed by a wave energy step of cleaving the heterocyclic ring whereby the final product is devoid of a heterocyclic ring but still contains a nitrogen atom. Classification in 157.81 rather than in 157.71 would be proper.
(7) Note. In those subclasses which are identified in the classification schedule as "using," i.e., 157.22, 157.41, 157.42, 157.43, 157.44, 157.61, 157.62, 157.63 original placement has been on either specifically claimed subject matter or solely disclosed subject matter. Claims which are alternative but which specifically recite the subject matter of the above subclasses are considered as being claimed. An example of such a situation would be a claim reciting alternatively the use of a laser of X-ray to produce a desired nitrogen compound. Classification as an original in 157.61 would be proper. The rule to be followed is that if the claim does not meet the parameter of the "solely disclosed or claimed rule" it is classified below on some other aspect of the claim.
(8) Note. This area does not provide for products of a wave energy procedure nor does it provide for compositions or compounds which are to be exposed to wave energy. Patents with claims drawn to a process of preparing a compound in the presence of wave energy and the compound, per se, are originally classified in the appropriate product class (260, etc.). See Class 252, Compositions, in particular subclass 188.31 for compositions which are to be exposed to wave energy so as to produce a desired compound or element.
(9) Note. Processes of growing crystals, dissolving compounds, altering friability of particles, changing the structure in a crystal lattice or converting a substance into an amorphous state (e.g., Cg to Cd) are considered to be physical processes and thus are excluded from this class unless stated to be chemical reactions by the patentee.

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260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,   518, Chemistry: Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or Purification or Recovery of Products Thereof, 530 - 570, Organic Compounds -- Part of the Class 532 - 570 Series, AND 585, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, for (1) processes for purifying an organic compound wherein no chemical reaction induced by wave energy is involved and (2) for processes with subsequent chemical process steps when such latter steps modify the product of the wave energy method to produce a different compound and (3) organic products prepared in the presence of wave energy. A process of preparing an organic compound by a chemical reaction which reaction is generic so as to include or exclude a Class 204 wave energy step is classified with the nonwave energy step, i.e., 518, 530 - 570 or Class 585 and cross-reference to Class 204.
313, Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices,   appropriate subclasses for electric lamps and electric space discharge devices such as ultraviolet light generators, and cathode-ray tubes. See especially subclass 112 for lamps and discharge devices having an envelope made of a material which will transmit invisible radiations and subclasses 364+ for cathode-ray tubes.
376, Induced Nuclear Reactions: Processes, Systems, and Elements,   appropriate subclasses, especially subclasses 323+ for a chemical reaction carried out in a reactor.
378, X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices,   subclasses 119+ for X-ray sources, etc.
422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,   subclasses 186+ for apparatus for carrying out the radiant energy chemical processes of this subclass, subclasses 127+ for apparatus having means to initiate or perfect a process using shock or sound wave, and subclasses 1+ for radiant or wave energy methods in general for preserving, disinfecting, and sterilizing.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,   for (1) processes of purifying an inorganic compound or nonmetallic element wherein no chemical reaction induced by wave energy is involved (2) for processes with subsequent chemical process steps when such latter steps modify the product of the wave energy method to produce a nonmetallic element or different inorganic compound and (3) inorganic products prepared in the presence of wave energy. A process of preparing an inorganic compound or free nonmetallic element by a chemical reaction which reaction is generic so as to include or exclude a Class 204 wave energy step is classified with nonwave energy step, i.e., Class 423 and cross-reference to Class 204.
427, Coating Processes,   for general coating processes; especially subclasses 457+ for direct application of electrical, magnetic, wave, or particulate energy (without effecting a chemical reaction) as part of a coating process (including pre- or post-treatment). Class 204 provides for processes involving combined coating operations in which at least one coated layer is applied by a Class 204 coating operation. However, a Class 427 coating step followed by curing (considered to be a mere perfecting step) of the 427 coating using electrical or wave energy is proper for Class 427.
430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof,   appropriate subclasses for radiation sensitive compositions and elements and for processes of exposing said compositions or elements to wave energy in an imagewise exposure technique.
435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,   subclasses 173.1+ for electrical or wave energy treatment of micro-organisms or enzymes.
520, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers,   in particular Class 522, for processes of preparing or treating a solid polymer utilizing wave energy and compositions to be polymerized or modified by wave energy wherein said composition contains a rate affecting material. Class 520, subclasses 1+ also provides for products which are the result of a chemical modification utilizing wave energy. Class 204 is superior to Class 520, subclasses 1+ therefore a patent claiming in the alternative a process of preparing an organic compound and a synthetic resin in the presence of wave energy is classified for original in purposes in Class 204 and cross-reference into Class 520. In the situation where an alternative claim is presented as well as a specific claim to the synthetic is synthetic resin species and there is no specific claims to nonresin species, e.g., the organic compound, etc., the same rule of original patent placement applies. Any step involving electrolysis, an electric, current electroosmosis, electrophoresis, electrostatic field, electrical discharge or magnetic field and also involving a synthetic resin or natural rubber will be proper in Class 204 even when a wave energy step is involved in any part of the process.
588, Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,   subclasses 301 through 310for the use of wave energy in the chemical destruction of hazardous or toxic waste.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.2]    157.2Isotope separation or enrichment:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15.  Subject matter involving chemical processes which separate isotopic species from materials containing differing isotopes; or the enrichment of a material in a particular isotope; or the production of an isotopic species; all of said processes brought about by wave energy.
(1) Note. Examples of patents in this subclass are (a) processes for increasing the concentration of deuterium relative to hydrogen in a fluorhydrocarbon; and (b) processes of producing C13 by decomposing C3H6, said C3H6 containing C12 and C13 by irradiating C3H6.
(2) Note. "Enrichment of an isotopic species" refers to increasing the isotope concentration by an exchange process to a level greater than that existing before the exchange.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.21]    157.21Inorganic product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.2.  Subject matter wherein the produce produced is inorganic in nature.
(1) Note. An inorganic compound for purposes of this subclass denotes those compounds which do not meet the definition of organic which is compounds having carbon therein and which are further characterized by the presence in a molecule of (a) two carbon atoms bonded together, or (b) one atom of carbon bonded to at least least one atom of hydrogen or halogen, or (c) one atom of carbon bonded to at least one atom of nitrogen by a single or double bond, with the proviso that hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen, isocyanic acid, cyanamide, cyanogen halides, isothiocyanic acid, and metal carbides are excluded as being organic compounds.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

900,through 914 for art collections pertaiving to subclasses 157.15 through 158.21.

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75, Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Powder Metal Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures,   subclasses 122.5+ for radioactive alloys or metallic compositions.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,   subclasses 2+ for process for chemically treating a mixture to obtain a radioactive inorganic isotope and subclasses 249+ for a radioactive inorganic compound, nonmetallic element or isotope, per se.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.22]    157.22Using laser:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.21.  Subject matter wherein the separation or enrichment is wherein the separation or enrichment is claimed or solely disclosed as being induced by the use of light amplified by stimulated emissions of radiation, i.e., laser.
(1) Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy processs, i.e., laser. In order for a wave energy process to be classified herein as an original, there must be claim to the noted process or the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific process. The wave energy process in the claim need not to be limited to the provided specific process if the claim specifically recites the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.3]    157.3Removing a component from normally gaseous mixture:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15.  Subject matter in which an initial normally gaseous or vaporous mixture is treated by wave energy so as to remove therefrom by a chemical reaction or change to a different chemical form at least one of the components therein, resulting in a heterogeneous composition.
(1) Note. When the recovery of a definite chemical compound or element as a product is claimed, original classification of the patent is in subclass 157.4 or 157.6. However, where the claim does not include the step of separating the modified component, the patent is classified here even though the disclosed intent is to ultimately effect separation of the component.
(2) Note. The mixture need not be entirely gaseous. It may contain entrained solids or liquids. It must however be handled and distributed as a gas and must be in this form at the onset of the treatment.
(3) Note. Methods of purifying a gaseous composition so as to perfect said remaining composition for a particular art use are classified with the art use.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

95, Gas Separation: Processes,   appropriate subclasses, for processes of purifying a gaseous mixture or separating a constituent therefrom where no chemical reaction is involved in the separation or purification, per se.
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds,   subclasses 210+ for processes of purifying a gaseous mixture or separating constituent therefrom involving a chemical reaction where the claim does not include the step of separating the modified component and the appropriate compound subclasses 249 - 658 when the claim does include such step.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.4]    157.4Process of preparing desired inorganic material:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.15.  Subject matter wherein an element of inorganic compound is produced by a chemical reaction brought about by wave energy.
(1) Note. An inorganic compound is one that does not meet the definition of "organic" as elaborated in subclass 157.6.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

158.2,for processes of purifying an inorganic substance by removing impurities therefrom using wave energy.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.41]    157.41Using laser:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4.  Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed or solely disclosed as being induced by the use of light amplified by stimulated emissions of radiation, i.e., a laser.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

158.2,for processes of purifying an inorganic substance by employing a laser to decompose the organic or inorganic contaminant.
(1) Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy process, i.e., laser. In order for a wave energy process to be classified herein as an original, there must be a claim to the noted process or the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific process. The wave energy process in the claim specifically recited the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.42]    157.42Using sonic of ultrasonic energy:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4.  Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is either claimed or solely disclosed as being induced or effected by the step of imparting rapid oscillation at a frequency of greater than 10 cycles per second.
(1) Note. Claims drawn merely to "sonic" energy or "ultrasonic energy" are presumed to meet the stated limitations and thus would be classified herein.
(2) Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy process, i.e., sonic or ultrasonic energy. In order for a wave energy process to be classified herein as an original, there must be a claim to the noted process or the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific process. The wave energy process in the claim need not be limited to the provided specific process if the claim specifically recites the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.43]    157.43Using microwave energy:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4.  Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed or solely disclosed as being induced or effected by a wave having a wavelength between 30,000 nanometers and 1X109 nanometers and which is usually generated by radio frequency power tubes from high-voltage direct current.
(1) Note. Claims drawn merely to "microwave energy" are presumed to meet the stated limitations and thus would be classified herein.
(2) Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy process, i.e. microwave energy. In order for a wave energy process to be classified herein as an original, there must be a claim to the noted process or the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific process. The wave energy process in the claim need not be limited to the provided specific process if the claim specifically recites the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.44]    157.44Using ionizing radiation:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4.  Subject matter wherein the chemical reaction is claimed or solely disclosed as being induced or effected by ionizing radiation.
(1) Note. Included within the term ionizing radiation are X-rays, gamma rays, nuclear particles like protons, fast neutrons, alpha and beta particles, deuterons, fission fragments and the like or high speed accelerated electrons (including electron bombardment).
(2) Note. The radiation proper for this subclass may be obtained from various sources. The following is a list of such possible sources, e.g., including natural radioactive materials, which emit alpha, beta and gamma radiation such as radium and its compounds; from nuclear fission by-products of processes in which atomic power is generated, these by-products including elements having atomic numbers 30 to 63; from materials made radioactive by exposure to neutron radiation, such as cobalt-60, cesium-37, sodium-24, manganese-56, gadolinium-72, lanthanum-140, etc.; or from operating nuclear reactors including spent fuel elements. The charged particles may be brought to high energy levels by acceleration in devices like cathode ray tubes, Van de Graff generators, resonant cavity accelerators, betatrons, synchrotrons, cyclotrons, and electron accelerators. Suitable accelerated electrons may also be obtained as beta radiation from radioactive isotopes, such as C14, P32, Sr90 and tritium. High energy X-ray machines are a source of X-rays as are the bombardments of metal targets, such as gold or tungsten, with high energy electrons.
(3) Note. This area provides for a specific wave energy process, i.e., ionizing radiation. In order for a wave energy process to be classified herein as an original, there must be claim to the noted process or the total disclosure in the patent must be directed to the specific process. The wave energy process in the claim need not be limited to the provided specific process if the claim specifically recites the process of this subclass. Processes not claimed or solely disclosed are classified below on some other aspect.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.45]    157.45Boron, phosphorous or silicon containing product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4.  Subject matter wherein the wave energy process of the product contains at least one boron, phosphorus or silicon atom.
(1) Note. Processes for the production of glass and clay analogues are included herein.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.46]    157.46Nitrogen containing product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4.  Subject matter wherein the product of said wave energy process contains at least one nitrogen atom.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.47]    157.47Carbon containing product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4.  Subject matter wherein the product of said wave energy process contains at least one carbon atom.
(1) Note. Processes for the production of carbon black are included herein.
  
[List of Patents for class 204 subclass 157.48]    157.48Halogen containing product produced:
 This subclass is indented under subclass 157.4.  Subject matter wherein the product of said wave energy process contains at least one halogen atom.
(1) Note. Halogen is limited to fluorine, Chlorine, iodine, bromine and astatine.