Class Definition for Class 156 - ADHESIVE BONDING AND MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL MANUFACTURE

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CLASS 156,	ADHESIVE BONDING AND MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL MANUFACTURE
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

This is the generic class for:

1. Manufacturing processes and apparatus including a step of adhesively bonding parts together utilizing a nonmetallic cement or assembly of parts for adhesive bonding of that type.

2. The manufacture of articles of commerce in which one of the manufacturing steps includes a chemical reaction.

3. The manufacture of panels from settable inorganic compositions having adhered facing sheets (e.g., plaster board). See Subclass References To The Current Class for these processes and apparatus. The subclasses referenced therein should be examined for the precise limits of the subject matter provided for and for additional fields of search.

4. The manufacture of electrical conductors of indefinite length where not elsewhere provided for. See Subclass References To The Current Class for these processes. The subclasses referenced therein and notes thereto should be consulted for the precise limits of the subject matter there provided for.

Miscellaneous Subject Matter Also Provided For

1. This class includes several subclasses relating to the manufacture of simulations or representations, that is articles which give the appearance of being a specific object without in fact being that object. Also provided is a subclass relating to the preparation of products of nature for display in their natural form. This class also includes processes not elsewhere provided for in which is recited a step of free hand drawing or shaping to produce an ornamental form. See Subclass References to the Current Class, below, for specific cites. The subclass definitions for all the above areas should be inspected and especially the notes thereto for the lines between these specific subclasses and other classes.

2. Apparatus for performing shaping operations, per se, on dry paper or paperlike materials are provided for in this class. See Subclass References to the Current Class, below, for specific cites. The lines with various classes and analogous search fields are set out in the subclasses mentioned there.

3. Delaminating. This class provides for the separation of a bonded joint by destroying the bond and separating the parts. See Subclass References to the Current Class, below, for subclasses for methods for delaminating and corresponding apparatus.

SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

SPECIAL LINES WITH CLASS 29, METAL WORKING

Class 29 has several important relationships with this class (156). Both classes take designated single-step processes, and both are locations for multistep processes for manufacturing designated products or using certain combinations of steps.

Single-step processes provided for in Class 29 include shaping particulate metal by pressure alone, burnishing, filing, mechanical joining of parts, etc., even when used in the manufacture of a product designated for Class 156, in section I, above. Likewise, where only an adhesive bonding step is claimed, the process is assigned to Class 156, even though a product designated for Class 29 is manufactured.

Multistep processes for Class 29 are of two types: (1) Those for making specified articles, enumerated in that part of the Class 29 subclass 401.1. (2) Multistep manufacturing processes not provided for elsewhere.

Insofar as processes of type (1) are concerned, these are assigned to Class 29, even when an adhesive bonding step is claimed as part of the multistep process, except for processes classifiable in subclasses 825+, which follows the category (2) rule given in the next paragraph.

Processes of type (2) are provided for in this class (156) when they claim: (a) Adhesive bonding combined with shaping of nonmetals. (b) Adhesive bonding combined with broad or nominally claimed metal shaping steps. (c) Adhesive bonding including steps for assembling the parts to be bonded.

Processes of type (2) are classified in Class 29 when they claim: (a) Adhesive bonding combined with specified metal shaping steps. (b) Adhesive bonding combined with mechanical joining, either broad or specific.

A. Bonding And/Or Assembly Therefor.

1. This class provides for the adhesive securing of parts utilizing nonmetallic cementing media. The adhesive may be separately applied tacky material, or it may be a nontacky material on application that is subsequently activated. The parts joined may be inherently tacky without the addition of an adhesive or may be rendered tacky by the application of an activating material or agent.

2. This class provides for process for assembling adhesive coated or tacky parts even though the step of applying the adhesive may not be claimed. Assembly or association of articles for subsequent bonding or adhesive applying where the subsequent bonding is not claimed is generally not provided for in this class. Any step in addition to the assembly, however, which might be considered to be unique to adhesive bonding is sufficient to cause the patent to be classified in this class.

3. This class provides for apparatus for assembling and joining of parts. Generally it is required that the apparatus include means to bring the parts into assembled association and that the parts have adhesive applied to them or means be claimed to apply adhesive or render the parts adhesive. This class generally does not provide for apparatus for bringing parts together for subsequent adhesive application where such application is not claimed. Appropriate classes are listed in References to Other Classes, below. Class 29, Metal Working, especially provides for such devices.

B. Laminating Combined With Other Operations

1. This class provides for the combination of laminating with other working steps, however other classes provide for laminating for the manufacture of specific articles, or particular operations combined with laminating steps. See References to Other Classes, below, referencing this section.

C. Chemical Manufactures

1. Etching apparatus in general is provided for in Class 134, Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, except apparatus for (a) applying etchant to a restricted portion of a product or (b) causing the etchant to be applied differently to different areas of the product Class 156 (subclasses 345.1-345.55). Attention is directed to the search notes of these subclasses for the locus of other art relating to this subject matter. Processes and apparatus for electrolytic etching are provided for in Class 204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy.

2. Class 430, Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof, Class 427, Coating Processes, and Class 264, Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes, generally provide for chemical reactions which take place during photos:graphic imaging, coating or molding steps, respectively. Where etching is employed merely to prepare a surface for some subsequent operation, e.g., coating, welding, etc., the patent to the combination is classified with the subsequent operation. Also, imaging or coating combined with subsequent chemical etching is provided for in Class 430 or 427, while molding combined with subsequent reactive gas or vapor treatment is provided for in Class 264.

3. Class 29, Metal Working, provides for its own operations when combined with a coating step or a molding step. See also "A. Bonding And/Or Assembly Therefor" above.

See References to Other Classes, below, referencing this section.

D. Single-crystal Growth

1. This subject matter is located in Class 117, Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy Growth Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor.

E. Products

This class does not provide for products of manufacture. Class 428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, in appropriate subclasses provides for the products resulting from the processes of this class where not elsewhere provided for. For the classification of other articles, attention is directed to the "Index to Classification".

LINE WITH CLASS 228 AND CLASS 219

See Class 228, Metal Fusion Bonding, appropriate subclasses for joining of parts by metallurgical bonding and also see Class 219, Electric Heating, for welding of metals by electric heating. (For apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application)

SECTION III - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

39+,	and 346+ for, respectively, the apparatus and the processes for the manufacture of panels from settable inorganic compositions having adhered facing sheets (e.g., plaster board). The definitions and notes to these subclasses should be examined for the precise limits of the subject matter provided for and for additional fields of search.
47+,	for processes of the manufacture of electrical conductors of indefinite length where not elsewhere provided for. The subclasses referenced therein and notes thereto should be consulted for the precise limits of the subject matter there provided for.
57,	for preparation of products of nature for display in their natural form.
58,	59, 61, for manufacture of simulations or representations, that is articles which give the appearance of being a specific object without in fact being that object ).
62,	for processes not elsewhere provided for in which is recited a step of free hand drawing or shaping to produce an ornamental form.
344,	for methods for delaminating.
584,	for apparatus for delaminating.
585+,	for apparatus for performing shaping operations, per se, on dry paper or paperlike materials. The lines with various classes and analogous search fields are set out in this subclass.

SECTION IV - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

2,	Apparel, subclasses 243+ for processes for making apparel including a cementing step combined with other apparel manufacturing steps. (See "Laminating combined with other operations" above).
7,	Compound Tools, appropriate subclasses for laminating tools combined with other working devices. (See "Laminating combined with other operations" above)
12,	Boot and Shoe Making, appropriate subclasses for shoe making including laminating. (see "Laminating combined with other operations" above).
15,	Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning, appropriate subclasses, for laminating implements there provided for of the brush or wiper type. (For apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application).
15,	Brushing, Scrubbing, and General Cleaning, subclasses 105+ for tools of that class when combined with some other tool even though the Class 15 tool may be disclosed as having a laminating function. See "A. Bonding And/Or Assembly Therefor" above for the line between Class 15 and Class 156 as to tools, per se. (See "Laminating combined with other operations" above).
26,	Textiles: Cloth Finishing, subclasses 3+ for cloth singeing and general textile cloth finishing. (See "C. Chemical Manufactures" above).
28,	Textiles: Manufacturing, appropriate subclasses as the generic class for textile operations, and especially subclasses 167+ , 178+, 261, and 265+ for significantly claimed textile operations combined with steps of coating, dyeing or fluid treatment. (See "C. Chemical Manufactures" above).
28,	Textiles: Manufacturing, subclasses 107+ for the formation of a textile product by mechanically interlocking or interengaging of threads, yarns, fibers or the like in a manner not provided for elsewhere, such as by needling.(for apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application).
29,	Metal Working, subclasses 2 through 25.42,91 through 91.8, 592.1 through 623.5, and 825 through 899.1 for combined apparatus or processes for making specific articles set forth even though an adhesive bonding be claimed. This class (156) can provide for manufacture of these arti where a laminating step only is claimed. Subclasses 33 and 700 through 285.5 of Class 29 provide for assembly and shaping combined with other manufacturing means or steps. See subclasses 592.1 through 887 of Class 29 for the residual home for methods of making electrical devices and sub 729 through 761 for corresponding apparatus. See the Class Definition of this class (156) for those articles for which Class 156 is the resid manufacturing class.
43,	Fishing, Trapping, and Vermin Destroying, subclass 42.53 for combined processes for making artificial fishing lures or bait. (See "Laminating Combined With Other Operations" above).
51,	Abrasive Tool Making Process, Material, or Composition, and especially subclass 297 for an abrasive tool making process which may involve a laminating step. (See "Laminating Combined With Other Operations" above).
51,	Abrasive Tool Making Process, Material, or Composition, for a process for making an abrading tool and see especially the notes therein for the lines with other classes. (See "C. Chemical Manufactures" above).
52,	Static Structures (e.g., Buildings), subclasses 746.1+ for a process involving erection or assembly of a building or building component involving more than merely adhering a preformed sheet form member to a surface. (See "Laminating Combined With Other Operations" above).
53,	Package Making, appropriate subclasses for laminating operations, per se, peculiar to package making. That class provides for adhesively sealing a filled package where package handling means are claimed. Class 53 also provides for adhering encircling sealing strips ( subclass 137.2 ) which seal portions of cover, i.e., cover adjuncts. Partial cover application, such as cigar bands, for example, are provided for in Class 53, subclass 580, especially where the band is secured to itself. (For apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application).
53,	Package Making, appropriate subclasses for package making including a laminating step and see "A. Bonding And/Or Assembly Therefor" above for the line with Class 53. (See "Laminating Combined With Other Operations" above).
57,	Textiles: Spinning, Twisting, and Twining, subclasses 3+ , 210, and 362 for covering or wrapping cores of indefinite length when including or followed by a twisting or twining operation. (See "Laminating Combined With Other Operations" above).
65,	Glass Manufacturing, subclass 31 for a process involving a glassworking operation combined with an etching operation in any sequence. (see "C. Chemical Manufactures" above).
65,	Glass Manufacturing, subclasses 36+ for a process of bonding glass by glassworking operation to a formed part, and see the line note in subclass 36; especially see subclasses 37+ for multi-focal lens making including fusion bonding, and see the line note in subclass 37; subclass 42 for a process of glassworking including bonding of a subassembly with subsequent assembly and bonding of formed parts only, and see the line note in subclass 42). (For apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application)
76,	Metal Tools and Implements, Making, subclasses 101.1+ for metal tool and implement making processes which may involve a laminating step. (See "Laminating Combined With Other Operations" above).
99,	Foods and Beverages: Apparatus, subclasses 450.1+ for apparatus for making a composite edible by laminating preforms. (For apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application).
100,	Presses, for press apparatus, per se, even where disclosed for performing a laminating function. That class (100) can take feeding of a previously associated sandwich into the press couple or removal of the sandwich from the couple. Mere heating in the press is also provided for in Class 100, subclasses 300+ as is means placing the material pressed under vacuum during pressing (subclass 90). This class (156) provides for pressing and for laminating not provided for in Class 100, i.e., (1) pressing combined with means peculiar to laminating or (2) presses modified uniquely for laminating. Under (1) above, means associating or assembling parts before pressing, for example, is in this class (156). In subclasses 580+ of this class may be found certain presses, per se, or platen structures modified for laminating. Thus, for example, under (2) above and in these subclasses may be found press platens having relieved areas whereby the pressed sandwich is bonded at spaced points, differentially heated platens to achieve the same effect. (for apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application).
101,	Printing, appropriate subclasses provides for the transfer of sheet-like material onto a base where the transfer element is a printing member of the type provided for in that class. Die printing with gold leaf, for example, is provided for in that class (101) when a ribbon of leaf is used and a portion thereof is impressed and adhered onto the base by a printing member. (For apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application)
101,	Printing, subclass 463.1 , for processes for making printing plates and surfaces there provided for. (See "C. Chemical Manufactures" above).
114,	Ships, subclass 86 for ship calking and seaming and subclass 224 for implements performing this function. (For apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application).
118,	Coating Apparatus, appropriate subclasses for devices which only apply adhesive to parts previously associated. Any manipulation of the parts to facilitate lamination or manipulations peculiar to lamination are excluded from this class (118). Thus, for example, separating parts to insure flow of adhesive there between is provided for in Class 156. (For apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application).
131,	Tobacco, subclasses 290+ for tobacco treating processes. (See "C. Chemical Manufactures" above).
131,	Tobacco, appropriate subclasses for cigar and cigarette making combined with laminating.
134,	Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, for cleaning processes and especially subclass 2 and 3 for chemical bleaching, oxidation or reduction of a metallic, siliceous or calcareous base. That class (134) also provides for apparatus for contacting solid workpieces with an etchant fluid. Class 156 provides for etching apparatus in which the etchant has a differential effect on the work. (See "C. Chemical Manufactures" above).
144,	Woodworking, subclasses 3.1+ for a machine for charring or burning wood. (See "C. Chemical Manufactures" above).
157,	Wheelwright Machines, subclasses 1.1+ for rubber tire mounting or demounting apparatus. (for apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application)
162,	Paper Making and Fiber Liberation, subclasses 123+ for processes for producing multilayer water-laid sheets or webs. (For apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application).
162,	Paper Making and Fiber Liberation, appropriate subclasses for the combination of paper making and laminating. (See "Laminating Combined With Other Operations" above)
164,	Metal Founding, subclasses 91+ for processes of forming composite articles by a metal casting operation. (For apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application).
165,	Heat Exchange, subclasses 168+ for heated surfaces or heat exchange members, per se, which may function to apply laminating heat to a work piece. (For apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application).
219,	Electric Heating, appropriate subclasses for electric heating of metals for welding. That class (219) also provides for electric heaters, per se, which may be used for adhesive bonding and for heated couples not specifically modified to provide for a laminating function. (for apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application).
227,	Elongated-Member-Driving Apparatus, appropriate subclasses, for joining by mechanical means there provided for. (For apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application).
228,	Metal Fusion Bonding, appropriate subclasses for joining of parts by metallurgical bonding. (See Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class, above.)
264,	Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes, appropriate subclasses for processes within the class definition, for casting or molding operations which may include a uniting operation. Class 264 provides for casting a part onto a preform to form a composite article and also provides for uniting two or more spaced preforms by introducing fluent material therebetween. For a more comprehensive line between Classes 156 and 254 see the class definitions of Class 264. (For apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application).
223,	Apparel Apparatus, appropriate subclasses for garment making apparatus which may include laminating means in combination therewith.
227,	Elongated-Member-Driving Apparatus, subclass 14 for apparatus for applying a member, e.g., nail, to a workpiece combined with means to apply cement to the workpiece for a securing purpose. (See "Laminating Combined With Other Operations" above)
242,	Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding, subclasses 551+ for unwinding an elongated material with attachment to a preceding material including means to unite material ends together to insure a continuous supply. The art in Class 242 typically handles rolls or spools in addition to unwinding. (See "Laminating Combined With Other Operations" above).
300,	Brush, Broom, and Mop Making, appropriate subclasses, for processes for making the finished articles there provided for by a bonding step. (For apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application)
404,	Road Structure, Process, or Apparatus, appropriate subclasses under 72+ and 83+, for a road and pavement making process and apparatus which may include a step of bonding or a means for bonding. (For apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application).
404,	Road Structure, Process, or Apparatus, subclasses 72+ for a process of making a roadway which may include the step of setting or curing road material. (See "C. Chemical Manufactures" above).
404,	Road Structure, Process, or Apparatus, appropriate subclasses under 72+ and 83+ for a road and pavement making process and apparatus which may include a step of laminating or a means for laminating. (See "Laminating Combined With Other Operations" above).
412,	Bookbinding: Process and Apparatus, appropriate subclasses for specific book making steps or apparatuses combined with laminating. This class (156) provides for making single book elements, such as laminated book covers, even though the plural manufacturing steps may be claimed. (See "Laminating Combined With Other Operations" above).
422,	Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, appropriate subclasses as the residual class for apparatus involving chemical procedures. (See "C. Chemical Manufactures" above).
423,	Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, as the parent class for processes involving a chemical reaction. (See "C. Chemical Manufactures" above).
430,	Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition, or Product Thereof, for radiation imagery including an etching step. (See "C. Chemical Manufactures" above).
436,	Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, for processes and compositions for qualitative or quantitative chemical testing especially subclass 4 for a chemical determination of properties of a crystal or crystalline materials. (See "C. Chemical Manufactures" above).
425,	Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus, subclasses 110+ for apparatus uniting parts within a mold cavity or for making a composite article from a preform and fluent material by casting thereof in a mold. (For apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application).
427,	Coating Processes, for coating, per se, with adhesive material even where the adhesive is disclosed as for the purpose of laminating. Class 427 also provides for coating previously associated parts where association is not claimed. (For apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application).
505,	Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material, Process, subclasses 300+ for processes of producing high temperature (T_c > 30 K) superconductors. (For apparatus bringing parts together for adhesive application, not claiming application).
445,	Electric Lamp or Space Discharge Component or Device Manufacturing, appropriate subclasses for processes there provided for which may include chemical manufacturing steps. (See "C. Chemical Manufactures" above).
445,	Electric Lamp or Space Discharge Component or Device Manufacturing, subclass 2 , 23+, 61 and 66+ as the residual class for the manufacture of electric lamp and discharge devices and see especially the class definition thereof for the locus of other patents relating to the manufacture of these devices. (See "Laminating Combined With Other Operations" above).
493,	Manufacturing Container or Tube From Paper; or Other Manufacturing From a Sheet or Web, appropriate subclasses for manufactures which includes a laminating or adhesive bonding step. That Class 493 generally manufactures finished articles of commerce from paper or paperlike materials and is the generic class for the manufacture of the specific articles there provided for. Class 156 provides for subcombinations of laminating single seams in the manufacture of those articles and also provides for tube making methods involving a laminating step. See the line note under the definition of Class 493 to this class (156) for further clarification of the lines between these classes. (See "Laminating Combined With Other Operations" above).
505,	Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material, Process, subclasses 300+ for processes of producing high temperature (T_c > 30 K) superconductors. (See "Laminating Combined With Other Operations" above).
505,	Superconductor Technology: Apparatus, Material, Process, subclasses 300+ for processes of producing high temperature (T_c > 30 K) superconductors. (See "C. Chemical Manufactures" above).
588,	Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment, appropriate subclasses for the chemical destruction or containment of hazardous or toxic waste. (See "C. Chemical Manufactures" above).

SECTION V - GLOSSARY

ADHESIVE BOND

The joining of parts (a) by means of a separate glue-like material or (b) by rendering contacting surfaces tacky by means of solvent and/or heat.

BENDING

Distortion of a workpiece by bodily moving a portion of it throughout its entire thickness relative to a second portion during which the thickness of the workpiece remains substantially the same and no significant plastic flow occurs.

BULK DEPOSITION OF PARTICULATE MATERIAL

The fluent delivery of a stream of separate loose pieces onto a receiving surface. The relative size of the pieces is not significant, rather it is the manner in which they are handled, as a mass or stream rather than each particle being individually manipulated.

INDEFINITE LENGTH WORK

A piece of material handled at points intermediate its ends whereby the length is immaterial to the manner of handling.

LAMINA

One of the component parts or layers of an adhesively bonded sandwich. Also an element which by disclosure is to be bonded to a separate element.

SUBCLASSES

[List of Patents for class 156 subclass 1]

METHODS:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Methods for the manufacture of articles.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

345.1

through 345.55, for differential etching apparatus.

[List of Patents for class 156 subclass 39]

Plaster board making:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes which are directed to making bodies having at least three layers, at least one of whose intermediate layers is composed of an inorganic settable material of structural strength, and whose outermost layers are of a sheet-like material.

(1) Note. The primary function of the inorganic settable material is to give structural strength to the multi-layered body.

(2) Note. The inorganic settable material is normally referred to as the core and the outer layer as the facing sheet.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

346+,

for plaster board making type of apparatus.

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

106,	Compositions: Coating or Plastic, subclasses 638+ for coating compositions containing an inorganic settable material.
264,	Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes, appropriate subclasses for processes within the class definition for casting a settable material onto a surface and stripping therefrom when not combined with the step of adhering facing sheets to the settable material. subclass 333 therein pertains to processes utilizing heat or pressure indicating, mold or die shaping of inorganic hydraulic settable materials, not classifiable above.
427,	Coating Processes, appropriate subclass, for processes of coating a substrate.
428,	Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, subclasses 304.4+ for a composite stock material web or sheet including a porous or cellular layer, and the appropriate subclasses under subclasses 411+ for a nonstructural "plaster-board" plural layer product.

[List of Patents for class 156 subclass 40]

With bending or folding of facing sheet:

This subclass is indented under subclass 39. Processes combined with the step of folding and/or bending at least one facing sheet.

(1) Note. See subclasses 196 and 226 of this class for definitions of the scope of the terms "bending" and "folding", respectively.

(2) Note. Included in this subclass are processes of bending a single facing sheet into a trough-like shape and applying the core material to the trough thus formed.

(3) Note. This subclass also includes processes wherein a single facing sheet completely envelopes the core material.

(4) Note. Processes wherein a facing sheet is turned about the edges of the core material and embedded therein are included in this subclass.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

196+,

for processes of bending or reshaping a self-sustaining lamina.

41	With water-proofing and added material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 39. Processes which include the step of coating a facing sheet of, the assembled body, or adding an ingredient to the core material which coating or added ingredient renders the plasterboard impervious to the passage of water.

[List of Patents for class 156 subclass 42]

With embedding of reinforcing material during or subsequent to core formation:

This subclass is indented under subclass 39. Processes which include the envelopment of an additional element by the core material which element imparts additional structural strength to the completed plasterboard.

(1) Note. The additional element may be fibers, rods, tubes or any other material which adds structural strength to the core material.

(2) Note. The reenforcing elements may be added during the formulation of the core material.

[List of Patents for class 156 subclass 43]

Pore forming in situ:

This subclass is indented under subclass 39. Processes which include the step of causing the core material to become cellular in nature after association of the core material with at least one of the facing sheets.

(1) Note. The addition of activatable foaming agents, beating, or heating of gas generating materials are some examples of the means used to cause the core to become cellular.

[List of Patents for class 156 subclass 44]

With preliminary treatment of facing sheet:

This subclass is indented under subclass 39. Processes in which at least one of the facing sheets is subjected to a mechanical and/or chemical modification prior to the association of the various layers.

(1) Note. Trimming, roughening, perforating, application of adhesive, printing, and coating are some examples of the types of treatments herein included.

[List of Patents for class 156 subclass 45]

With subsequen treatment of plaster board:

This subclass is indented under subclass 39. Processes in which the unitary body formed by the association of the facing sheets and core material is thereafter subjected to a chemical and/or mechanical modification.

(1) Note. Edge smoothing, cutting, manipulative drying techniques, coating, printing and manipulative pressure application are some examples of the type of modifications herein included.

[List of Patents for class 156 subclass 46]

Perforating:

This subclass is indented under subclass 45. Processes in which the modification is the formation of an aperture.

(1) Note. The aperture need not necessarily extend through the entire body but may stop short of penetrating the second facing sheet.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

252,	for processes of forming apertures in lamina.

[List of Patents for class 156 subclass 47]

Making electrical conductors of indefinite length:

This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Processes for making indefinite length electrical conductors or for joining, splicing or repairing the same.

(1) Note. The term "conductor" as used herein, means any wire, strand, filament bar, rod, cable, cord, tube, or like element, of indefinite length, simple or compound, bare or insulated, designed and intended to provide an electrically conductive path between its end.

(2) Note. This class is a residual class for miscellaneous patents pertaining to the above subject matter and which cannot be classified elsewhere. The bulk of the patents relating to this subject matter is to be found in the various manufacturing apparatus and process classes referred to in the following notes. The definitions of these classes should be consulted to determine the scope and limitations thereof, this class (156) taking only those patents which cannot be properly allocated to any other manufacturing class. The following notes refer to those classes in which conductor manufacturing and other immediately related processes and apparatus are known to exist, but are probably not exhaustive.

(3) Note. METAL WORKING OPERATIONS For the making, forming, or shaping of wires, rods, tubes, cables, or other metallic elements, either simple or compound, or for the covering or sheathing of wires, rods, etc., either insulated or not, by mere metal working operations; see "SEARCH CLASS" below with reference to Metal Working Operations.

(4) Note. The above classes also provide for certain subsidiary or miscellaneous operations encountered in the manufacture of electric conductors or otherwise of interest therein as set forth in (15) note.

(5) Note. For mere twisting or twining of metal strands, wires, etc., or for mere coating operations with metal, see notes (9) and (12), respectively, as well as their Search Class notes below.

(6) Note. In general, the above classes may be said to be restricted to metal working operations, or to such operations combined with certain subsidiary operations which are merely incidental to the metal working. However, exceptions are found in Class 29, Metal Working, in which subclasses 90.01, 400.1 and 700 and their indented subclasses are the generic places for the operations provided for therein regardless of the material worked on. Thus, for example, for the threading or assembling of beads, discs, or other spacer members, whether of metal or not, on wires, as in coaxial cables, see Class 29, subclass 729.

(7) Note. Plural or combined operations, each of which is a metal working operation, are also included in the above classes, Class 29, Metal Working taking all such combined operations not provided for in the other metal working classes. Accordingly, patents relating to the manufacture of electric conductors wherein each operation involves metal working, will be classified in one of the above classes, but where, in addition to the metal working, an operation not merely subsidiary thereto is claimed, as, for example, the coating or covering of a wire insulation prior or subsequent to the metal working, such patent will be classified in Class 156.

(8) Note. TEXTILE WORKING OPERATIONS For the making or forming of cords, cables, or other strands, including conductors, or for the covering or sheathing of such elements by mere textile working operations; see "SEARCH CLASS" below.

(9) Note. In general, these textile classes are restricted to textile working operations, by which is meant the working, manipulating, or interengagement of fibers, filaments, strands, etc., to produce fabric structures. The filaments, strands, etc., may be of metal where no particular metal working is involved. Thus, for example, Class 57, Textiles: Spinning, Twisting, and Twining, will take the mere twisting or twining of one or more metallic strips, tapes, wires, etc., to form wire-rope, cables, etc., or to cover a core therewith.

(10) Note. Textile working operations combined with subsidiary or auxiliary operations such as, for example, coating or impregnating of the fibers or strands, or of the core, or of the completed article, with fluid or plastic material are also included.

(11) Note. Plural or combined operations each of which is a textile working operation (e.g., twisting or twining plus braiding or knitting) are also included, Class 28, Textiles: Manufacturing, taking such residual combined operations not provided for in the other textile classes. Accordingly, patents relating to the manufacture of electric conductors wherein each operation is a textile working operation are classifiable in one of the above classes, but where, in addition to the textile working, an operation not merely subsidiary thereto is claimed, as, for example, applying a metallic sheath by drawing or rolling prior or subsequent to the textile working operation, such patent will be classified in Class 156.

(12) Note. COATING, COVERING AND SHEATHING. For coating, covering, or sheathing conductors by metal working operations or by textiles working operations, see the classes listed under these respective headings above. For other apparatus or processes for forming or applying a coating, sheathing, or other covering on a conductor, cable, or other strand; see "Search Class" below. Classes 118, 148, 204, and 427, include coating with metal, when applied by the operations provided for in these classes.

(13) Note. STRUCTURE. For the structure of electric conductors or for analogous strand structures, including pipes, hose and conduits, see the Search Class notes below.

(14) Note. MISCELLANEOUS For methods or apparatus for installing or laying conductors, drawing them through conduits, or placing them on poles; see "Search Class" below referencing this Note.

(15) Note. MISCELLANEOUS. See the Search Class notes below to miscellaneous apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors or otherwise of interest therein.

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

166+,	for processes of associating flexible filamentary material of indefinite length not especially intended to provide an electrically conductive path between its ends. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.)
169+,	for processes of winding filamentary material of indefinite length to form electric coils. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.)

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

19,	Textiles: Fiber Preparation, especially subclass 145 for fiber liberation from natural sources by mechanical treatment and the assembly of fibers to form slivers or webs. (See Note, above, to Textile Working Operations).
28,	Textiles: Manufacturing, for miscellaneous textile operations not otherwise provided for. (See Note, above, to Textile Working Operations).
29,	Metal Working, subclasses 400.1+ , for processes of making miscellaneous devices; particularly subclasses 402.01+ for miscellaneous processes of repairing; subclass 461 for spreading cable strands and joining the cable to another part such as a driving block or to another cable; and subclasses 505+, particularly subclasses 518 and 519 for joining wire or cable ends together by means of a deformed surrounding sleeve. Search subclass 728 for apparatus for sheathing a running-length core, e.g., a wire, not elsewhere classified. (See note, above to Metal Working Operations.)
29,	Metal Working, subclasses 90.01 and 90.5 for smoothing, compacting, polishing etc., of bare or covered conductors or other strands (analogous and related operations are set forth in the notes to subclass 90.5 of Class 29), subclasses 592.1+, for processes for forming miscellaneous electrical devices. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.)
30,	Cutlery, subclasses 165+ for wire cutting tools and implements. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.)
34,	Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, especially subclasses 245+ , 414, 419, 444, 466, 519, and 611+ for the drying of sheets, webs or strands including conductors and cables. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.)
57,	Textiles: Spinning, Twisting, and Twining, especially subclasses 3+ , 33, 261, and 362 for the manufacture of conductors by spinning or twisting or for covering or sheathing by wrapping. (See Note, above, to Textile Working Operations).
65,	Glass Manufacturing, subclasses 36+ for a process of bonding glass to a formed part by a glassworking operation; and subclasses 152+ for glassworking apparatus including fusion bonding means; see the "Search Notes" under subclass 154. (See note, above, to Coating, Covering And Sheathing.)
66,	Textiles: Knitting, especially subclasses 9+ , 61, 80, and 83+ for manufacturing or covering a conductor involving a knitting apparatus. (See Note, above, to Textile Working Operations)
72,	Metal Deforming, appropriate subclasses, for a method or means for making a metal conductor by a mere metal working operation, e.g., subclasses 253.1+ for die-expressing an elongated metal product, or 274+ for drawing a wire through a die. Sheathing a core, e.g., a wire by extruding a metal blanket around it is classified in subclasses 253.1+, and particularly subclass 268, this being the sole exception to the general rule that assembly is excluded from Class 72. Other sheathing, even if a metal working operation is involved, is in Class 29, Metal Working. See the note above to Class 29. (See note, above to Metal Working Operations.)
73,	Measuring and Testing, subclass 40.5 for processes and apparatus for testing for leaks in fluid filled cables. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.)
83,	Cutting, appropriate subclasses, for method and apparatus for cutting a wire or strand, a cable, or an object made up of strands, or for cutting insulation from a wire. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.)
87,	Textiles: Braiding, Netting, and Lace Making, especially subclasses 1 , 6, 23, and 29 for manufacturing or covering a conductor involving braiding, netting or lace making. (See Note, above, to Textile Working Operations).
111,	Planting, subclass 5 for apparatus and methods for planting pipe or cable. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for installing or laying conductors, etc.)
118,	Coating Apparatus, subclass 420 , and see the notes thereto for apparatus for coating strand form work. (See note, above, to Coating, Covering And Sheathing.)
134,	Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, particularly subclasses 9 , 15, 38, 64, and 122 for cleaning strands including the removal of insulating coating. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.)
139,	Textiles: Weaving, for manufacturing or covering a conductor involving a weaving operation. (See Note, above, to Textile Working Operations).
140,	Wireworking, especially subclass 71 and 149 for the making of conductors involving wireworking. (See note, above to Metal Working Operations.)
140,	Wireworking, subclass 92.1 for forms and frames for forming wire coils, such as armature coils, and subclass 147 for wire straightening. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.)
148,	Metal Treatment, particularly subclasses 206+ for processes of carburizing or nitriding metal, utilizing an external source of carbon or nitrogen, or subclasses 240+ for processes of reactive coating a metal surface with an externally supplied agent that combines with the metal substrate to provide a coating thereon containing at least one element from said metal substrate. (See note, above, to Coating, Covering And Sheathing.)
162,	Paper Making and Fiber Liberation, particularly subclasses 106 and 267+ for covering operations involving paper making or fibrous pulp molding. (See note, above, to Coating, Covering And Sheathing.)
164,	Metal Founding, subclass 462 for methods of forming conductors by a continuous metal casting operation and subclasses 418+ for corresponding apparatus. (See note, above to Metal Working Operations.)
174,	Electricity: Conductors and Insulators, appropriate subclasses and notes (2) to (14) of the class definition thereof. As between this class (156) and Class 174, the article controls classification, i.e., patents claiming both conductor structure and the method or apparatus for making it will be classified in Class 174 and cross-referenced to Class 156. For a stock material product, not elsewhere provided for, in the form of a rod, strand or fiber, having some structural feature and an impregnation or core, or coated, see subclasses 364+ of Class 428, Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles. (See Note above to "Structure").
204,	Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, for coating by electrophoresis or cathode sputtering. (See note, above, to Coating, Covering And Sheathing.)
205,	Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, especially subclasses 138+ for coating by electrolysis. (See note, above, to Coating, Covering And Sheathing.)
205,	Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, subclass 77 for electroforming a metallic sheet, web, wire, or filament of indeterminant length. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.)
219,	Electric Heating, subclasses 603+ and 50+ for making or covering conductors involving electric heating and working of metal. Note especially indented subclasses 59.1+ and 605. (See note, above to Metal Working Operations.)
226,	Advancing Material of Indeterminate Length, appropriate subclasses for methods of, and apparatus for, feeding material without utilizing the leading or trailing ends to effect movement of the material. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.)
228,	Metal Fusion Bonding, subclasses 126+ for assembling and bonding together a metal core and sheath. (See note, above to Metal Working Operations.)
242,	Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding, subclasses 430+ for forming an article by winding material onto a core and subclasses 470+ for winding strand material onto a spool for storage. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.)
254,	Implements or Apparatus for Applying Pushing or Pulling Force, subclasses 134.3+ for placing cable on poles or in conduits. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for installing or laying conductors, etc.)
264,	Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes, appropriate subclasses, for processes within the class definition, for molding or shaping plastic materials. For forming indefinite length articles by extruding or molding around strand-like or filament-like preforms, see Class 264, subclasses 171.1+ . (See note, above, to Coating, Covering And Sheathing.)
294,	Handling: Hand and Hoist-Line Implements, especially subclass 19.1 for hand and hoistline implements used in placing pipe and cable. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for installing or laying conductors, etc.)
324,	Electricity: Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for testing of conductors and insulation. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for apparatus and processes used in the manufacture of electrical conductors, etc.)
405,	Hydraulic and Earth Engineering, subclass 154.1 for subterranean or submarine pipe or cable laying, retrieving, manipulating, or treating. (See "Miscellaneous" Note above for installing or laying conductors, etc.)