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CLASS 110,	FURNACES
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

This class provides for the following:

Solid material combustion (*) apparatus with or without the capability of utilizing auxiliary gaseous or liquid fuel (*);

Solid material combustion apparatus convertible to a gaseous or liquid fuel combustion apparatus;

Combustion apparatus for incinerating (*) solid or liquid refuse (*);

Solid material combustion apparatus subcombinations and structure not provided for elsewhere; or

Methods of operating solid material combustion apparatus not provided for elsewhere.

SCOPE OF THE CLASS

Placement of an original patent into Class 110 requires the following minimum structure or steps of operating such structure: (1) means or a step to either convey or support solid combustible material during combustion; (2) means or a step to supply either directly or indirectly a noncombustible fluid to the solid combustible material; and (3) means or a step to enclose or control the combustion reaction.

Class 110 further provides for the following subcombination devices peculiar to solid material combustion apparatus, the following of which is a partial list: (1) Fuel Feeders. (2) Spark Arresters. (3) Spark and Smoke Conductors. (See Subclass Reference to this Class, below, for map to these subclasses.)

Class 110 also provides for the following types of structure peculiar to solid material combustion apparatus, the following of which is a partial list: (1) Baffle or Heat Retainer Structure. (2) Solid Fuel Feed Structure. (3) Arch or Roof Structure. (4) Wall Structure. (See Subclass Reference to this Class, below, for map to these subclasses.)

SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

RELATIONSHIP TO CLASSES INVOLVING, PER SE, FURNACES

A. THE CLASSES OF ELECTRICAL HEATING:

See Search Notes below for class of Industrial Electric Heating Furnaces, for furnace structure with characteristics limited to electric heating.

See Search Notes below for class of Electric Heating, for electric heating characteristics including furnace structure.

B. THE CLASSES OF HEATING:

See Search Notes below for class of Stoves and Furnaces, provides for furnaces for ordinary domestic uses, cooking and heating stoves; fireplaces; and hot-air furnaces.

See Search Notes below for class of Combustion, providing for furnaces for burning of gaseous or liquid fuel material, particularly for fluid-fed furnaces with or without other noncombustible fluids; and for a furnace in which the fluid fuel is fed tangentially to the wall of a circular combustion chamber.

C. THE CLASSES OF PLASTIC AND PLASTIC TYPE MATERIAL SHAPING AND TREATING:

See Search Notes below for class of Glass Manufacturing, provides for furnaces specially adapted for making glass, particularly for a glass melting furnace having a structurally defined delivery or refining zone; and for a glass annealing or tempering furnace including means to control the rate of cooling.

See Search Notes below for class of Mineral Oils: Apparatus, for furnaces specially adapted for oil treatment.

See Search Notes below for class of Metallurgical Apparatus, provides for furnaces specially adapted for metallurgical processes, particularly for furnaces treating ores or extracting metals, and for furnaces for melting or vaporizing metal.

D. THE CLASSES OF PLANT AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY:

See Search Notes below for class of Butchering, for furnaces specially adapted for singeing hogs.

RELATIONSHIP TO COMBINATION CLASSES

A. THE CLASSES OF MISCELLANEOUS TREATING:

See Search Notes below for class of Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids for a furnace combined with a chamber limited to drying work other than fuel or refuse.

B. THE CLASSES OF HEATING:

See Search Notes below for class of Liquid Heaters and Vaporizers for a furnace combined with a boiler, particularly for grates through which water circulates with or without connection to the boiler.

See Search Notes below for class of Automatic Temperature and Humidity Regulation, provides for furnaces combined with automatic temperature and humidity regulators wherein the furnace or furnace structure is broadly recited or claimed, particularly for furnaces controlled by thermostats and humidistats.

See Search Notes below for class of Heating, the residual class for a furnace combined with means for applying heat so as to treat material or work rather than for incinerating refuse or burning solid fuel for the production of transferable heat.

C. THE CLASS OF PHYSICAL SEPARATION:

See Search Notes below for class of Concentrating Evaporators, for furnaces combined with evaporator structure peculiar to the concentration of solids held in solution or suspension.

D. THE CLASS OF COMMINUTING:

See Search Notes below for class of Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration, for comminuting processes and apparatus in combination with furnaces to apply heat to the material.

E. THE CLASSES OF VEHICLES:

See Search Notes below for class of Railway Rolling Stock, for the combination of a furnace with a steam locomotive.

RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER CLASSES

A. THE CLASSES OF EARTHWORKING:

See Search Notes below for class of Excavating for furnace devices for snow excavators and melters.

B. THE CLASSES OF FLUID HANDLING:

See Search Notes below for class of Excavating, Pipes and Tubular Conduits for furnace devices used in thawing pipes.

C. THE CLASSES OF MOTORS, ENGINES, AND PUMPS:

See Search Notes below for class of Power Plants for furnaces for burning solid fuel for the production of products of combustion intended to be used as a motive fluid.

D. THE CLASS FOR DEALING WITH NONNUCLEAR HAZARDOUS OR TOXIC WASTE.

See Search Notes below for class of Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment for the process of burning hazardous or toxic waste, and for the apparatus used in the treating of hazardous and toxic waste.

SECTION III - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

SECTION IV - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

SECTION V - GLOSSARY

COMBUSTION

The chemical action resulting from the direct combination of oxygen gas, generally in air, with a combustible material accompanied by the evolution of heat and light.

COMBUSTION CHAMBER

The structure immediately surrounding the combustion reaction and generally above the fuel (*) or refuse (*) grate and designed to support or promote the combustion reaction.

FUEL

A combustible material having good combustible properties such as a relatively low ignition temperature, a long burning time, and a minimum of impurities which hinder combustion and used primarily to produce heat.

INCINERATION

The combustion of refuse (*) for primary purpose of disposing of that refuse rather than for producing heat.

NONCOMBUSTIBLE FLUID

A gas or liquid which itself does not burn but which is capable of supporting or promoting combustion (i.e., air, steam, or water).

REFUSE

A combustible waste material which is burned for the sole or primary purpose of disposing of that material.

SUBCLASSES

101	FUEL FEEDERS:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Devices for feeding fuel to furnaces not provided for above. (1) Note. In this subclass are collected fuel feeders having automatic control except those belonging in subclasses 103 and 186+. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 196+, for straw feeders. 235+, for wet fuel feeders. 263+, for devices for feeding fine fuel which is burned in suspension. 267+, for progressive feed stokers and grates. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 48,  Gas: Heating and Illuminating,   subclass 86 for cupola chargers. 198,  Conveyors: Power-Driven,   appropriate subclasses, for conveyor structure. 202,  Distillation: Apparatus,   subclasses 262+ for feeding apparatus for stills. 241,  Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration,   appropriate subclasses, for fuel feeders, per se, including means to comminute the material. 414,  Material or Article Handling,   subclass 146 for charging or discharging means adapted for use with a nuclear reactor, subclasses 147+ for the combination of a chamber of a type utilized for a heating function and material charging or discharging means therefor, and subclasses 568+ for a device or element associated with the handling or moving of a charge for a heating-type chamber.

102	Shavings and sawdust:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 101.  Fuel-feeding devices especially adapted for feeding shaving and sawdust to furnaces. (1) Note. Where the structure is capable of feeding coal and other fuel also, it is classified under the other fuel-feeding subclasses. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 196, for feed-chutes located on straw-burning furnaces.

103	Boiler controlled:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 101.  Devices for feeding fuel whose operation is controlled by the pressure of steam in the boiler heated by the fuel. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 186+, for furnaces having progressive-feed grates whose movements and feeding mechanism are controlled by the pressure of steam in the boiler. 188+, for boiler controlled devices for feeding air and steam. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 236,  Automatic Temperature and Humidity Regulation,   subclass 26 for boiler pressure controlled regulating mechanism.

104	Blower:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 101.  Devices for blowing the fuel into the firebox either by air or steam or both conjoined together, with devices for conveying the fuel to the blower into the path of the fluid current, and all devices for preparing the fuel by pulverizing it if subsequently delivered to the furnace by a fluidjet. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 198,  Conveyors: Power-Driven,   subclasses 638+ for a thrower-type conveyor. 406,  Conveyors: Fluid Current,   appropriate subclasses for means to convey solids with a fluid current. Class 406 will take a nominally recited furnace combined with a fluid current conveyor. 417,  Pumps,   subclass 151 , for jet pumps.

105	Hopper:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 104.  Feeders in which the fuel is fed from a hopper and delivered to furnace by a blast of air or steam, such hopper being immediately attached to the furnace. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 104, for devices in which the hopper feeds into a conduit a long distance from the furnace.

105.5	Locomotive stroker type:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 104.  Devices in which a solid fuel feeder has fluid jet means for distributing the fuel over a fire bed or grate. These devices are generally known as the locomotive stoker type of blower feeders though some are not disclosed for use on locomotives. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 105,  Railway Rolling Stock,   subclasses 232+ for coal feed structure on locomotive tenders. 198,  Conveyors: Power-Driven,   appropriate subclasses for conveyors of particular types, including reciprocating and screw-type conveyors often used for feeding bulk material to furnaces. 222,  Dispensing,   subclass 637 for a solid fuel feeder having a fluid jet for blasting the fuel as it issues from a feeder. 241,  Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration,   subclass 276 for locomotive-type stokers provided with comminuting means, but including no furnace structure. See the general line stated in section 6 of the main class definition of Class 241.

105.6	Underfeed to jet only:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 105.5.  Devices in which the fuel feeding means causes the fuel to be elevated from below and presented directly to the front of the fluid jets. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 105.5, for plural diverse species, and devices having additional jets to which the fuel is not underfed.

106	Pulverizer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 104.  Devices having a fan blower where the fuel is passed through the fan casing and is pulverized by the fan blades, and it includes also those devices having a fan blower and a rotary grinder in the same casing or in a casing in close proximity to the fan casing for pulverizing the fuel, and the fuel is passed on by the air-current to the firebox. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 241,  Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration,   subclasses 18 and 38+ for comminution provided with means to apply fluid to the material for some purpose other than to support combustion. See the line stated in section (6) of the main class definition of that class.

107	Bridgewall:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 101.  Devices for feeding fuel to the furnace at the bridge wall. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 269+, for those that feed at the bridge wall upon a chain grate.

108	Hopper:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 101.  Subject matter relating to feed-hoppers, per se.

109	Reciprocating:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 108.  Devices in which the fuel is simply pushed into the furnace by a reciprocating member.

110	Screw:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 108.  Devices that push the fuel into the body of fuel in the firebox by a rotary screw.

111	Carrier:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 101.  Devices that have a carrier for taking the fuel into the furnace over the fire and scattering it thereon, such carrier not passing through the door. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 198,  Conveyors: Power-Driven,   generally for various forms or carriers. 202,  Distillation: Apparatus,   subclasses 262+ for similar feeding apparatus for stills. 414,  Material or Article Handling,   subclasses 147+ (as explained in subclass 101 of Class 110), and particularly subclasses 172+ thereunder.

112	Door:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 111.  Devices for carrying fuel through the furnace door over the fire and scattering it thereon.

113	Oscillating:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 101.  Devices having an oscillating fuel spreader that scatters the fuel delivered upon it over the fire. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 414,  Material or Article Handling,   subclasses 172+ (as explained in subclass 111 of Class 110), and particularly subclass 194 thereunder.

114	Reciprocating plunger:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 101.  Devices that deliver the fuel before a plunger that scatters the coal over the fire. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 414,  Material or Article Handling,   subclasses 172+ (as explained in subclass 111 of Class 110), and particularly subclass 198 thereunder.

115	Rotary:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 101.  Devices having a rotary fuel-spreader that scatters the fuel delivered to it over the fire. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 414,  Material or Article Handling,   subclasses 172+ (as explained in subclass 111 of Class 110), and particularly subclass 195 thereunder.

116	Door:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 101.  Devices for feeding fuel through a gravity-feed chute to the furnace through the furnace doorway.

117	Multiple charge:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 116.  Devices for charging furnaces with fuel at intervals, either motor or clock operated or operated by hand, at the will of the operator, such being fed through the doorway of the furnace.

118	Vertical drop:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 101.  Devices for delivering fuel to the firebox by gravity feed when the fuel is fed from overhead and falls directly upon the fire from above. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 48,  Gas: Heating and Illuminating,   subclass 86 for similar structure in cupola chargers. 266,  Metallurgical Apparatus,   subclasses 176+ for chargers for metallurgical furnaces. 414,  Material or Article Handling,   subclasses 147+ (as explained in subclass 101 of Class 110), and particularly subclasses 167+ and 199+ thereunder.

119	SPARK ARRESTERS:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Devices for preventing live sparks from passing out of the stack or chimney. This is accomplished either by screens, baffles, steam or water spray located either in the smokebox or smokestack and in some cases by screens in the boiler flues. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 120, for devices for returning only the sparks to a firebox. 145+, for devices wherein the sparks and smoke are conducted away to the ground from the locomotive or over the train. 203+, for structure wherein both the smoke and sparks are returned to the firebox. 322+, for furnaces having ordinary baffles and heat-retainers. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 96,  Gas Separation: Apparatus,   appropriate subclasses, for gas separation apparatus having no significant furnace structure, especially subclasses 243+ for gas separation apparatus combined with gas and liquid contact means. 126,  Stoves and Furnaces,   subclass 280 , for soot catchers. 261,  Gas and Liquid Contact Apparatus,   for devices in which the separation is effected by gas and liquid contact only. 454,  Ventilation,   subclasses 3+ for outlet cowls.

120	Furnace conductor:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 119.  Devices in which the sparks are returned to the furnace, either to the firebox or ashpan. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 203+, for structure in which smoke and sparks both are returned to the firebox.

121	Combined stack and smokebox:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 119.  Devices in which the arrester is contained in both the stack and smokebox. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 55,  Gas Separation,   subclasses 447+ for fixed gas whirler or rotator deflection separators.

122	Smokebox:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 119.  Devices located in the smokebox for arresting sparks.

123	Draft regulator:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 122.  Subject matter including also draft regulation. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 126, for devices including regulation of vertical drum type.

124	Divided:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 122.  Devices having two compartments, into one of which the sparks are precipitated.

125	Hood:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 122.  Devices having a hood over the boiler tubes, through which the products of combustion must pass.

126	Vertical drum:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 122.  Devices where the arrester is hollow, somewhat cylindrical in form, and vertically arranged, through which the exhaust-steam passes. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 417,  Pumps,   subclasses 155+ for flue-type jet pumps.

127	Ejector:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 122.  Devices for ejecting the sparks from the smokebox by a jet of steam, air, water, fan, or other means.

128	Water receptacle:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 122.  Devices where the sparks are precipitated into a water receptacle in the smokebox and also includes devices with a steam or water spray in combination with the receptacle. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 124, for structure in which sparks are precipitated into a separate compartment of the smokebox, but not into a water receptacle.

129	Discharge valve:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 122.  Devices including discharge-valves for dumping the sparks from the smokebox.

145	SPARK AND SMOKE CONDUCTORS:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Devices applied to a stack or smokebox for conducting the smoke and sparks and discharging them upon the ground or into the air. They need not necessarily be conduits but may be shields or deflectors. Includes conduits applied the stack of a boiler used for threshing purposes on a farm, the conduit being carried at a distance from the boiler or engine and discharging into a water receptacle to prevent the sparks setting fire to the straw. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 120, for furnace conductor spark arresters. 198+, for smoke and gas return devices.

146	Train:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 145.  Devices having a conduit extending from the smoke-discharge end of the locomotive past the cars of the train to carry away the smoke and sparks and discharge them at the rear of the train. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 237,  Heating Systems,   subclass 12.5 for devices which use the heat from the smoke to heat the cars.

147	DRAFT REGULATORS:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Devices which act directly on the products of combustion after they leave the firebox to affect the velocity of said products. Also devices that act directly on the fire as blowers for the fire, in combination with steam or air jets that either increase or decrease the draft; and exhaust mechanisms that have exhaust nozzles. (1) Note. Where air or steam is injected into the products for the sole purpose of more completely consuming the smoke and gases, such devices are classified in this class, see subclasses 297+, for feeding air or feeding steam. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 126,  Stoves and Furnaces,   subclasses 285+ , for ordinary dampers for stoves and furnaces and their operating mechanism. 236,  Automatic Temperature and Humidity Regulation,   appropriate subclasses for automatic damper controls. 417,  Pumps,   subclasses 151+ for jet pumps. 454,  Ventilation,   subclasses 1+ for chimney or stack structure, per se.

148	Separation of gases:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 147.  Devices for separating the heavy gases and drawing them off, allowing only the lighter gases to pass through the stack.

150	Steam injector:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 147.  Devices in which steam is injected into the path of the products of combustion to regulate its velocity.

157	Feeding air:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 147.  Devices for admitting air to the smokebox or base of stack to retard the draft. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 96,  Gas Separation: Apparatus,   subclasses 372+ for gas separation apparatus including inlet means for diverse gas or solid for gas treatment.

158	Door operated:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 157.  Devices having an air-opening valve controlled by movement of a furnace door. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 174, for doors having means for feeding air or steam. 192, for time controls.

159	Portable:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 147.  Devices applied to a stack for a limited time to assist the draft, especially in firing up a locomotive.

160	Air jet:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 147.  Devices for forcing a jet of air into a stack or chimney to regulate the draft by induction. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 162, for fan-type exhausts. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 96,  Gas Separation: Apparatus,   subclasses 372+ for gas separation apparatus including inlet means for diverse gas or solid for gas treatment.

161	Steam injected:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 160.  Devices comprising a jet of steam. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 267+, for undergrate steam feeders.

162	Fan exhaust:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 147.  Devices in which the products of combustion or a part of them are drawn through a fan to increase the draft. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 159, for portable fans designed to be applied to a smokestack to assist the draft of the fire and capable of being readily detached. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 55,  Gas Separation,   subclasses 400+ for separators mounted for continuous motion. 454,  Ventilation,   air pump subclasses.

163	Damper:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 147.  Devices movable in the path of the products of combustion for regulating the cross sectional area of said path or for closing one path in order to pass them through another or longer course. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 192, for time control devices. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 126,  Stoves and Furnaces,   subclasses 285+ especially subclasses 292-297 for dampers in the outlet-flue or stack with its operating mechanism.

165	ASH RECEIVING AND HANDLING DEVICES:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Devices for receiving and removing ashes, including ashpit structures, ashpans and conveyors when furnace structure is included. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 126,  Stoves and Furnaces,   subclasses 242+ for devices for domestic stoves and furnaces. 138,  Pipes and Tubular Conduits,   appropriate subclasses for tubular conductors, per se. 198,  Conveyors: Power-Driven,   for form of conveyor. 202,  Distillation: Apparatus,   subclasses 227+ , for quenchers of that class. 209,  Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,   subclasses 233+ for sifters.

166

Ashpans:

This subclass is indented under subclass 165.  Devices comprising receptacles under a furnace-grate for receiving the ashes as they fall therefrom, except the ash-pit itself. The pan must be a removable receptacle suspended from the furnace or resting on a support beneath the grate or permanently attached to the furnace, as in some locomotive structures. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 126,  Stoves and Furnaces,   subclasses 242+