This class is designed to include apparatus and processes
peculiar to the manufacture of carbohydrates and the products of
such processes when not more specifically provided for elsewhere.
Inventions peculiar to the extraction, purification, and crystallization
of sugars and the extraction, purification, and treatment of starch,
as such, are found here, as well as the manufacture of sugars by
hydrolysis of carbohydrates.
(1)
Note. For processes of liberating cellulosic fibers from natural
sources which processes involve some chemical action, see References
to other Classes, below for the class of Paper Making and Fiber
Liberation.
SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
Processes generally for the hydrolysis of carbohydrates, including
their conversion to sugar by other than biochemical hydrolysis,
where the process either stops with such conversion or is followed
by the steps of purification, concentration, or crystallization
of the sugar or sugar solution thereby produced, are found in this
class. Processes of hydrolysis of carbohydrates which include the
action of diastase or other biochemical steps are for the most part
in Class 435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, subclasses
93, and 98-105, and are included here only when such hydrolysis
is followed by steps of concentration, purification, or treatment (such
as crystallization) to make a sugar or syrup. Hydrolysis of carbohydrates
to sugar by any method when followed by alcoholic fermentation or
when directed specially to preparation for alcoholic fermentation
is in Class 435. The chemical manufacture or synthesis of sugar
or carbohydrates by any other process than that of hydrolysis is
not included in this class. Molecular rearrangement of one carbohydrate
to form any other carbohydrate is excluded. For such processes search
Class 260, Chemistry of Carbon Compounds.
Process of making sugar foods, per se, or the sugars combined
with a preservative, including hydrolysis of starch to sugar, are
placed in this class. Foods which contain sugars combined with nonsugars
(other than a preservative) and processes of making them are in
Class 426, Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and
Products.
Mere processes of making, separating, or purifying sugars,
starches, celluloses, or other carbohydrates, by operations that
include fermentations, and compositions and apparatus that are specialized
for use therein, and processes of making such compositions for such
use, are classified in Class 435, Chemistry: Molecular Biology and
Microbiology.
For electrical or wave energy methods for the preparation
of sugars, starches, and carbohydrates involving chemical reactions
other than those which result merely from the thermal effects of
the electrical or wave energy, see Class 205, Electrolysis: Processes,
Compositions Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions,
especially subclass 697 for electrolytic treatment of sugar and
Class 204, Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, especially subclasses
450+ for electrophoretic and electro-osmotic processes
(e.g., separation of sugars, starches, and carbohydrates, etc.).
Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy Growth
Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor, for processes and non-coating apparatus for growing
therein-defined single-crystal of all types of materials, including
sugar, starch, or carbohydrates.
Paper Making and Fiber Liberation,
subclasses 1+ for processes of liberating cellulosic fibers from
natural sources, which processes involve some chemical action.
Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids, appropriate subclasses, for separating constitutents
of a mixture by liquid suspension, sifting, and stratifying.
Liquid Purification or Separation, appropriate subclasses for filtration or gravitational
separation apparatus, especially
subclasses 360.1+ for a centrifugal extractor.
Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration, appropriate subclasses, for processes and apparatus
for comminuting sugar, starch, and carbohydrate bearing material.
See section 10 of the main class definition of Class 241, for a
statement of the line.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing, for apparatus not provided for elsewhere, for carrying
out a chemical or physical reaction or for performing an analysis
involving a chemical or physical reaction.
and 514, Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating
Compositions, particularly Class 424,
subclasses 418 , 461+, 479+, 488, 493+,
and 499, Class 514 subclasses 777+ and 970 for a composition
of that class containing a sugar, starch or carbohydrate.
This subclass is indented under apparatus. Apparatus particluarly designed for the treatment of carbohydrates
with chemical reagents to effect hydrolysis of sugar.
Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,
subclasses 93 and 98-105, for apparatus for hydrolyzing carbohydrates
by diastatic mashings or other fermentations.
This subclass is indented under apparatus. Miscellaneous apparatus for treating sacchariferous material
falling, but not within any of the subclasses indented hereunder.
This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Apparatus peculiarly designed for the separation of sugar
from solid material by lixiviation, leaching, or diffusion.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclasses 261+ for leaching apparatus not peculiar to the extraction
of sugar.
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Means is provided for positively moving the solid material
with respect to the container for the leaching liquid.
This subclass is indented under subclass 5. The apparatus through which the solid material progresses
comprises a plurality of containers connected in series for the
leaching liquid.
This subclass is indented under subclass 3. The apparatus comprises a system or plurality of cells adapted
to receive the material to be leached and connected for circulation
of the liquid from cell to cell. No means is provided for moving
the solid material with respect to the containers for the leaching
liquid.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclass 261 for leaching apparatus not peculiar to the extraction
of sugar.
This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Means particularly designed for the treatment of sugar-bearing
solutions for purification or concentration or for separation of
the sugar in solid form.
This subclass is indented under subclass 9. Apparatus peculiarly adapted for the separation of impurities
from sugar solutions by differential diffusion comprising a permeable
membrane or partition forming a common wall to two chambers.
This subclass is indented under subclass 9. Apparatus peculiarly designed for the precipitation or separation
of solid impurities from sugar solutions.
This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Apparatus in which the precipitation or separation of impurities
from sugar solutions is caused or furthered by the introduction
of gas.
This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Vessels particularly designed for permitting or promoting
the separation or precipitation of solid impurities from sugar solutions.
Liquid Purification or Separation,
subclasses 294+ for a decanter and filter combination, subclasses
322+ for plural distinct decanters, and subclasses 513+ for
a gravitational separator.
This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Vessels especially adapted for mixing sacchariferous solutions
with other liquids or with solids (as chemicals).
This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Apparatus peculiarly adapted for controlling or assisting
the formation of crystals from a solution of sugar.
Single-Crystal, Oriented-Crystal, and Epitaxy
Growth Processes; Non-Coating Apparatus Therefor, for processes and non-coating apparatus for growing
therein-defined single-crystal of all types of materials, including sugar,
starch, or carbohydrates.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclasses 245.1+ for non-coating crystallizer apparatus having means
for only a physical reaction not provided for elsewhere and subclasses
129+ for non-coating crystallizer apparatus providing means
for a chemical reaction not provided for elsewhere.
This subclass is indented under subclass 15. Evaporating apparatus peculiarly designed to effect or control
the evaporation to crystallization of sugar solutions.
This subclass is indented under subclass 18. The molds are mounted on a centrifugal apparatus and provided
with outlets to permit the discharge by centrifugal force of the
purging liquor or of the liquor adhering to the crystals.
Imperforate Bowl: Centrifugal Separators, appropriate subclasses, for apparatus for breaking
up a mixture of fluids or fluent substances into two or more components
by centrifuging within a generally solid-walled, receptacle-like
member.
This subclass is indented under subclass 17. Apparatus peculiarly designed to free sugar crystals of
impurities by draining or washing without destroying the crystals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 17. Apparatus comprising a mixing device and peculiarly designed
to dry or size the sugar grains after they are formed.
Fluid Sprinkling, Spraying, and Diffusing,
subclasses 310+ for dissolvers and mixers for discharging the solution
or mixture through a terminal nozzle element.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclasses 256+ and 261+ for leaching, dissolving, and
extracting apparatus.
This subclass is indented under subclass 23. Apparatus peculiarly designed for the separation of starch
from starch-bearing raw material or for the treatment and purification
of starch-containing substances.
This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Apparatus designed particularly for the bolting or washing
of starch-bearing material to separate impurities, as the hulls
and chaff of the grain, from the starch or starch liquor.
This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Apparatus comprising an inclined plane or a run adapted
to receive the starch deposited thereon from the starch liquor as
it flows there-over.
This subclass is indented under subclass 24. Vessels particularly designed for permitting or promoting
the separation by gravity of starch from liquid or solid impurities.
Liquid Purification or Separation,
subclasses 294+ for a decanter and filter combination, subclasses
322+ for plural distinct decanters, and subclasses 513+ for
a gravitational separator.
This subclass is indented under products. Sugars, starches, dextrines, and miscellaneous carbohydrates,
not provided for in the subclasses indented hereunder, together
with processes peculiarly directed to their production.
(1)
Note. Processes when claimed or disclosed as having a more
general character than the production of a special product are cross-referenced
into the process subclasses below.
(2)
Note. For electrical or wave energy methods for the preparation
of sugars, starches, and carbohydrates involving chemical reactions
other than those which result merely from the thermal effects of
the electrical or wave energy, see Class 205, Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions
Used Therein, and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, especially
subclass 697 for electrolytic treatment of sugar and Class 204,
Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, especially subclasses 450+ for electrophoretic
and electro-osmotic processes (e.g., separation of sugars, starches,
and carbohydrates, etc.).
Food or Edible Material: Processes Compositions,
and Products,
subclasses 70+ especially 103, and 213+ for edible products
containing sugars, carbohydrates, admixed with other substances.
Organic Compounds -- Part of the Class 532 - 570
Series,
subclasses 1.11+ and indented subclasses for carbohydrate derivatives
which are not carbohydrates.
This subclass is indented under products. Starches which have been chemically modified or incipiently
hydrolyzed either by the action of added reagents or by cooking
or special heat treatments, but which still give a blue or violet reaction
with iodine, and processes of making them.
This subclass is indented under subclass 32. Starches which have been chemically modified or hydrolyzed
by the action of added reagents, but which give a blue or violet
reacton with iodine and processes of making them.
Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,
subclasses 277+ for purification or separation of cellulose and
subclass 276 for purifying or separating dextrine by processes that include
fermentations.
This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Designed to include processes broadly for the hydrolysis
of carbohydrates by nonbiochemical methods where the process either
stops with such hydrolysis or is combined with steps of purification
concentration, or crystallization of the sugar or sugar solution
thereby produced.
Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,
subclass 93 for diastatic hydrolysis of carbohydrates, and
subclasses 98-105 for other fermentative hydrolysis of carbohydrates.
This subclass is indented under subclass 36. Processes directed toward the manufacture of sugar products
from cellulose or cellulose-containing substances by hydrolysis
of the cellulose.
This subclass is indented under subclass 36. Processes directed toward the manufacture of conversion
products from starch or starch-bearing substances by hydrolysis
of the starch.
This subclass is indented under subclass 38. The starch is separated from the other constituents of the
amylaceous material before hydrolysis. The resulting sugar may be
purified.
(1)
Note. Actual separation of the starch is effected, not merely
preliminary treatments, as mashing or disrupting cells.
This subclass is indented under subclass 38. The amylaceous material is treated for hydrolysis without
purification or separation of the starch, and the resulting sacchariferous
product is purified.
This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Processes peculiar to the treatment of sacchariferous material
and to the extraction, purification, and crystallization of sugar.
Presses,
subclasses 35+ for methods of pressing, not elsewhere classified, and
particularly subclass 37 for such methods involving the separation
of expressed liquid from the material compacted.
This subclass is indented under subclass 43. The solid material under treatment and the leaching or lixiviating
liquid are moved in opposite directions.
Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, especially
subclasses 450+ for electrophoretic and electro-osmotic processes
(e.g., separation of sugars, starches, and carbohydrates, etc.).
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein,
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, especially
subclass 697 for electrolytic treatment of sugar.
This subclass is indented under subclass 46.1. Processes involving use of ion exchange material or other
ion manipulation material to treat the solution.
This subclass is indented under subclass 46.1. Processes peculiar to the precipitation of impurities from
solutions containing sugars. Precipitation may be effected by heat
or by added reagents provided a rearrangement of molecules is effected.
This subclass is indented under subclass 48. The precipitation of the impurities is effected by the addition
of an absorbent for impurities, the absorbent being impregnated
with the precipitating reagent.
This subclass is indented under subclass 48. The impurities are precipitated by the addition of a reagent
to a solution previously treated with an alkali or with a reagent
having an alkaline reaction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 48. The precipitation of impurities is effected by the addition
of a precipitating reagent to a solution previously treated with
an acid or with a reagent having an acid reaction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 53. The separation of impurities from the sugar solution is
effected by differential diffusion through a permeable membrane
or partition.
(1)
Note. When the membrane is the cellular plant structure. Search
this class, subclass 43, and indented subclasses.
Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,
subclasses 518+ for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic barrier separation
(e.g., electrodialysis of sugars, starches, or carbohydrates, etc.).
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein,
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, appropriate subclasses for electrolytic treatment involving
the use of a membrane, especially
subclass 697 for electrolytic treatment of sugar.
This subclass is indented under subclass 53. Processes for separating impurities from solutions by filtration
or selective sorption, or both, which are peculiar to sugar.
Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,
subclasses 518+ for electrophoretic or electro-osmotic barrier separation
(e.g., electrodialysis of sugars, starches, or carbohydrates, etc.).
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein,
and Methods of Preparing the Compositions, appropriate subclasses for electrolytic treatment involving
the use of a membrane, especially
subclass 697 for electrolytic treatment of sugar.
Liquid Purification or Separation,
subclasses 660+ for a process of purification by ion exchange or
sorption, subclasses 702+ for a purification process including
precipitation, and subclasses 767+ for a purification process including
separating, especially subclasses 781+ and 787+ for
centrifugal extraction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 53. Processes peculiar to the separation of impurities from
sugar solutions of greater or less specific gravity than the impurities
by centrifugal force.
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