This class contains inventions relating to prime movers or
engines in which a combustible material is burned within an inc
losed space or chamber and the heat energy thus developed converted
into work by permitting the resulting products of combustion to
act upon and through mechanical powers, the engine in question including
suitable mechanism whereby the functions above enumerated are continually
and automatically carried out, and such engine being designed to
communicate power to some machine or device exterior to itself.
The space or combustion chamber above referred to is ordinarily
the interior of the working cylinder of the engine, the products
of combustion acting immediately upon a reciprocating, rotating,
or oscillating piston moving within the same chamber in which combustion
takes place or in an extension thereof. Some types of internal-combustion
engines, however, besides fulfilling the conditions above mentioned,
have a transfer valve operated by and in unison therewith located
between the combustion chamber and the elements upon and through which
the products of combustion act to thereby control the flow of said
products, in which case the above mentioned transfer valve is operated
to establish communication between the combustion chamber and the working
cylinder at the instant of ignition or prior thereto, so that the
piston is driven by burning products of combustion.
The working fluid is ordinarily such as results from combustion
alone; but in some of the engines in this class a small quantity
of water is supplied to the engine, generally by injecting it directly
into the interior of the combustion-chamber during or after the
combustion of the combustible material; but in all engines using
water the amount used is comparatively small, so that the resulting
steam is necessarily in a superheated condition.
This class also includes separate parts of engines coming
within the above definition and also subordinate elements designed
for use with such engines, and incapable of use in the manner contemplated
with other devices or in other relations.
From the above it will be seen that devices go into this class
because of a function performed by a given element or combination
of elements rather than because of any particular structure of such
elements, and therefore, given structural features forming a machine
adapted for use as an internal-combustion engine, may be found in any
other classes having machines of like general structure. Thus probably
any given structure adapted for use as an internal-combustion engine
could generally with slight modification be used as steam or other
heat engine, and often as an air, gas, or water pump, a hydraulic
motor, a meter, etc. This would not ordinarily be the case with
the subordinate or auxiliary devices included in this class, as
from what appears above such subordinate elements as the class contains
are adapted for use in the manner contemplated only with or forming
a part of an internal-combustion engine.
It therefore follows that a search for a given general mechanical
structure adapted for use as an internal-combustion engine will
generally need to be continued in the classes above indicated.
Further fields of search for the various subordinate elements
designed for and adapted to be used only with internal-combustion
engines, and therefore included in this class, are indicated in
the definitions hereinafter appearing of those various subclasses.
SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
A compilation of all types of motors will be found in the Notes
to the class definition of Class 60.
The following examples of terminology have been considered
to be a nominal inclusion of an internal combustion engine and if
so claimed would not preclude classification in Class 417:
(a) a cam driven pump; (b) a "crank (shaft)" driven pump;
(c) a "gear" driven pump; (d) a "chain" driven pump;
(e) a "belt" driven pump; (f) a "fluid" driven pump;
(g) an "electrically" driven pump; (h) a pump
and an "outlet" "tube" and "injector".
The following pump control parameters are separately appropriate
for Class 417. Control by both of these parameters is appropriate
for Class 123;
(a) engine speed control; (b) manifold vacuum.
The following examples have been considered to be significant
inclusion of an engine and if so claimed would cause classification
in Class 123 if otherwise appropriate.
(a) timing of the pump relative to the engine; (b) engine temperature
control of the pump.
(1)
Note. When the pump-engine combination is claimed broadly,
it is properly classified in Class 123. When the output of the pump is
not delivered to the engine, classification is proper in Class 417.
Expansible Chamber Devices, appropriate subclasses. Class 123 takes an expansible
chamber device or element thereof which is limited for use in an
internal combustion engine. However, since Class 123, has not been
cleared, many expansible chamber devices which are not limited for
use in an internal combustion engine will be found in Class 123,
without any stated line or perceptible distinction with the subject
matter found in Class 92.
Pumps, appropriate subclasses for pumps, per se, which may be
disclosed as internal-combustion engine accessories and particularly
subclass 34 for an internal-combustion engine driving a pump
and having means for controlling the engine in response to a condition
of the pump or pump fluid, subclasses 73+ for pumps in
which one fluid is pumped by the ignition of another in direct contact
therewith; subclass 364, for pumps driven by an internal-combustion
engine; and subclass 380, for fluid motor driven pumps in which
the motive fluid for the fluid motor is generated by an internal-combustion
engine. Internal-combustion engine driven pumps are classified in
Class 417 even though the pump may be solely disclosed as a mere
accessory of or ancillary to the operation of the engine (e.g.,
cooling fluid pump, fuel pump, etc.). However, this class (123)
takes those internal-combustion engine driven accessory pumps when
the claims reflect a fluid connection between the pump and the engine, provided
there is no additional pump fluid inlet or outlet claimed for supplying
or exhausting fluid for use external of the engine.
Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,
subclasses 313 through 320wherein the waste is destroyed by burning it in
an internal - combustion engine. Also, see cross-reference art collection,
subclass 900, for apparatus used to treat hazardous or toxic waste.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal combustion engines not coming within the terms
of the definition of some one of the following internal-combustion
engine subclasses. This subclass contains patents relating to cycles
or modes of operation not hereinafter provided for or in which the
cycle or mode of operation is not definitely determined by the structure
disclosed and will not ordinarily contain patents relating to definite mechanical
structure.
(1)
Note. Given mechanical structures not provided for in structural
subclasses, but operating upon a definite and determined cycle of
operation provided for in this classification, are classified in
miscellaneous functional or cycle subclasses, such as 65, and subclasses
indented thereunder, and 311+, and indented subclasses,
etc.
(2)
Note. The use of unconventional fuels as found in this subclass
are commonly hazardous and toxic waste and their chemical destruction
or containment is found in Class 588, Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction
or Containment.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Combinations not coming within the terms of the following
subclasses of combined devices in which an internal-combustion engine,
is disclosed and claimed in combination with some other device not
in itself classifiable in some appropriate subclass of internal-combustion
engines and which combined device itself is not treated as a unitary
machine in the general system of Office classification and as such
classified in some appropriate class.
This subclass is indented under subclass 2. Combinations of an internal-combustion engine together with
means for generating and supplying a combustible mixture thereto,
the engine and generating apparatus being ordinarily capable of
separation, but disclosed and claimed in combination, and the elements
collectively forming a complete plant for developing and applying
power. In the power plants occurring herein the various elements
constituting the generating portion of the plant are of ordinary
or commercial form and if presented by themselves would be classified
in other classes or subclasses. Patents covering the engine and
generating device together are classified in the class of internal-combustion engines,
because all the elements of the plant are so correlated as to develop
and apply power by means including an internal combustion engine.
(1)
Note. The devices occurring in this subclass differ from many
of the engines in subclasses of oil engines in that in an oil-engine
the source of power is always a liquid hydrocarbon and the elements concerned
with the vaporization of the oil and those constituting the engine
are so designed with reference to each other as to form a single
unitary machine incapable of being separated into its component
sets of elements without defeating the operation of the engine as
a whole in the manner contemplated.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines irrespective of cycle or mode
of operation, comprising a stationary inclosing casing, sections
of which perpendicular to its axis are bounded by circular arcs
concentric to said axis, and a movable member or piston therein
moving in contact with the inner walls of the said casing, said
piston partaking of an oscillating or swinging motion about the
axis of the casing and, together with the walls thereof, inclosing
a space or chamber within which the burned gases act expansively
to impel the piston.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines in which a body of liquid is
interposed between the burned gases and the working piston or equivalent
element, whereby power is communicated to the main driving-shaft
of the engine, the said liquid preventing the burned gases within
the combustion-chamber and working cylinder from coming into direct
contact with the working piston or equivalent element.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines having a cylinder and a working
piston-reciprocating therein, but irrespective of other structural
features, in which means are provided whereby the mode of operation
of the engine may be determined and the engine caused to operate upon
either a two-stroke or a four-stroke cycle.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Engines including in their structure elements normally found
only in hot-air engines and other elements normally found only in internal-combustion
engines and having steps in their cycle of operation peculiar to
both such types of engines. This subclass includes engines including
elements selected from both the above-mentioned types and convertible either
at will or automatically, as by a suitable governing device, so
as to operate either as hot-air or as internal-combustion engines,
and engines operating upon a predetermined cycle, including working
strokes, upon which the piston is impelled alternately by gases
heated within the working cylinder by combustion, as in internal-combustion
engines, and by gases heated within the working cylinder by contact with
the inner surface of said working cylinder and the clearance-space.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines in which a solid nonexplosive
fuel or combustible is introduced into and burned within the working
cylinder of an internal-combustion engine or into a combustion-chamber
in permanently open communication therewith and the energy of the resulting
gases converted into work by permitting them to expand and act upon
a piston moving in the said cylinder. The solid fuel may be introduced
into the working cylinder upon each successive cycle of operation
of the engine and in quantities sufficient only to supply the energy
required for the successive working strokes of the engine, or it
may be introduced at comparatively long intervals of time and in quantities
sufficient to furnish energy for several working strokes, in which
case air only is supplied upon the successive cycles of operation
to consume portions of the charge of fuel already within the engine.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines in which a charge of gun powder
or other explosive substances is supplied to and exploded within
the cylinder of the engine or combustion-chamber in communication
therewith and the energy of the resulting gases converted into work
by permitting them to act upon a moving part of the engine. This
subclass is intended to include all engines using an explosive substance
as above, irrespective of other structural features, cycle, or mode
of operation.
and 445+, for feeding mechanism available,
generally for the purpose of supplying the explosive substance to engines
of the type occurring in this subclass.
Power Plants,
subclasses 632+ , for one shot explosion actuated expansible chamber
type motors, and subclass 39.47 for combustion products generators
combined with motors, other than internal-combustion engines, which
operate on solid fuel containing an oxidizer.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines having a cylinder and a working
piston reciprocating therein, but irrespective of other structural
features, cycle, or mode of operation, in which the combustible
mixture supplied to and burned within the working cylinder contains
a quantity of aqueous vapor or in which water in any form is supplied
to the working cylinder after a charge has been ignited therein.
The water may be supplied to the air and hydrocarbon before the
charge is ignited in which case the combustible charge is made up
of air, hydrocarbon, and aqueous vapor, or a combustible mixture of
air and hydrocarbon may be ignited in the working cylinder, the
water being supplied to the expanding gases therein during the working stroke.
In cases where water in the form of steam is supplied to the combustible
mixture, as above, the steam is frequently generated by means of
heat ordinarily lost in the operation of the engine, as by the heat
of the exhaust-gases, or the cooling-jacket may be utilized as a steam-generator
to supply water to the combustible charge.
Power Plants,
subclass 39.54 where combustion products are used as a motive
fluid having addition of steam or water within a prime mover, subclass
712 for an engine operated selectively or simultaneously by internal
combustion of fuel and by expansion of motive fluid or subclass
775 for a process of introducing water or steam.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines in which a combustible mixture
is ignited in the working cylinder at the beginning of the working
stroke, as in the ordinary operation of internal-combustion engine,
after which and at some time before the end of the working stroke
an additional quantity of compressed air or equivalent non-combustible
gas is supplied to the working cylinder and mingles with the burned
gases therein, the piston being impelled through the remaining portion
of its working stroke by the combined action of the burned gases
and the air supplied thereto.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines in which air or equivalent noncombustible
gas is supplied to the working cylinder and compressed therein by
a distinct compression-stroke of the working piston to such a degree
that the temperature of the gas rises to such a point that a combustible
supplied thereto will be ignited by the highly-compressed noncombustible
gas upon coming into contact therewith, after which and after the
beginning of the working stroke a combustible upon being supplied
to the body of the compressed noncombustible gas ignited as it comes
into contact therewith and burns at constant pressure or perhaps
constant temperature. The cycle upon which the engines occurring
in this subclass operate, is sometimes designated by text-writers
as the "Diesel" cycle.
(1)
Note. For engines in which gas is burned at constant pressure,
see this class, subclasses 61 and 68.
Fluid Sprinkling, Spraying, and Diffusing, appropriate subclasses, especially
subclasses 86 , 87, 88+, 95, 96, and 533.2+ for
nozzles disclosed for injecting fuel into combustion chambers of
internal combustion engines.
Oil-Engines:
The "oil-engine" subclasses contain internal-combustion
engines, having a cylinder and a working piston reciprocating therein,
but irrespective of other structural features, cycle, or mode of
operation, which are designed to be operated by a liquid hydrocarbon
and in which the means concerned with the supply and vaporization
of the oil so closely associated with the elements constituting
the engine that a true combination would appear to exist between
the two sets of elements. A given mechanism including an engine
and means for supplying oil thereto to be burned therein is not classified
as an oil-engine merely because it is designed to use oil as a source
of power if the means whereby the oil or vapor is supplied to the
engine is capable of separation therefrom and of use with other
engines without affecting the operation of either the engine or
the oil-supplying devices. A given structure will be classified
in these subclasses only in cases where mechanical separation of
the elements concerned with the supply or vaporization of the oil
from the elements constituting the engine is impossible without
defeating the operation of the device as a whole in the manner contemplated
by the inventor, and a simple pipe or equivalent connection through
which the exhaust-gases from the engine are conducted to the oil-supplying
or vaporizing device to heat the same is not considered as bringing
the two sets of elements into such intimate association as to make
the whole mechanism a single device and as such classifiable as an
oil-engine. From these considerations it therefore ordinarily follows
that patents disclosing both an engine and a device for supplying
it with oil or vapor therefrom and which do not come within the
terms of the above definition, and are therefore not classifiable
in oil-engine subclasses, are classified and cross-referenced according
to the separate groups of elements entering into and forming the
complete device, the oil-supplying or vaporizing device ordinarily
going into appropriate subclasses of Charge-forming devices and
the engine into appropriate subclasses in this class, according
to its form, mode or operation, of other distinguishing features.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines having a cylinder and working
piston reciprocating therein, but irrespective of other structural
features, cycle, or mode of operation, in which two or more separate
and distinct charges of combustible mixture are burned and act in
succession upon the working piston during each working stroke thereof,
each charge after the first upon ignition entering the cylinder
and mingling with and tending to increase the pressure of the burned
gases already therein.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines of the reciprocating type wherein
the working piston is permanently connected with the main driving-shaft
of the engine in which a combustible mixture is burned within the
working cylinder thereof and the resulting gases cooled and condensed,
thereby producing a more or less perfect vacuum within the said
working cylinder, whereupon atmospheric pressure acts upon the said
working piston to move it through a working stroke. The pressure
of the atmosphere may be the only force acting upon the working
piston, or the engine may be so designed that the combustible gases
upon being ignited generate pressure which also acts upon the said
working piston.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines of the reciprocating type, but
irrespective of other structural features, in which the combustible mixture
is ignited in the working cylinder at or substantially at atmospheric
pressure. The combustible mixture ordinarily begins to enter the
working cylinder at the beginning of the working stroke in which
case it is ignited at atmospheric pressure, as above, after a definite portion
of the working stroke has been performed and the whole charge supplied,
the engine thus working upon a two-stroke cycle without compression.
The charge may, however, be drawn into the working cylinder by a distinct
charging stroke, such stroke being followed by a stroke corresponding
with the compression-stroke in four cycle engines during which the
exhaust-valve is held open and the charge then ignited under atmospheric
pressure at the beginning of the third or working stroke, in which
case the engine works upon a four-stroke cycle without compression.
(1)
Note. Engines in this subclass working on the two stroke cycle
without compression, as above, differ from the majority of the engines
occurring in subclass 68, and engines working upon a similar cycle
occurring in subclass 61, only in the degree of pressure under which
the charge exists before the ignition thereof.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines having a cylinder and a working
piston reciprocating therein, but irrespective of other structural
features, cycle, or mode of operation, in which means are provided
for causing the engine to run in either direction at the will of
the operator and subordinate mechanism for accomplishing the same
result, but not disclosed in connection with all the elements necessary
to form a complete and operative engine.
(1)
Note. In this connection it should be observed that engines
working upon a two-stroke cycle are frequently capable of operating
in either direction without addition to or change in the elements necessary
to the operation thereof, and this especially true of the engines
in subclasses 71, 73 and 74.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Such miscellaneous devices for cooling the working cylinder,
piston, piston-rod, or other element of an internal-combustion engine as
do not come within the terms of the definition of some one of the
following subclasses of internal-combustion engines, cooling, and accessary
devices designed for and used with cooling systems for internal-combustion engines
and not classified in some appropriate cooling subclass.
(1)
Note. The expressions "primary coolant" and "secondary
coolant", found in the definitions of the indented subclasses, refer,
respectively to a fluid employed to cool an engine surface by direct
contact therewith and to a fluid employed to cool such contacting
fluid. For example, the liquid which flows through a radiator for an
internal-combustion engine is the primary coolant, whereas the air
passing through the radiator to cool the liquid coolant is a secondary
coolant.
(2)
Note. Class 165 will receive the combination of an internal-combustion
engine and radiator when the internal-combustion engine is included
by name only.
(3)
Note. For structures including shutters for controlling the
air flow, which devices do not include significant internal-combustion
engine structure, search Classes 49, 180, 236, and 454.
Power Plants,
subclass 39.83 for cooling of parts of an engine of the internal
combustion type; subclasses 597+ for a fluid motor driven
by the waste heat of an internal combustion engine; subclasses 320+ for
an internal combustion engine having a cooled exhaust or in which
the exhaust is used as a heat source and subclass 714 for plural
motors with a common cooling means.
Motor Vehicles,
subclasses 68.4 and 68.6 for motor vehicle combinations including
radiator mountings; and subclasses 68.1+ for hoods and
such combinations including shutters. See (3) Note.
Aeronautics,
subclass 53 , for aircraft engine cowling or enclosure devices; see
(3) Note to subclass 53 in Class 244 for the line; and subclass
57, for radiators combined with aircraft structure.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Devices with means to sense some condition, which means
causes operation of a control device for stopping, varying, or starting
the flow of either the primary or secondary coolant.
(1)
Note. Control of replenishment from a reserve supply, which
may be condensate, is included.
(2)
Note. The inclusion of significant engine structure or specific
engine operation is the characteristic which distinguishes this
type of device from those found in Class 236.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.02. Cooling systems wherein the control of the coolant flow
is directly or indirectly controlled by a device which floats on
the surface of the coolant.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.02. Cooling systems wherein the primary or secondary coolant
is air or gas and the device for stopping, varying, or starting
the flow of the air or gas is a shutter, valve, damper, adjustable cowl,
etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.04. Devices in which the shutters are controlled by a temperature
responsive device and also include an engine responsive device,
e.g., an intake or exhaust manifold pressure responsive device or
an oil pressure responsive device.
(1)
Note. The engine responsive device usually acts to automatically
close the shutters upon stopping the engine and cooperates with
the thermostat to control the shutters in response to engine temperature
while the engine is in operation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.04. Devices wherein an operator of the servo-motor (fluid, electric,
etc.) type is interposed between the condition sensing means and
the shutter, valve, damper, adjustable cowl, etc.
Automatic Temperature and Humidity Regulation,
subclass 35.3 , for heat responsive control of shutters including
a servo-motor within the control linkage.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.04. Devices in which the control of the engine carburetor throttle
valve also controls a shutter or shutters.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.02. Cooling systems wherein the primary or secondary coolant
is a fluid and the device for stopping, varying or starting the
flow of liquid is a valve.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.08. Cooling systems wherein the responsive valve interrupts
the flow of fluid coolant from the engine block to a coolant source
as in the case of a primary coolant, or from a radiator or heat exchanger
to a coolant source in case of a secondary coolant, and directs
the coolant to a bypass omitting the coolant source.
(1)
Note. The coolant source may be either an exchanger or an
external supply, as an intake from the sea.
Marine Propulsion,
subclass 88 , for combinations involving boat modification.
Inclusion of hull by name only is not sufficient to place a patent
in Class 440.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.02. Devices wherein the primary or secondary coolant is air
and the device for stopping, varying or starting the flow of air
is an impeller or fan which is controlled by an automatic device.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Cooling systems for controlling the flow of primary or secondary
coolant flow conjointly with the engine throttle.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Cooling systems including (1) devices or arrangements for
draining the entire cooling system or any part thereof, usually
to prevent freezing, or (2) devices for storing heat to be returned
to the system when the engine is stopped to prevent freezing.
(1)
Note. The draining devices usually include a heat insulated
tank into which the coolant is drained and stored.
(2)
Note. Mere internal passages in a cooling system which are
not closed in normal operation of the system are not considered
draining devices, even though indented to allow complete emptying
of the block or other port.
(3)
Note. Heat storing devices must include something in addition
to mere bulk of coolant or stopping of circulation.
Fluid Handling,
subclasses 59+ for drain valves operated in response to a sensing
of freeze conditions; subclass 107 for drains responsive to flow stoppage;
and subclasses 301+ for hydrants combined with means to
prevent freezing.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Cooling systems having means for indicating the condition
or amount of coolant in the cooling system or any part thereof and
devices responsive to the condition or amount of cooling fluid for
preventing injury to the engine being cooled.
for tank, radiator, or jacket constructions which
permit rupture of easily replaced parts in case of excessive pressure
or which have compressible means or air pockets or resilient walls to
prevent damage to the system.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Cylinders, pistons, or valves with chambers containing a
confined coolant therein which may be either a liquid, solid or
gas.
(1)
Note. If there is also an external flow circuit, there is
no communication between the two.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Cooling systems in which the coolant, after cooling the
engine or engine parts, discharges into the engine cylinder combustion
space or valve passages or is merely exposed to the interior of
said cylinder or valve passages.
Power Plants,
subclass 310 for a motor-exhaust combination in which the exhaust
system includes liquid contact structure and subclasses 317+ for
a system in which external fluid is mingled with exhaust gas.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Cooling systems which are capable of operating in more than
one way or of changing from the use of one coolant to another, as
air, vapor, liquid, and having means for changing the system to
adapt it to the coolant or mode of operation selected, or having
means for substituting tanks for radiators or making other equivalent changes.
for vapor systems which are converted to liquid
systems or vice versa merely by adding more liquid or according
to the heat developed, without change or adjustment of the physical
structure.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Cooling systems including a vaporized liquid other than
water which is liquefied and then allowed to expand into gas, thus
removing heat directly from the engine parts or from the engine
coolant.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Cooling systems in which (1) vaporization is intended to
occur, as evidenced by the creation of vapor in the jacket, the
provision of vapor space therein or by a circulating system requiring
vapor for its operation; (2) a closed system is provided which is
claimed to be operated at pressures other than atmospheric; (3)
there is manipulation to change the normal boiling point of the
coolant in a part of the system as by providing a vacuum or pressurizing;
or (4) a condenser is interposed in the system other than and/or
in addition to the normal passage of the liquid coolant through
a heat exchanging radiator, as (a) the radiator is vented through
a condenser, or into the circulating fluid, (b) the radiator is
modified to mix or recirculate vapors, or (c) the outlet from the
water jacket enters the radiator at the bottom.
(1)
Note. Vapor type operation may occur only in the starting
and warming up period of motor operation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.2. Cooling systems in which there is condensation of vapor
in parts of the system external to the block or cylinder jacket
and ultimate or immediate return of the condensate to the system.
(1)
Note. Condensation of vapor may be induced by passing the
vapor through a heat exchanger, either with or without accompanying
liquid, or by introducing it into a body of liquid either in a tank
or in the circulating system.
(2)
Note. Circulation involves return of at least a portion of
the condensate to the block or cylinder jacket, either directly or
after a period of storage. The path is usually circuitous, but may
be a surge in and out through the same line.
(3)
Note. Condensation of vapor in a heat exchanger opening widely
and directly into the block water cavity or cylinder jacket is considered
circulation, but a mere tank at the top of the water space or jacket
is not so considered.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.21. Cooling systems in which a connection to the combustion
intake or carburetor reduces pressure in the system or a portion
of it, usually to promote circulation or reduce the boiling point of
the coolant.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.21. Cooling systems in which the vapor emitted from the block
or jacket or a portion of it, or the condensate resulting therefrom,
is added to or separated into a fluid circuit which does not include
the block or jacket, i.e., a secondary cooling circuit.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.21. Cooling systems in which vapor and/or water flows
from the top of the block or cylinder jacket to the bottom of the
radiator.
(1)
Note. This usually results in the water returning to the block
or cylinder without circulating through the heat exchanger, which
is an upflow condenser.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.21. Cooling systems in which vapor and water flow from the block
or cylinder jacket through the same or adjacent outlets and the
water is separated from the vapor and returned to the block or cylinder
without passing through the condenser for the vapor.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.21. Cooling systems provided with an overflow vent from the
radiator-condenser which leads to a means for condensing vapors
escaping from the system through the overflow.
(1)
Note. The overflow tube may lead to a heat exchanger, a tank
or reservoir or to a part of the system in which liquid is circulating.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Cooling systems having (1) conduits for furnishing each
of a plurality of cylinders with an individual supply of coolant
the distribution system branching either externally or internally of
the jacket, or (2) passages within the jacket having capacities
varying from cylinder to cylinder to produce equal cooling effects
on all cylinders.
(1)
Note. Circulation through the head or body of the cylinder
block or jacket with apertures individual to each cylinder for transfer
of fluid between the head and body is not included under (1) above,
but is included under (2) if the apertures vary in size.
for multiple cylinders having coolant circulating
jackets or block passages where individual head chambers are supplied
from the body or lower chambers through passages of uniform size.
See (1) Note.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Cooling systems in which a liquid coolant is circulated
through plural paths which have at least some portion in common
and which are diverse in character.
(1)
Note. Typical examples of art are (1) bypass circuits, whether
for pump, radiator or jacket; (2) primary and secondary liquid coolant
circuits having a common portion in which the fluids mingle; and (3)
separate circuits connecting either the pump or radiator to both
the top and bottom of the block or jacket.
(2)
Note. Mere circulation from one part of a cylinder block or
jacket to another is not included, even though the connection is external.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Cooling systems wherein air is admitted to coolant water
for cooling the water and/or for circulating the water
around the cooling system.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Cooling systems with means for cooling such additional elements
as spark plugs, exhaust manifolds, plural manifolds for both intake
and exhaust, bearings, guides, transmissions, etc., or means for
cooling substances such as exhaust gases, etc., together with the
cooling of (1) the cylinder, (2) piston or (3) valves, or any combination
thereof.
(1)
Note. Where the claims include exhaust manifold cooling with
no detailed engine cooling, the patent belongs in Class 60, Power
Plants, subclass 321, unless the exhaust gases are diverted to the
engine, in which case the patent belongs in this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Cooling means in which various movable elements of the engine
have their inside surfaces, which are not exposed to combustion,
cooperating surfaces, or direct atmosphere, cooled.
(1)
Note. Movable elements in this subclass and in indented subclasses
comprise pistons, cylinders, valves, etc.
Expansible Chamber Devices,
subclass 173 for a piston having an enclosed insulating space
therein; subclass 186 for a piston having a ported chamber therein
for circulating a heat exchange fluid; subclass 239 for a piston
provided with heat radiating rib means.
Expansible Chamber Devices,
subclass 173 for a piston having an enclosed insulating space
therein; subclass 186 for a piston having a ported chamber therein
for circulating heat exchange fluid; subclass 239 for a piston provided
with heat radiating rib means.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.35. Cooling means in which the piston has attached thereto a
conduit, or the piston is shaped to include a conduit, which conduit
slides in or on a stationary or fixed conduit for delivering coolant
to or from said piston interior.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.35. Cooling means wherein the piston rod is hollow or has passages
therein for conducting coolant to and/or from the piston.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.37. Cooling means wherein the hollow piston rod is pivotally
or otherwise nonrigidly connected with the piston to permit said
rod to swing.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.35. Cooling means wherein the piston has openings in its side
wall or cylindrical surface which usually communicate with openings
in the cylinder for the passage of a coolant to or from the interior
or side of the piston.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Cooling systems employing liquid coolants other than water
or water which has been treated to prevent freezing, corroding,
etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Cooling systems having positively acting means for circulating
a liquid coolant within the engine block, through the block to the
head, or through the block and head to a radiator.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.44. Cooling systems where the device for circulating the liquid
is a pump which is operated in conjunction with an air cooling fan.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Cooling systems including devices which guide, force, or
direct air over surfaces which enclose a liquid coolant or which
separate the air and liquid coolant.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Cooling systems having a normally rigid body, as a tank,
radiator or jacket wall, constructed of yieldable material or provided
with a replaceable portion weaker than the normal wall, or having
a compressible or yieldable body within a tank, radiator or jacket,
to prevent breakage of permanent rigid parts, particularly when
the coolant freezes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Cooling systems in which two or more heat dissipators and/or
tanks are included in a single circulating system so that the coolant
passes through them successively.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Cooling systems including a radiator or heat exchange for
liquid coolants mounted on or integral with the engine or engine
cylinder.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.52. Cooling systems wherein the heat exchanger or radiator is
in the form of a tank shaped like a hopper and forming an extension
of the block or cylinder jacket. The hopper or tank is coextensive
with the cylinder exchange portion of the system or opens widely
into it, and there is no other means for dissipating heat.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Cooling systems including matter other than heat exchange
jackets or casings for the combustion chambers, valves, pistons
or their immediate associated parts or the heat exchange elements
of the same as fins or air passages.
(1)
Note. Included are miscellaneous heat dissipators for liquid
coolants including those involving a secondary liquid coolant, automatic
devices not concerned with coolant, flow, combinations with external
power and/or heat using devices, i.e., auxiliary power
plants, filters, etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.56. Cooling means wherein a part of the engine is cooled by
a liquid, i.e., there is a primary liquid coolant as well as a primary
air coolant.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.56. Cooling means comprising means forming an air duct or passage
for conducting cooling air to or against the engine including devices
for controlling the flow of air through the duct or passages.
(1)
Note. These devices for the most part include shutters mounted
in or on cowling.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.58. Subject matter wherein the flow of air through the duct
of passage is controlled by adjustable means at the discharge end
of the duct or passage.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.56. Devices for cooling a multiple cylinder engine which include
vanes, baffles, conduits or the like, for dividing the flow of air
into separate streams and directing said streams to different cylinders
or portions of the cylinders of the engine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.6. Subject matter wherein the stream dividing means comprise
deflecting baffles positioned adjacent to or attached to the cylinders
of the engine for directing air to or about each cylinder.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.6. Subject matter in which the stream dividing means comprises
an air duct or passage having discharge ports or conduits for directing
the air flow to or against different parts of the engine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.56. Subject matter which includes devices for impelling cooling
air over the engine.
(1)
Note. The impelling means includes fans, pumps, or like devices
but excludes cowlings, ducts, or the like which merely direct the
flow of air over the engine due to the movement of the vehicle.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.56. Devices comprising a jacket, casing or conduit supported
by or enclosing an individual cylinder for directing the flow of
air thereover.
(1)
Note. Various shaped baffles which cause the air flow to be
deflected over the cylinder heads are included in this subclass.
(2)
Note. Devices in which the heat dissipating fins cooperate
with the jacket or casing to form channels to conduct the cooling
air over the cylinder are in this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.67. Devices in which baffle means or cylinder fins are formed
to impart a spiral flow to the air within the jacket, casing or
conduit as it passes over the cylinder.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.56. Subject matter which includes cylinders and/or cylinder
heads constructed with various shaped fins to increase the cooling
area of the cylinder walls.
Heat Exchange,
subclass 51 for heat exchange means installed on an engine;
subclasses 181+ for a tubular structure with discrete heat
transfer means; and subclass 185 for a heat transmitter, per se.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.56. Devices which comprise air ducts or passages which surround
the engine to conduct or direct a stream of cooling air to or against
the engine.
(1)
Note. These devices are usually cowling and may include structure
for supporting the air duct or cowling on the engine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Cylinder, piston or jacket construction in which a plurality
of materials, usually of different thermal capacity, are combined
in a single element.
(1)
Note. A liner or cover permanently attached is considered
a combined single element.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Structures comprising an engine part which is immediately
connected with the combustion process, as a cylinder wall or head
or valve seat jacketed, channeled or constructed to form a passage
for a confined coolant.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.72. Structures in which all or a portion of the coolant is confined
in a channel within or adjacent jacket or coolant housing to a point
immediately adjacent the part to be cooled, where it is released
into the larger space with sufficient force to form a current, jet
or spray directed toward said port.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.72. Subject matter in which the cooling head is formed with
an internal concave portion with which the jacket is coextensive.
(1)
Note. This concave portion usually constitutes the combustion
space.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.72. Structures in which the cooling chamber is especially adapted
to cool the valve areas, i.e., passages, seats and valve stem guides.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.72. Cooling structures in which the jacket or cylinder walls
are constructed with channels or in such a way as to form channels,
or baffles, fins, ribs or grooves are provided inside the coolant chamber,
either to guide the coolant in particular paths or directions, or
to increase the area of the wall exposed to the coolant.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.79. Structures in which the path formed for the coolant is spiral,
or forms an ascending or descending path extending around the cylinder.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.72. Structures in which a member forming the external wall or
walls of a coolant containing chamber are secured to the cylinder
or cylinder block proper, so that they are carried thereby and have
no other support or mounting means.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.72. Structures in which the cylinder or cylinder liner is detachably
supported within the assembly in such a way as to form one wall
of the coolant chamber.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.83. Structures in which the cylinder or liner has a flange by
which it is engaged with or supported in the assembly.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41.01. Structures in which the cooling means is especially adapted
to cool the valve areas, i.e., passages, seats or valve stem guides.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Engines wherein air is forced through the crankcase by some
manner other than the mere pumping effect of the engine pistons
for ventilating or removing fumes from the crankcase.
(1)
Note. Air may be forced through the crankcase by the forward
motion of the vehicle or by the fan due to the formation of a venture
or aspirating nozzle on the crankcase.
Expansible Chamber Devices,
subclasses 78+ for a means to purify a fluid to or from a portion
of an expansible chamber device, subclass 80 for a force exerting
means to move fluid from a nonworking chamber of an expansible chamber
device, and subclass 82 for a means to control the flow of fluid
from a nonworking chamber of an expansible chamber device.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines having a cylinder and working
piston reciprocating therein, but irrespective of other structural
features, cycle, or mode of operation, in which the working cylinder
partakes of an oscillatory motion about a fixed axis as the piston
reciprocates therein.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines having a cylinder and working
piston reciprocating therein, but irrespective of other structural
features, cycle, or mode of operation, in which the working cylinder
partakes of a continuous rotary motion about a fixed axis as the
working piston reciprocates therein and engines including a plurality
of working cylinders each coming within the terms of this definition,
the engine in question not coming within the terms of the definition
of the subclass following this.
This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Internal-combustion engines differing from those occurring
in the preceding subclass in that axial lines of the rotating cylinders
lie in a plane perpendicular to the crank-shaft of the engine and
are also radial thereto, the cylinders or cylinder when one only
is disclosed being immovable relatively to the member by which they
are carried and with which they rotate.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines having a cylinder and a working
piston reciprocating therein, but irrespective of other structural
features, cycle, or mode of operation, in which the working piston
rotates or oscillates upon its longitudinal axis and that of the
working cylinder as it reciprocates therein and in so doing opens
and closes in proper order the various ports necessary to supply
combustible mixture to and to permit the exhaust of the burned gases
from the engine, the periphery of the piston or an extension thereof
forming a closure for the supply and exhaust ports when they are required
to be closed.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines having a cylinder and one or
more reciprocating pistons therein, one at least of which pistons
is movable freely and independently of the main shaft of the engine
on the stroke of such piston immediately following the ignition
of the charge, during which stroke the energy of the burned gases
is stored and thereafter transferred to the main shaft of the engine.
Ordinarily the freely-movable piston is the only piston employed
in engines in this subclass. The energy is ordinarily stored by
forcing the piston against the pressure of the atmosphere; and the
stored energy is ordinarily transferred to the main shaft by securing
the piston thereto by means of a suitable clutch provided with suitable
converting mechanism upon its return stroke.
Power Plants,
subclass 595 for an internal combustion type free piston device
supplying motive fluid to a motor and subclass 596 for an internal combustion
type of free piston device with a pressure fluid type starting structure.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines having a cylinder and working
piston reciprocating therein, but irrespective of other structural
features, cycle, or mode of operation, the said working piston being
provided with a passage leading into the working cylinder and controlled
by a valve depending upon the engine for its operation, said valve
being concerned either with the supply of the successive combustible
charges to the working cylinder or with the exhaust of the burned
gases therefrom.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines having a cylinder and a working
piston reciprocating therein, but irrespective of other structural
features, cycle, or mode of operation, in which means are provided
whereby the volume of the clearance-space or combustion-chamber
may be varied or adjusted either manually or automatically as by
a suitable governing device, to thereby insure a proper degree of
compression of the combustible charge before ignition thereof.
for internal-combustion engines in which the volume
of the clearance-space is varied in unison with the exhaust-stroke,
such action being a definite step in each cycle of operation of
the engine.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines comprising a cylinder and a
piston therein, the cylinder being capable or reciprocatory movement
in a straight line relatively to the piston and the piston being
either immovable or adapted for simultaneous movement in a direction
opposite to the movement of the said movable cylinder whereby the
gases resulting from the combustion of a combustible mixture within
the cylinder as they expand act upon the movable cylinder and transmit
power therethrough to the main driving-shaft of the engine or act
upon the movable cylinder and the piston, when it also is movable,
to transmit power through both said elements.
MULTIPLE PISTON, COMMON NONRESTRICTIVE COMBUSTION CHAMBER:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines comprising two working pistons
moving simultaneously in the opposite directions in a single cylindrical structure
composed of two working cylinders arranged tandem with a combustion-chamber between
and in permanently open communication with both said cylinders or
two working pistons moving in like manner in two similarly-arranged
cylinders whose axial lines when extended are parallel and adjacent
and which communicate with a single combustion chamber, as above,
whereby the gases resulting from the combustion of a combustible
mixture within the combustion-chamber as they expand act with equal
pressure upon both pistons and transmit substantially equal amounts
of power through each piston to the main driving shaft of the engine,
and internal-combustion engines comprising two or more such units
as are above defined.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engine having two or more separate and
distinct cylinders and a single piston reciprocating in each cylinder
to transmit force to a load.
(1)
Note. The following terms are defined as used in this subclass
and indented subclasses.
(2)
Note. A "stroke" consists of a movement of
the piston away from the cylinder head or a movement toward the
cylinder head.
(3)
Note. An internal-combustion engine may be defined by the
number of strokes between ignition, the most common types are as
follows:
(a)
A "four-stroke" engine is one which operates
as follows, starting with the piston near "top-dead-center":
(1) The piston moves away from the head, for the "power" stroke,
as the ignited fuel expands as gases, to go to "bottom-dead-center".
(2) The piston moves toward the head for the "exhaust" stroke
in which the combustion gases are expelled. (3) The piston again
moves away from the head for the "intake" stroke
in which air is drawn into the cylinder. (4) The piston moves toward
the head for the "compression" stroke, at the
conclusion of which ignition will occur and the cycles start over.
Note that a "four-stroke" engine makes two
complete revolutions for each power stroke.
(b)
A "two-stroke" engine is one which operates
as follows, starting with the piston near "top-dead-center":
(1) The piston moves away from the head for the power stroke, with
exhaust beginning at the bottom of the stroke. (2) The piston moves
toward the head as exhaust completes, with the charge simultaneously being
transferred to the cylinder, the latter part of the stroke serving
to compress the charge, at the conclusion of this stroke ignition
will occur and the cycles start over.
Note that a "two-stroke" engine makes one
complete revolution for each power stroke.
Expansible Chamber Devices,
subclasses 146+ for plural unitarily mounted cylinders or a frame
therefor for an expansible chamber device (that is not an engine).
GLOSSARY
CHARGE:
a quantity of "working fluid" intended
to be ignited for a working stroke of the "piston".
COMBUSTION CHAMBER:
that volume of a "cylinder" enclosed
by the "head" and the "piston" when
the piston is closest to the head.
CONNECTING ROD:
The most common link for transmitting power from a "piston" to
a "crankshaft".
CRANKSHAFT:
The most common type of "output shaft",
which is journaled to turn about a fixed axis and including an offset portion
for receiving energy from the piston.
CYLINDER:
a member having an internally facing surface of a shape generated
by a straight line rotating a fixed distance about an axis.
HEAD:
the portion of a cylinder which closes off one end thereof.
This subclass is indented under subclass 52.1. Multiple cylinder engine including at least two cylinders
each of which is connected to a single combustion chamber by a passage
which is constricted to limit free flow of gasses between at least
one of the cylinders and the combustion chamber and including means
to coordinate movement of the pistons so as to compress the charge
in the single combustion chamber.
(1)
Note. One piston of the "at least two" cylinders
may move somewhat in advance of the other. There may be provision
to prevent a fresh combustible mixture separate from the residual
products of combustion from the previous charge, as by leading the
supply-conduit into one working cylinder, while the exhaust-conduit
leads from another.
for an engine including multiple pistons that utilize
a single combustion chamber without restriction of flow of combustion
gases there between. The engine of that subclass may include two
oppositely moving pistons in a single cylinder.
This subclass is indented under subclass 52.3. Multiple cylinder engine including two output shafts, the
first having at least one crank thereon which is drivingly connected
to a first piston so as to convert the reciprocating motion of the
piston into rotary motion of the first output shaft, and the second
output shaft having at least one crank thereon which is drivingly
connected to a second piston so as to convert the reciprocating
motion of that piston into rotary motion of the second output shaft.
This subclass is indented under subclass 52.5. Multiple cylinder engine including two output shafts, the
first having at least one crank thereon which is drivingly connected
to a first piston so as to convert the reciprocating motion of the
piston into rotary motion of the first output shaft, and the second
output shaft having at least one crank thereon which is drivingly
connected to a second piston so as to convert the reciprocating
motion of that piston into rotary motion of the second output shaft.
This subclass is indented under subclass 52.1. Multiple cylinder engine including a crankshaft that turns
about an axis extending generally perpendicularly to a plane passing
through the axis of at least one cylinder the piston of which is
drivingly connected thereto, wherein the cylinder axis, if extended,
would not intersect the crankshaft axis.
This subclass is indented under subclass 53.1. Multiple cylinder engine including two output shafts, the
first having at least one crank thereon which is drivingly connected
to a first piston so as to convert the reciprocating motion of the
piston into rotary motion of the first output shaft, and the second
output shaft having at least one crank thereon which is drivingly
connected to a second piston so as to convert the reciprocating
motion of that piston into rotary motion of the second output shaft.
This subclass is indented under subclass 53.1. Multiple cylinder engine wherein the axes of a first and
a second cylinder are spaced from each other by 180° about
the crankshaft.
This subclass is indented under subclass 53.1. Multiple cylinder engine wherein the axes of two cylinders
are parallel and the axis of the crankshaft extends between the
parallel axes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 52.1. Multiple cylinder engine wherein a first and a second cylinder
having axes collinear and have the combustion chamber ends of the
cylinders facing one another along their axes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 52.1. Multiple cylinder engine including a rotary output shaft
that turns about an axis intersected by and extending generally
perpendicular to the axes of the first and second cylinders, the pistons
of which are drivingly connected to the output shaft, wherein the
cylinder axes are not parallel to each other.
(1)
Note. The axes of the first and second cylinders may intersect
the rotational axis of the crankshaft at the same or at different
points along the axis of the crankshaft.
(2)
Note. When viewed as a cross-section normal to the crankshaft
axis, the first and second cylinder axes intersect at the point
defining the crankshaft axis.
Expansible Chamber Devices,
subclass 148 for a plurality of radially disposed cylinders
for an expansible chamber device that is not an internal combustion
engine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 54.1. Multiple cylinder engine wherein at least three cylinders
are equally spaced about the centrally disposed rotary output shaft.
This subclass is indented under subclass 54.2. Multiple cylinder engine wherein the rotary output shaft
includes a disk or a drum with an irregularly shaped surface which
is engaged by a follower linkage drivingly connected to the pistons
to convert the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotary motion
of the output shaft.
This subclass is indented under subclass 54.1. Multiple cylinder engine wherein first and second radially
extending banks of cylinders are spaced apart by an angle of less
than 180°.
This subclass is indented under subclass 54.1. Multiple cylinder engine including at least three cylinders
radially disposed and unequally spaced about the centrally disposed,
rotary output shaft.
This subclass is indented under subclass 54.1. Multiple cylinder engine wherein the first and second cylinder
axes are spaced from each other 180° about the crankshaft
axis.
This subclass is indented under subclass 55.2. Multiple cylinder engine wherein the rotary output shaft
includes a disk or a drum with an irregularly shaped surface which
is engaged by a follower linkage drivingly connected to the pistons
to convert the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotary motion
of the output shaft.
This subclass is indented under subclass 55.4. Multiple cylinder engine wherein the axes of a first and
a second cylinder are spaced from each other by 180° about
the crankshaft and wherein the first and second cylinder axes are collinear.
This subclass is indented under subclass 55.6. Multiple cylinder engine wherein the axes of a first and
a second cylinder are spaced from each other by 180° about
the crankshaft and wherein the first and second cylinder axes are collinear.
This subclass is indented under subclass 52.1. Multiple cylinder engine including an elongated rotary output
shaft intended to turn about its axis, in which the cylinder axes
are parallel with the rotary output shaft axis.
(1)
Note. In the engine of this subclass, the cylinder axes are
usually at equal radial distances from the axis of the main shaft and
are arranged around said shaft at equal angular intervals.
This subclass is indented under subclass 56.1. Multiple cylinder engine wherein the rotary output shaft
includes a disk or a drum with an irregularly shaped surface which
is engaged by a follower linkage drivingly connected to the pistons
to convert the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotary motion
of the output shaft.
This subclass is indented under subclass 56.2. Multiple cylinder engine wherein the cam comprises: (a)
a disk-shaped plate rigidly connected on an incline to the output
shaft, the pistons engage the periphery of the disk-shaped plate
with a follower linkage thereby converting reciprocating motion
of the pistons to rotary motion of the output shaft; or (b) a disk-shaped
plate journaled to an incline to the output shaft such that the
plate wobbles without rotating about the output shaft, the pistons
are linked to the periphery of the disk-shaped plate by swivel joints
so that the reciprocating movement of the pistons produces a wobbling motion
of the disk-shaped plate turning the inclined crank producing rotation
motion of the output shaft.
This subclass is indented under subclass 56.3. Multiple cylinder engine wherein the cylinders are oriented
in the same direction and are configured in one group equally spaced
from and encircling the output shaft.
This subclass is indented under subclass 56.3. Multiple cylinder engine wherein the cylinders are separated
into two groups, one on either side of the swash plate, each group
is oriented in one direction and encircles the output shaft at equal
spacing.
This subclass is indented under subclass 56.3. Multiple cylinder engine wherein the rotary output shaft
includes at least two disk-shaped plates inclined to the axis of
the output shaft and at least one piston is linked to the periphery
of each of the disk-shaped plates such that the reciprocating motion
of the pistons is converted into rotary motion of the output shaft.
This subclass is indented under subclass 56.2. Multiple cylinder engine wherein the cylinders are oriented
in the same direction and are configured in one group equally spaced
from and encircling the output shaft.
This subclass is indented under subclass 56.2. Multiple cylinder engine wherein the cylinders are separated
into two groups, one on either side of the swash plate, each group
is oriented in one direction and encircles the output shaft at equal
spacing.
This subclass is indented under subclass 56.2. Multiple cylinder engine wherein the rotary output shaft
includes at least two contoured disks or drums and at least one
piston linked by a follower arrangement to the contoured surface
of the cam, so that reciprocating motion of the pistons is converted
into rotary motion of the output shaft.
This subclass is indented under subclass 56.1. Multiple cylinder engine wherein the rotary output shaft
extends through and is rotatable in a longitudinal bore in the piston.
This subclass is indented under subclass 52.1. Multiple cylinder engine including a crankshaft that turns
about an axis in the same plane with the axis of first and second
cylinders, the pistons of which are drivingly connected to the crankshaft.
This subclass is indented under subclass 58.1. Multiple cylinder engine wherein the pistons of the first
and second cylinders are immovably secured to each other.
This subclass is indented under subclass 58.1. Multiple cylinder engine including means for charging the
working cylinders, whereby the charging travels generally along
the length of the working cylinders.
This subclass is indented under subclass 58.4. Multiple cylinder engine including at least one piston configured
with at least two different cross sections along the piston"s
length, the configured piston is received in a cylinder with at
least two different diameter bores.
This subclass is indented under subclass 58.1. Multiple cylinder engine including at least one piston configured
with at least two different cross sections along the piston"s
length, the configured piston is received in a cylinder with at
least two different diameter bores.
This subclass is indented under subclass 58.1. Multiple cylinder engine wherein prior to opening of a first
cylinder"s exhaust port, the high pressure exhaust gases
of the first cylinder are released to push additional charge into
a second cylinder which has already inlet charged at atmospheric
pressure.
This subclass is indented under subclass 58.1. Multiple cylinder engine wherein exhaust from a first cylinder
is released into a second cylinder to combust the residual fuel
in the exhaust.
This subclass is indented under subclass 58.1. Multiple cylinder engine including a valve mechanism which
moves to-and-fro excluding poppet valves.
(1)
Note. A poppet valve consists of a valve member including
a rodlike portion (i.e., stem) connected to the center of a disk-shaped
portion, said valve member is resiliently biased into sealing engagement
with the rim of a hole (i.e., the seat)
This subclass is indented under subclass 59.1. Multiple cylinder engine wherein the outer surface of revolution
of the rotary valve includes at least one conical segment, the conical
segment is received in a conical bore thereby sealing the conical
portion of the rotary valve.
This subclass is indented under subclass 59.1. Multiple cylinder engine wherein the rotary valve consists
of a hollow, thin walled surface of revolution lining or in surrounding
relationship to at least a portion of a working cylinder.
This subclass is indented under subclass 59.1. Multiple cylinder engine wherein the rotary valve has one
or more thin, circular member(s) with at least one flat surface
perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 58.1. Multiple cylinder engine including at least two devices
for mixing air and fuel external to the combustion chamber.
This subclass is indented under subclass 58.1. Multiple cylinder engine including at least two output shafts,
each including one or more cranks, wherein the pistons are at the
working cylinder and are drivingly connected to the cranks, thereby
converting the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotary motion
of the output shaft.
This subclass is indented under subclass 52.1. Multiple cylinder engine including a first piston of circular
cross section and including a second piston that is hollow and concentric about
the first piston, wherein the two pistons are secured to each other
so that they move together.
This subclass is indented under the unnumbered
subclass, DOUBLE-ACTING. Internal-combustion engines working on a two-stroke cycle
and in which successive burned charges act upon opposite sides of
a single piston reciprocating in a single cylinder, whereby the working
piston is impelled alternately in each direction. Includes two-cycle
engines operating upon recompression and also two-cycle engines
operating upon pump-compression cycles, both of which terms are
more fully explained hereinafter. The working cylinder in the engines
in this subclass is of simple cylindrical form, and the supply-pump
for the combustible mixture is wholly separate and distinct from
the working cylinder and is not considered in this definition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 61. Internal-combustion engines working on a two stroke cycle
and in which successive combustible charges after ignition thereof
act so as to impel the working piston alternately in each direction,
the elements of the engine and of the pump for supplying the combustible
mixture thereto being all contained within a single cylinder structure
and so intimately associated as to make mechanical separation of
the two sets of elements impossible without defeating the operation
of the engine as a whole.
This subclass is indented under the unnumbered
subclass, DOUBLE-ACTING. Internal-combustion engines working on the four-stroke cycle,
hereinafter defined, in which successive burned charges act alternately
upon opposite sides of a single reciprocating piston moving in a
single cylinder.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines of the reciprocating type working
upon a modified four-stroke cycle with recompression in the working cylinder,
as defined in the definition of ... , below, and in which air unmixed
with combustible is drawn into and expelled from the working cylinder
one or more times upon distinct suction and expelling strokes of
the working piston after the end of the exhaust-stroke and before
the beginning of the suction-stroke of the normal four-stroke cycle,
whereby a more complete removal of the burned gases, from the working
cylinder and combustion-chamber is secured.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Internal-combustion engines having a single single-acting
working cylinder and a single working piston reciprocating therein
and having suitable means for supplying a combustible mixture thereto,
such engines working on the two-stroke cycle and not coming within
the definitions of the following subclasses of two-cycle engines.
Internal-combustion engines are said to work upon the two-stroke
cycle when a combustible mixture under pressure materially greater
than atmospheric pressure is burned and the resulting products of
combustion allowed to expand within the working cylinder upon every
second stroke of the working piston of the engine. The means for
supplying the combustible mixture to the engine ordinarily includes
a pump operated by and in unison therewith, which pump and engine
are generally inseparable without destroying the identity of the
device as a whole. In the engines occurring in two-cycle subclasses
a combustible mixture is supplied to the working cylinder and burned
therein under pressure upon each second stroke of the working piston,
and such mixture after having been supplied to the working cylinder
at a pressure not necessarily greater than is sufficient to insure
its flow there into may be recompressed therein by the working piston
or by the working and pump pistons acting together before ignition
and the beginning of the working stroke, which is the more ordinary
mode of operation, or the mixture may be supplied to the working
cylinder after the beginning of the working stroke and at the maximum
pressure under which it exists before ignition, in which case it
is not recompressed in the working cylinder before ignition, but
is ignited either at constant pressure as it enters or at constant
volume after the whole charge has been supplied. Two-cycle engines
coming within the latter of the above cases are classified as two-cycle
pump-compression engines. The combustible mixture is ordinarily
supplied to the working cylinder by a pump, and in the first of
the above cases, while the charge may be compressed to a considerable
degree by the supply-pump, such charge enters the working cylinder
only against the pressure of the atmosphere and after having entered
must exist therein at or substantially at atmospheric pressure,
and the initial compression of the charge upon which the efficiency
of an internal-combustion engine so largely depends is produced wholly
by recompression of the charge in the working cylinder while in
the second case such initial pressure is produced wholly by the
supply-pump which compresses the charge directly to the maximum
pressure at which it exists before ignition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Two-cycle internal-combustion engines in which separate
and distinct working and pumping pistons operate in a single cylinder
a portion of which together with the working piston, forms a motor,
while another portion of such cylinder, together with the pumping-piston forms
a pump for supplying a fresh charge to the working cylinder. The
supply-pump is operated by and in unison with the engine, and as
the supply-pump and motor elements of the engine are all contained
in a single cylinder the two sets of elements are necessarily inseparable
without wholly defeating the operation of the engine in the manner
contemplated.
This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Two-cycle internal-combustion engines in which the air pumped
by a single supply-pump operated by and in unison with the engine
is separated or divided into two separate and distinct streams,
one of which passes to the working cylinder unchanged, while the
other receives a supply of hydrocarbon on its way to the working
cylinder. The stream to which no hydrocarbon is supplied ordinarily
acts to more or less thoroughly expel the burned gases from the
working cylinder prior to the formation of a new charge therein,
and the two streams frequently reunite as they enter the working
cylinder or shortly before entry thereinto.
This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Two-cycle internal-combustion engines in which the combustible
mixture, or both the constituents thereof, is supplied to the working cylinder
under pressure materially greater than atmospheric pressure, such
supply beginning at the beginning of the working stroke and continuing
for a determinate portion thereof, the combustible mixture being
ignited either at constant pressure as it enters the cylinder or
at constant volume after the whole charge has been supplied thereto,
in either case without recompression in the working cylinder. The combustible
mixture or the constituents thereof may be supplied directly to
the working cylinder without preliminary storage or may be supplied
to suitable reservoirs interposed between the compressing means
and the working cylinder and within which a considerable volume
of combustible mixture, or its constituents, is stored. Engines
in this subclass in which ignition takes place after the whole charge
has been supplied to the working cylinder differ from those in ...
which work upon a two-stroke cycle, only in the degree of compression
to which the charge is subjected before ignition, and as some of
the engines in the subclass above mentioned are provided with a
supply-pump for forcing air through a charge-forming device to the
cylinder of the engine the combustible mixture thus produced is
necessarily supplied to such engines under some pressure. However,
where the structure and operation of the device as a whole clearly
indicate that the pressure under which the charge is supplied is so
slight as to be sufficient only to insure its flow into the working
cylinder the engine is classified in subclass 39. In engines working on
the two-cycle pump-compression cycle the whole charge properly mixed
to form a combustible mixture may be compressed by a single pump
or the air and combustible may be compressed by separate pumps to
be mixed on their way to the working cylinder or after such constituents
have entered thereinto.
This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Two-cycle recompression internal-combustion engines in which
air and combustible in the gaseous form are supplied to the working
cylinder or combustion-chamber by separate and distinct pumps, each
operated by and in unison with the engine, one at least of the constituents being
recompressed within the working cylinder before the ignition of
the combustible mixture. The air is ordinarily supplied to the working
cylinder of the engine before the gas, and such air is frequently
designed to more or less completely scavenge the working cylinder. In
such cases a part of the air thus supplied remains in the cylinder
to form with the gas subsequently supplied thereto the next following
charge. The air and gas may, however, enter the working cylinder
simultaneously. The air and gas are ordinarily intermixed within
the working cylinder before the completion of the compression stroke,
so that the complete charge is recompressed in the working cylinder before
the ignition thereof and the beginning of the working stroke; but
this subclass also includes engines in which one only of the constituents
of the charge is recompressed in the working cylinder, in which
case the other is supplied thereto under pressure during the working
stroke.
for oil-engines having one pump for supplying air
to the working cylinder thereof and another for supplying oil and
air, the oil being frequently atomized by the air, but not vaporized
prior to its entry into the working cylinder.
This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Two-cycle recompression internal-combustion engines in which
the working cylinder and the pump for supplying a combustible mixture thereto
are located adjacent each other, axial lines through the pump and
motor cylinders being parallel and perpendicular to the axis of the
main shaft of the engine and both lying in a plane passing through
the axis of the main shaft. In engines in this subclass the supply-pump
is inseparable from the engine and may draw both air and hydrocarbon
into the cylinder thereof upon the suction-stroke, so that the pump
operated upon the whole charge to be supplied to the working cylinder,
or the supply-pump may draw in and discharge air only, in which
case the combustible constituent of the charge is supplied to the
air during its passage to the working cylinder.
This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Two-cycle recompression internal-combustion engines in which
the axes of the working and pump cylinders form a single straight
line which, if extended, would intersect the main shaft of the engine
at right angles, the cylinders abutting and the working piston being
prolonged and extended into the pump-cylinder and enlarged therein
to form the pumping-piston, thereby forming an annular pumping-chamber
which surrounds the extension of the working piston. From the above
it follows that the working and pump pistons form a single rigid
structure. In engines in this subclass compression of the charge
prior to the ignition thereof is effected by the joint action of
the pump and motor pistons. The arrangement above defined may be
reversed, in which case the cylinder above described as the working cylinder
becomes the cylinder of the supply-pump and the annular pumping-chamber becomes
the working chamber.
(1)
Note. The supply-pump is inseparable from the engine and ordinarily
operated upon the whole charge, as in engines in subclass 70.
This subclass is indented under subclass 65. Two-cycle recompression internal-combustion engines in which
the working piston and the pump for supplying a combustible mixture thereto
are arranged at an angle to each other, axial lines through the
pump and motor cylinders being perpendicular to the main shaft of the
engine and lying in planes inclined to each other, which pass through
the said main shaft. The axes of the pump and working cylinder also
ordinarily lie in a single plane perpendicular to the main shaft
of the engine.
(1)
Note. The supply-pump is inseparable from the engine and ordinarily
operated upon the whole charge, as in engines in subclass 70.
This subclass is indented under the unnumbered
subclass, Rear compression. Two-cycle recompression internal-combustion engines having
a cylinder closed at one end and an air-tight casing inclosing the
connecting-rod and crank and forming a closed crank-case in open communication
with the other end of the cylinder and a piston reciprocating in
the said cylinder, such piston performing at the same time the functions
of both a working piston and a piston for the pump which supplies
a fresh charge to the engine, one end of the cylinder and the corresponding
end of the piston constituting the working cylinder and piston,
while the other or rear end of the piston and the corresponding
end of the cylinder, together with a closed crank-case form a pump
for introducing a new charge into the working end of the cylinder.
In engines in this subclass the supply or exhaust ports, or both,
are generally formed in the cylinder-wall and are then controlled
by the piston as it reciprocates, the piston forming a closure for
such ports when it is required that they be kept closed.
This subclass is indented under the unnumbered
subclass, Rear compression. Two-cycle recompression internal-combustion engines having
a cylinder closed at both ends and a piston reciprocating therein,
such piston performing at the same time the functions of both a working
piston and a piston for the pump which supplies a fresh charge to
the engine, one end of the cylinder and the corresponding end of
the piston constituting the working cylinder and piston, while the
other or rear end of the piston and the corresponding end of the
cylinder form a pump for introducing a new charge into the working
end of the cylinder. In engines in this subclass the supply or exhaust ports,
or both, are generally formed in the cylinder-wall and are then
controlled by the piston as it reciprocates, the piston forming
a closure for such ports when it is required that they be kept closed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Four-cycle internal combustion engines in which a volume
of air unmixed with combustible is caused to pass through the working
cylinder of the engine or the combustion-chamber thereof at any
time between the end of the working stroke and the beginning of
the next following charging stroke, whereby to secure a more complete
removal of the burned gases of the previous charge from the cylinder
and combustion-chamber, so that the successive charges will be unmixed
with residual burned gases from a previous charge. The scavenging action
may take place before or after or be simultaneous with the regular
exhaust stroke of the engine. In the engines in this subclass a complete
charge comprising all the ingredients necessary to form a combustible
mixture enters the cylinder upon distinct charging stroke, the air
supplied for the purpose of scavenging, not being necessary to form
or complete the following charge.
(1)
Note. Engines frequently described as scavenging engines and
in which a volume of air is caused to pass through the working cylinder
and combustion-chamber for the same purpose as in this subclass,
but in which a portion of such air is necessary to complete the
following charge, are classified in this class, subclass 69. In
subclass 76, the engine begins its suction-stroke with air in the clearance
space only, while in engines in subclass 69, the engine begins it
compression-stroke with a considerable volume of air in the cylinder
thereof, to which a combustible is supplied to complete the charge.
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Four-cycle internal-combustion engines in which a four-stroke
cycle is carried out during a single revolution of the main shaft
of the engine. For the purposes of this definition of continuous
movement of the working piston in one direction is considered as
two strokes and the sequence of the strokes is varied from that present
in engines working on the ordinary four-stroke cycle, the working
stroke being followed by the charging stroke as the piston moves
in one direction and the exhaust and compression strokes taking
place in the order named as the piston moves in the reverse direction.
(1)
Note. For engines working on this cycle, but having two or
more working cylinders, see this class, subclass 53.
(2)
Note. For other engines in which the four strokes comprising
a single cycle occur during a single revolution of the main shaft
of the engine, see this class, subclass 78.
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Four-cycle internal-combustion engines provided with means
whereby the clearance-space is varied in unison with the movement
of the working piston, being as far as practicable eliminated at
the end of the exhaust-stroke and greatest at the end of the compression-stroke, whereby
to secure a more complete removal of the residual burned gases from
the cylinder and combustion-chamber of the engine. The clearance-space
is ordinarily varied by causing the strokes of the working piston
to vary in length, and the four strokes required for a complete cycle
are frequently performed during a single revolution of the main
shaft of the engine.
Expansible Chamber Devices,
subclass 84 for an expansible chamber device having a resilient
means interposed between the working member and a relatively movable
power transmission element.
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Four-cycle internal-combustion engines in which the combustible
charge enters the working cylinder and after ignition and expansion the
burned gases are exhausted therefrom through a single passage controlled
by a single positively-operated poppet or equivalent valve, said
common passage being provided with means for directing the flow
of the combustible charge from a supply-conduit to the common conduit
and for directing the flow of the exhaust-gases from such common
conduit into the exhaust-conduit leading from the engine. The directing
means ordinarily comprise a valve or valves operated either positively
or by the suction and pressure alternately existing in the common
conduit, and such means are protected from the pressure of the gases
within the cylinder by the single valve.
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Four-cycle internal-combustion engines provided with a rotating
valve for directly controlling the supply of combustible mixture
to the working cylinder or the exhaust of burned gases therefrom
and means operated by the engine for rotating the said valve to
secure the continuous and automatic operation of the engine. The
rotating valve in the engines in this subclass ordinarily control
both the supply to and the exhaust from the engine and frequently also
a passage used in connection with a flame or incandescent igniting
device, and the valve is so designed with reference to the particular engine
with which it is used or with reference to other elements of the
engine as to be incapable of convenient separation therefrom or
of use with other engines.
(1)
Note. For rotating valves capable of general use with internal-combustion engines,
the structure of the engine or of elements thereof other than the
valve not being involved, see this class, subclass 190.
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Four-cycle internal-combustion engines provided with an
oscillating valve for directly controlling the supply of combustible
mixture to the working cylinder or the exhaust of burned gases therefrom
and means operated by the engine for oscillating the said valve
to secure the continuous and automatic operation of the engine.
The oscillating valve ordinarily controls both the supply to and
the exhaust from the engine and frequently also a passage used in
connection with a flame or incandescent igniting device, and the
valve is so designed with reference to the particular engine with which
it is used or with reference to other elements of the engine as
to be incapable of convenient separation therefrom or of use with other
engines.
(1)
Note. For oscillating valves capable of general use with internal-combustion engines,
the structure of the engine or of elements thereof other than the
valve not being involved, see this class, subclass 190.
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Four-cycle internal-combustion engines having a rotating
shaft driven from the crank-shaft thereof and extending parallel
to the axis of the working cylinder and ordinarily along the side of
the engine, said shaft being provided with means, generally in the
form of cams, for operating in the proper order one or more of the valves,
the igniting device or other element necessary for the continuous
automatic operation of the engine, and mechanism including a rotating
shaft located as above set forth and designed to operate the valves
or other elements of the engine, but not shown in connection with
all the elements necessary to form a complete and operative engine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Four-cycle internal-combustion engines having a rotating
shaft driven from the crank-shaft thereof and extending transverse
to the axis of the working cylinder and clear across the engine,
said shaft being provided with means, generally in the form of cams,
for operating in the proper order one or more of the valves, the igniting
device, or other element necessary for the continuous automatic
operation of the engine, and mechanism including a rotating shaft
located as above set forth and designed to operate the valves or
other elements of the engine, but not shown in connection with all the
elements necessary to form a complete and operative engine.
for engines coming within the terms of this definition,
except that the transverse shaft does not extend clear across the
engine, the axis of such shaft lying in a plane passing through the
axis of the working cylinder.
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Four-cycle internal-combustion engines having the supply
and exhaust valves thereof located adjacent and in a single valve-chamber,
the axes of such valves being parallel with the axial line of the
working cylinder and both valves being positively operated, and
reciprocating rods extending longitudinally of the engine and operated
by and in unison therewith for operating such valves in the proper
order to secure the continuous automatic operation of the engine,
and similar arrangements of valves and operating means therefor
but not shown in connection with all the elements necessary to form
a complete and operative engine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Four-cycle internal-combustion engines having the supply
and exhaust valves thereof arranged in alinement and in a single
valve-chamber, the common axis of such valves being parallel with the
axial line of the working cylinder, and a reciprocating rod or rods
extending longitudinally of the engine and operated by and in unison
therewith for operating one or both such valves in the proper order
to secure the continuous automatic operation of the engine, and similar
arrangements of valves and operating means therefor, but not shown
in connection with all the elements necessary to form a complete
and operative engine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Four-cycle internal-combustion engines having the supply
and exhaust valves thereof located in separate valve-chambers upon
opposite sides of the working cylinder, the axes of such valves
being parallel with the axial line of the working cylinder and lying
in a plane passing therethrough and through the axis of the crank-shaft,
and a reciprocating rod or rods extending longitudinally of the
engine and operated by and in unison therewith for operating one
or both of such valves in the proper order to secure the continuous
automatic operation of the engine, and similar arrangements of valves and
operating means therefor, but not shown in connection with all the
elements necessary to form a complete and operative engine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Four-cycle internal-combustion engines having the supply
or exhaust valve thereof, or both, located in the cylinder head
and disposed longitudinally to the working cylinder, the movement
of such valve or valves being along a line parallel with the axial
line of the working cylinder, a lever disposed transverse to the
working cylinder and a reciprocating operating member operated by
and in unison with the engine for operating such valve or valves
in the proper order to secure continuous operation thereof, and
similar arrangements of valves and operating means therefor, but
not shown in connection with all the elements necessary to form
a complete and operative engine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Four-cycle internal-combustion engines having the supply
or exhaust valve thereof, or both, disposed transverse to the working
cylinder, the axis of such valve or valves lying in a plane perpendicular
to the axial line of the working cylinder, and a lever extending
longitudinally of the engine and operated by and in unison therewith
for operating the valve or valves aforesaid in the proper order
to secure the continuous automatic operation thereof, and similar
arrangements of valves and operating means therefor, but not shown
in connection with all the elements necessary to form a complete
and operative engine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Four-cycle internal-combustion engines having the supply
or exhaust valve thereof, or both, disposed transverse to the working
cylinder, the axis of such valve or valves lying in a plane perpendicular
to the axial line of the working cylinder, and a bell-crank lever
operated by and in unison with the engine for operating such valve
or valves in the proper order to secure the continuous automatic
operation thereof, and similar arrangements of valves and operating
means therefor, but not shown in connection with all the elements
necessary to form a complete and operative engine.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter relating to mechanism intermediate the crank-shaft
and the poppet-type intake or exhaust valve of an internal combustion
engine for operating at least one such valve.
(1)
Note. If the mechanism operates a reciprocating valve of a
type other than a poppet valve, a body of art of such mechanism--as
well as the valve that it operates--has evolved in subclass 188.
(2)
Note. The majority of the valve operating devices of this
subclass are disclosed in connection with four-stroke-cycle engines;
however, the devices occurring herein are not dependent upon the
mode of operation of the engine, and are ordinarily capable of operating
a poppet-type valve of an engine functioning upon a cycle of some
other number of strokes. Valve operating mechanism especially designed
for use with an engine of a particular form or mode of operation
will be found in the subclasses pertaining to that engine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Device wherein electrical energy provides the source of
power for at least one direction of movement of the valve.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Device wherein a liquid under pressure provides an essential
link in the valve operating mechanism for at least one direction
of movement of the valve.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.12. Device wherein the liquid under pressure is cyclically delivered
through a manifold by an engine-driven distributor.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Device wherein positive or negative pressure of a gas provides
the source of power for at least one direction of movement of the
valve.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Device wherein means provided to vary the time, extent of
duration of valve opening relative to the operating cycle of the
engine.
(1)
Note. In the art herein the timing is varied to maximize engine
efficiency, whereas in that of subclasses 319+ it is varied
for the purpose of speed regulation or braking.
Rotary Shafts, Gudgeons, Housings, and Flexible
Couplings for Rotary Shafts,
subclasses 1+ for a speed responsive device for adjusting the relative
rotational position of coupled members.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.15. Device wherein the means is located between a cam and the
valve actuated thereby and serves to modify the operational relationship
of the one to the other.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.17. Device wherein the means provides for displacing the camshaft
in the direction of its longitudinal axis, thereby bringing a different
cam contour into play.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Device wherein means is provided to compensate for structural
deformation in an element of the operating mechanism occurring as
a result of a change in the ambient temperature of the element.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Device wherein means in the form of a groove, or its equivalent,
in the outer surface of a revolving drum is provided to displace
the cam follower both axially and radially of the camshaft.
(1)
Note. The groove is usually in the form of two, intersecting
loops, of different effective elevations, and the effect of the axial
displacement of the follower from one loop to the other is to impart
a valve-actuating movement to it upon every other revolution of
the camshaft.
(2)
Note. In a device of this nature, the crankshaft frequently
serves as the camshaft.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Device wherein means is provided, usually in the form of
lobes perpendicular to the principal surface of a rotating disc,
to displace a cam follower in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis
of the camshaft.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Device wherein one actuating element (cam) operates one
or more other elements (followers, rods, rockers, etc.), in the
valve trains of two or more valves of a cylinder.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Device wherein means is provided to mechanically drive the
valve in its closing (i.e., seating) direction of travel.
(1)
Note. While correctly identified as Desmodromic actuation,
this aspect of valve operation frequently is termed "positive closing" (as
contrasted with "spring return").
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.24. Device wherein the driving means is a follower that is joined
to the cam in such fashion as to partake of the total range of movement
of the cam.
(1)
Note. By virtue of their marked similarity, eccentric-actuated
unitary followers are included herein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Device wherein the shaft carrying the actuating element
(cam) of the operating mechanism is located in proximity to, and
generally somewhat above, the valve-containing head of an engine
cylinder.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Device wherein means is provided for movement of the valve
in addition to that of opening and closing.
(1)
Note. Ordinarily this movement is in the form of rotation
of the valve about the principal axis of its stem for such purposes
as random seating surface engagement, seat cleaning, etc.
Valves and Valve Actuation,
subclass 56 , for a pressure actuated valve of more general
utility having plural motions of the valve, and subclasses 215+,
for a mechanical movement actuated valve of more general utility having
plural motions of the valve.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.28. Device wherein means is provided within the operating mechanism
to convert the oscillation imparted to the valve by the compression
and decompression of its return spring into unidirectional movement
(i.e., rotation).
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Device wherein means is provided to drive a member (normally
a rotating shaft) carrying the actuating element (cam) of the operation mechanism.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Device wherein means is provided in an element (e.g., push
rod, tappet, etc.), between the cam and the valve rendering that
element ineffective--and interrupting the valve actuation--during
alternate revolutions of the crankshaft.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Device wherein means is provided for supplying, or controlling
a supply of, lubricant to one or more elements of the operating
mechanism.
Lubrication,
subclass 6 , for lubricating systems for machines, particularly the
bearing parts thereof, where no special combination exists between the
system and the machine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.33. Device wherein a lubricant supply means directs lubricant
under pressure through a tappet to another element of the operating
mechanism.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.33. Device wherein a lubricant supply means directs lubricant
under pressure through a rocker fulcrum (sometimes a tubular rocker support
shaft) to another element of the operating mechanism.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.33. Device wherein a lubricant control means is provided to
restrict, confine or direct a supply of lubricant for the operating
mechanism.
(1)
Note. Included herein are valve stem seals or shields which
are movable with the operating mechanism.
Seal for a Joint or Juncture, for a generic sealing means or process,
subclasses 500+ for a dynamic, circumferential contact seal for
other than a piston, especially subclass 502 for a valve stem seal
for an internal combustion engine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.33. Device wherein means is provided to enclose a portion of
the operating mechanism which is subject to unrestrained lubricant
flow.
(1)
Note. Ordinarily the means is detachable, and frequently is
serves as an access opening cover.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Device comprising a pivoted element, usually directly engaging
a valve stem, which transmits the motion developed in the operating mechanism
to the valve.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.39. Device wherein the pivot means provided for the rocker element
is separate form and independent of the pivot means provided for
any like, pivoted element.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.41. Device wherein means is provided to restrict the pivotal
movement of a rocker element to a plane defined by the pivot and
by the stem of the valve which the rocker element engages.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.41. Device wherein means is provided in the region of the pivot
to vary the relationship of the rocker element to other elements
of the operating mechanism in order to create, modify or eliminate
clearance (lash) in the mechanism.
(1)
Note. In most instances the lash adjusting means of a device
of this subclass is of the self-operating kind; i.e., it functions
on its own initiative in response to the presence of an incorrect
amount of lash.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.39. Device wherein the rocker element is in direct contact with
the actuating element (cam) of the operating mechanism.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.39. Device wherein the rocker element is provided (other than
at its pivot) with means to create, modify or eliminate clearance
(lash) in the operating mechanism.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.39. Device wherein means is provided to afford a degree of resilience
to the transmitting of motion by the rocker element.
(1)
Note. In keeping any clearance or slack taken up (although
not eliminated), the resilient means also serves to reduce the noise
of operation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Device comprising an element which is in direct contact
with the actuating element (cam) and which transmits (ordinarily
by reciprocatory movement) the motion of that element to other components
of the operating mechanism.
(1)
Note. Occasionally a tappet is more descriptively referred
to as a cam follower.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.48. Device wherein the tappet element includes a nonmetallic
insert or yieldable clearance take-up means to soften and/or
reduce the noise of its transmitting of motion.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.48. Device wherein means provided to restrict the movement of
the tappet element to the reciprocatory one intended to be imparted
to it by the actuating element (cam).
(1)
Note. This provision is most likely to be found where the
tappet includes a roller for engagement by the cam.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.48. Device wherein the composition of material or the surface
treatment or the process of manufacture, or more than one of them,
of a tappet element is of primary concern.
Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles,
subclasses 544+ for stock materials, e.g., of indefinite length,
which are all metal or have adjacent metal components.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.48. Device wherein the tappet element is provided with means
to create, modify or eliminate clearance (lash) in the operating
mechanism.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.52. Device wherein the adjusting means of the tappet element
functions on its own initiative in response to the presence of an
incorrect amount of clearance (lash) in the operating mechanism.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.53. Device wherein the self-operating adjusting means is of
the reciprocating hydraulic chamber type.
(1)
Note. Requisite to a device of this nature is the presence,
within the tappet element, of a reservoir, a pressure (or power)
chamber, and a check valve to isolate the chamber from the reservoir.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.55. Device wherein the reciprocating hydraulic adjusting means
has its pressure chamber located above (gravity-wise) its reservoir.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.55. Device wherein the reciprocating hydraulic adjusting means
has a fluid vent from its pressure chamber.
(1)
Note. This characteristic is in contrast with the provision
of such an outlet from the reservoir, which is relatively common.
(2)
Note. The presence of an anti-pump-up provision may be indicated
where the medium vented is a liquid; the venting of a gas, on the
other hand, indicates merely a provision to maintain the hydraulic
fluid in a noncompressible (liquid) state.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.55. Device wherein the reciprocating hydraulic adjusting means
is precharged with fluid and usually sealed; consequently, it does
not require a continuous, external fluid supply (e.g., the lubricating
system of an engine).
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.55. Device wherein the reciprocating hydraulic adjusting means
is modified in such fashion as to maintain the reservoir sufficiently
charged that the check valve will be kept submerged while the means
reciprocates in a generally horizontal plane.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Device comprising a noncircular or eccentrically disposed
surface formed on a rotating element, which constitutes the initial
actuating means of the operating mechanism.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Device comprising an elongated, reciprocating element located
between a tappet and a rocker or valve and serving to transmit the
motion of the tappet thereto.
(1)
Note. An element of the kind contemplated here may include
means whereby its length can be changed manually in order to create,
modify or eliminate clearance (lash) in the operating mechanism.
In some types of mechanism (e.g., cam-engaged rocker), the element
is not utilized.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.61. Device wherein the rod element includes a length-changing
means which functions on its own initiative in response to the presence
of an incorrect amount of clearance (lash) in the operating mechanism.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.62. Device wherein the self-adjusting means of the rod element
is of the reciprocating hydraulic chamber type.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.61. Device wherein the rod element is subjected to tension while
performing its operational function.
(1)
Note. This characteristic is in contrast with the arrangement
found with most rod elements, which are of the "push" type
and therefore function in compression. In a few instances the pull-type
rod directly engages the valve, thereby eliminating the rocker element.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.1. Device comprising a resilient element which is utilized
to bias a valve toward its normal (usually closed) position.
Valves and Valve Actuation,
subclass 337 , for a valve spring and for means for associating
a spring with a valve where the valve is of more general utility.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.65. Device wherein means is provided to dampen or otherwise
regulate the rate at which the spring element imparts to the valve
the potential energy that it received through the operation of the
valve mechanism.
This subclass is indented under subclass 90.65. Device wherein means is provided for receiving the fixed
end portion of a spring element and/or for retaining the
other end portion thereof in engagement with a valve or its operating
mechanism.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Devices not provided for in any of the preceding subclasses
or in other classes including (1) the combination of an internal-combustion
engine with means for supplying external energy to heat the engine,
or (2) the combination of an internal combustion engine and means
supplying external energy to heat some part or adjunct of the engine
such as a radiator, or (3) internal-combustion engines having means
using heat from one part to heat another part by exchanging heat
between the parts.
for internal combustion engine cooling systems and
devices and see notes thereto. Such systems and devices including
means to heat the radiator and/or other parts of the cooling
system are classified in this subclass (142.5).
for internal combustion engine lubricators there
provided for combined with means for heating and/or cooling the
lubricant or lubricator only, including such devices using the engine
cooling fluid for lubricant or lubricator heating and/or
cooling.
Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers, particularly
subclass 23 and see notes thereto for field of search for fluid fuel
heaters not in combination with an internal-combustion engine.
Stoves and Furnaces,
subclass 19.5 for a combustion engine heated cooking stove, oven,
or vessel; subclasses 93-97 for a heating stove that burns liquid
fuel that may have a detachable hood that is placeable over an internal-combustion
engine; and subclasses 271.1-271.3 for a surface heater that may
use heat from the exhaust or cooling fluid of an engine.
Prime-Mover Dynamo Plants, particularly
subclass 2 , for prime mover dynamo systems producing heat,
and subclass 38, for prime mover dynamo systems having an electric
motor for starting the prime mover.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Miscellaneous devices not coming within the terms of the
definitions of the following subclasses of igniters for igniting
the successive combustible charges supplied to and burned within
an internal-combustion engine.
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