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CLASS 65,	GLASS MANUFACTURING
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

This class provides for (1) processes and/or apparatus for making stock or articles of those ceramic masses, which generally include a "glass former" or an oxide which approaches glass forming properties, in their composition and which are formed by fusion of raw materials (generally mixtures, most of which are of an earthy nature - as distinguished from metallic, organic, etc., - silicon, silica, and slag are included) at ordinary high furnace temperatures, by working (molding, shaping, etc.) of the mass after being melted or changed to a plastic or softened state by heating; and (2) processes and/or apparatus for treating stock or articles made by (1) above unless otherwise provided for as shown in Lines With Other Classes and Within This Class and References to Other Classes, below.

The use of hazardous or toxic waste to make a glass material a useful product is provided for herein, however, vitrification of hazardous waste for purposes of containment is excluded, see References to Other Classes below.

Included within the scope of the class definition are:

(1) Glass fiber or filament and mineral wool making.

(2) Manufacturing processes and/or apparatus including a step of, or means for adhesively bonding glass directly to another part by welding with or without use of an intermediate ceramic or vitreous material.

(3) Manufacturing processes and/or apparatus including a step of, or means for forming a glass article from molten or softened glass.

(4) Processes and/or apparatus including a step of, or means for treating glass while in a molten or solid state.

(5) Processes and/or apparatus including a step of, or means for treating a glass preform to change a physical or chemical property thereof.

(6) Processes and/or apparatus for repairing or cleaning glass working or treating apparatus.

SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

Search notes relating to (a) processes and apparatus and (b) products will be identified appropriately.

LINES WITH CLASS 23, CLASS 117, AND CLASS 438

Although silicon and silicon dioxide are arbitrarily considered to be glass materials for Class 65, a process of growing these polycrystalline materials is proper for Class 23, even though a rod is used as a bait, unless the shape formed is not a result of crystallization or deposition on the rod. If crystallization is combined with specific glassworking and/or treating of silicon or silicon dioxide, the process is proper for Class 65, but see Class 438 for semiconductor device manufacture. Processes of growing single-crystal of all types of materials, including silicon or silicon dioxide, are proper for Class 117. The proper placement of the original of a patent claiming a Class 23 and/or Class 117 species of crystallization and a Class 65 species, or having multiple disclosure with only generic claims, is Class 117 first, then Class 23, then Class 65.

LINES WITH CLASS 422, CLASS 23, AND CLASS 148

See Class 422, Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing, subclasses 245.1+ for apparatus directed to crystallizing a material within the class definition of Class 23. Although silicon and silicon dioxide are arbitrarily considered to be glass for Class 65, a process of, or apparatus for, growing crystals of these materials is placed in Class 23 (for a process exception, see (5) Note in Class 148, subclasses 1.5+) even though a rod is used as a bait unless the shape formed is not a result of crystallization or deposition on the rod. A combination of crystallization and specific glassworking and/or treating silicon or silicon dioxide is placed in Class 65. A patent claiming a Class 23 species of crystallization and a Class 65 species or having a multiple disclosure with generic claims only is classified in Class 23.

LINES WITH CLASS 438 AND CLASS 437

Class 438, Semiconductor Device Manufacturing: Process, for the combination of Class 437 unit coating operation or Class 437 unit etching operation with glass melting, shaping or forming, joining, or heat treating. Moreover, Class 438 also takes the heat treating, per se, of Class 438 semiconductor material if for purposes of modifying the electrical properties thereof.Additionally, various classestake mounting or packaging operations of semiconductor devices when glass melting, glass shaping, glass forming, or glass heat treating is combined with any coating, adhesive bonding, metal casting, metal working/deforming, metal fusion bonding, or other chemicalor mechanical manufacturing operation. See notes therein for a detailed explanation of the relevant lines.

SECTION III - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

SECTION IV - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

SECTION V - GLOSSARY

ANNEAL

See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term "anneal."

BAIT

See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term "bait."

BATCH

A properly proportioned mixture of raw materials to be delivered to a melting apparatus.

BATCH CHARGER

Mechanical means for introducing a batch to a melting apparatus.

BEAD

(1) A small piece of glass fused onto an electrical conductor, (2) an enlarged rounded portion on an edge of an article or stock material, (3) small discrete particles of glass.

BLOWING

Shaping or forming an undefined mass of glass in a soft state by introducing gas within a confined opening within the mass, i.e., by inflating.

BRIDGE (-WALL)

A hollow wall generally having an air space between refractory blocks from which it is formed and providing an opening or throat adjacent its bottom used in a tank furnace to separate a working end from a fining or melting zone.

CASTING

Forming a glass preform by flowing molten glass in the form of a stream into or onto molds, rolls or tables. (Teeming is synonymous to casting).

COATING

See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term "coating."

CORRUGATING

Shaping a layer throughout its thickness into a row of wavelike folds.

CRACKLED

Glassware having a surface which was intentionally cracked by water immersion and partially healed by reheating.

CULLET

Waste or broken glass.

DEBITEUSE

A slotted floating, refractory block through which glass issues in the formation of a glass sheet during a drawing operation.

DEPUTER

See debiteuse.

DEVITRIFY

The changing of glass in the amorphous state to crystalline state generally by holding a glass melt at a temperature which favors crystal growth.

DOGHOUSE

A boxlike wing on a glass furnace through which a batch or floaters, etc., are introduced into the furnace.

DRAWING

Forming stock, generally sheet or tube, by utilizing the self-cohesiveness of glass in a plastic condition to effect an operation similar to a "taffy-pull".

DRAW RING

A refractory device placed in a supply of molten glass to define an area for drawing.

DRAW SHIELD

Baffle means isolating stock being drawn from the hot atmosphere existing above a supply of molten glass.

EMBOSSING

Altering a surface configuration only of glass by raising a boss or protuberance thereon or causing surface portions to be depressed below the plane of the glass surface.

FIBER

See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term "fiber."

FILAMENT

See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term "filament."

FINING

See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term "fining."

FIRE-POLISHING

Heating of the outer surface of hard glass to a temperature where that surface only melts and surface tension causes smoothing thereof, the heating usually being by fire or flame contact of the glass surface.

FLASHING

Applying a thin layer of opaque or colored glass to the surface of clear glass, or vice versa.

FLOATERS

Refractory blocks floating on molten glass in a tank furnace to prevent gall or scum from entering the working end.

FUSION BONDING

Welding by bringing glass, while molten or softened by heating, into intimate contact with another part with subsequent cooling to solid phase whereby uniting is effected.

GATHERER

Means used to remove discrete charges of molten glass from a supply.

GLASS

An inorganic product (a) the constituents of which generally include a "glass former" (e.g., As₂O₃, B₂O₃ GeO₂, P₂O₅, SiO₂, V₂O₅) which has an essential characteristic of creating or maintaining, singly, or in a mixture, that type of structural disorder characteristic of a glassy condition, other oxides which approach glass forming properties (e.g., A1₂O₃, BeO, PbO, Sb₂O₃ TiO₂, ZnO and ZrO₂) as well as oxides that are practically devoid of glass forming tendencies (e.g., BaO, CaO, K₂O, Li₂O, MgO, Na₂O and SrO), however, pure and modified silica, silicon and slag are also included; (b) formed by fusion and cooled to a rigid condition generally without crystallization; (c) having no definite melting point (whereby the mass has the characteristic of passing through a plastic state before reaching a liquid state when heated); (d) incapable in the solid state of permanent deformation; and (e) which fractures when subject to deformation tension.

GLASS TREATING

Effecting a change in a physical or chemical property of glass, generally involving specific heating followed by controlled cooling.

GLASS WORKING

Molding, shaping, severing of uniting of glass while in a plastic state.

GOB

A discrete portion of molten glass (a) delivered by a feeder or (b) gathered on a punty or blow pipe.

HOMOGENIZE

See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term "homogenize."

MARVERING

Rolling a gather of glass on a flat plate whereby it is shaped and cooled.

MOIL

Surplus or waste glass which must be removed from the apparatus or a product after a glass working operation.

NECK RING

That portion of a segmented mold used to form a neck portion of a hollow article.

ORBITING

Causing movement in a regular, generally a circular or elliptical path around a fixed point.

PARISON

A partially shaped article of manufacture requiring further significant shaping to arrive at the form of a completed useful article.

PARTING LAYER

See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term "parting layer."

PASTE MOLD

A mold with an inner lining of a paste (generally made from resins and linseed oil, soap, etc.) which is brushed into a hot mold and kept wet so that glass within the mold rides on a steam cushion while being formed.

PONTILE

A dipstick used to gather charges of molten glass, punty, puntil, pontee, and ponto are local variants.

PREFORM

Stock material that has been given a shape (the term preform is used interchangeably with article, product, parison and blank).

PRESS MOLDING

See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term "press molding."

PURIFY

See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term "purify."

PUNTY

See Pontile

RESHAPING

Changing the gross overall configuration of a glass preform by (a) confining a glass preform within a configured mold and effecting significant flow of the glass to cause it to assume the configuration of the mold or (b) distorting a glass preform by bodily moving a portion of it throughout its entire thickness relative to a second portion during which the thickness of the work piece remains substantially the same and no significant flow of the glass occurs, i.e., bending.

Changing at least one dimension of a glass preform throughout its perimeter without any appreciable change in the original configuration thereof, e.g., stretching and shrinking.

SINTERING

The coalescence of particles into one solid mass through heating, generally with melting limited to a surface layer only of each particle.

SLAG

See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term "slag."

SLINGER

See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term "slinger."

SMOOTHING

Removing surface irregularities or imperfections.

SOFTENED GLASS

Glass that has been heated to a temperature at which it is pliable or liquid.

SOFTENING POINT

The temperature at which a uniform fiber, 0.5 to 1.0 mm. in diameter, elongates under its own weight at a rate of 1 mm. per minute when the upper 10 cm. of its length is heated in a prescribed furnace * at the rate of approximately 5°C. per minute. (*See "A Method for Measuring The Softening Temperature of Glass", J.T. Littleton, J. Am. Ceramic Soc., 10(4), 259 (1927).

SURFACE DEFORMATION

A reshaping operation involving only the surface of the glass preform and only partially through the thickness and wherein the overall shape of the preform throughout its breadth and width is unaltered.

TEMPER

See Subclass References to the Current Class, above, for a subclass reference to the term "temper."

SUBCLASSES

17.1	PROCESSES:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Processes of working or treating glass. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 588,  Hazardous or Toxic Waste Destruction or Containment,   subclass 251 , 252-257, and 313-320 for the solidification or vitrification of waste for purposes of containment and for the treatment of slag to prevent the emission of hazardous or toxic gases.

17.2	Sol-gel or liquid phase route utilized:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.1.  Processes wherein a sol-gel route or liquid phase route procedure is used during any stage of working or treating glass. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   for colloid systems or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

17.3	With shaping of particulate material and subsequent fusing of particles:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.1.  Processes combined with a step of associating a mass of individual discrete particulate material and shaping said mass and either during or subsequent to the shaping operation, heating the material to effect fusing of the particles one to another. (1) Note. Processes claiming depositing particulate material into a mold cavity which its intended function is not to shape the mass of particles prior to fusing them but intended to shape a molten or plastic mass formed by heating the particles are classified elsewhere. See search notes below. (2) Note. This subclass includes, for example, patents claiming a step of shaping a mass of glass particles which are fused together in a manner to preserve the shape of the mass of glass particles combined with a subsequent glassworking or treating operation (e.g., pore forming or annealing, etc.). SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 65, for processes claiming depositing particulate material into a mold cavity which its intended function is not to shape the mass of particles prior to fusing them but intended to shape a molten or plastic mass formed by heating the particles. 68+, for processes of forming an article from molten glass and see (1) Note above. 114, for glassworking apparatus combined with means to shape an article from particulate material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   subclasses 62.2+ for laminating processes under the class definition, which includes a step of forming a lamina or laminae by bulk deposition of discrete particles to form a self-sustaining article (e.g., fiber batt, etc.). 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 43+ and 603+ for processes within the class definition for vitrification, sintering, or firing of inorganic materials, which may include shaping of clay or glass particles prior to firing to form a self-supporting article. See the class definition of Class 65, particularly References to Other Classes and the notes to Classes 264 and 425. See also subclass 6 for processes under the class definition for forming solid particulate material directly from a molten or liquid mass (other than glass) with subsequent uniting of the formed particles; and subclass 125 for processes directed to a uniting step not otherwise provided for.

17.4	Including flame or gas contact:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.3.  Processes in which the particulate material is formed in a flame or particulate or fused material is contacted by a flame or gas to effect treatment thereof.

17.5	Employing nonoxide additive:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.3.  Processes in which a nonoxide material which is generally not an ingredient of a glass composition is incorporated with the particulate material prior to fusing.

17.6	With treatment subsequent to fusing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.3.  Processes including an additional step of treating the fused glass particles (e.g., shaping, heat treatment, coating, etc.). (1) Note. Mere cooling of fused material is not considered proper for classification here. (2) Note. Subsequent melting of shaped and fused particulate material is properly classified here.

19	Slag, utilization:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.1.  Processes directed to working and/or treating of slag usually formed by corrosion or fluxing of refractories, or formed as a by-product in metallurgical processes. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 376+, for a process of forming fibers or filaments from slag. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 106,  Compositions: Coating or Plastic,   501, Compositions: Ceramic subclass 28 for glass compositions having slag; subclass 767 for the use of slag as raw material in making Portland type cement; and subclasses 624, 679, 714, 782, 789 for other inorganic ingredient containing compositions including slag. For the line between Class 106 and Class 65, see the reference to Class 106 in the definitions of Class 65.

20	Foaming of slag:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 19.  Processes which include the step of contacting molten slag with a gaseous material thereby forming voids in the slag. (1) Note. Generally the gaseous material is formed in situ by contacting the molten slag with water. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 22, for processes of glass working and/or treating glass combined with the step of producing pores in situ of a glass composition to form a cellular glass product and see the search notes thereunder.

21.1	Self-supporting particle making (e.g., bead, ball, granule, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.1.  Processes for a process directed to forming individually distinct separate particulate material, particles of which are self-supporting at least in one stage of manufacture. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 19+, for processes in which slag is utilized as the starting material. 141, for apparatus for melt comminuting by shock cooling melt by enhancing surface contact with a cooling fluid. 142+, for particulate bead or ball making apparatus. 376+, for a process of making a fiber. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 241,  Solid Material Comminution or Disintegration,   subclasses 23 and 65+ for processes and apparatus for comminuting hard glass combined with heating and/or cooling of the glass where the temperature modification does not effect a change in a physical or chemical property of the glass (e.g., removing water of hydration, annealing). 425,  Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   subclass 222 for a tumbling type agglomerating means for particulate material; and subclasses 332+ for means rolling a discrete charge of stock to form a ball; see the search notes thereunder.

21.2	By molten glass comminuting:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 21.1.  Processes wherein glass in molten state is comminuted to form discrete particles and is solidified in its comminuted form. (1) Note. To be classified in this subclass the material must be subdivided from an original liquid mass and then the subdivided particles solidified with no substantial change in shape and size. (2) Note. Particles formed by a molten glass stream entering a liquid quenching both are not proper for this subclass since no distinct liquid particles are formed which are subsequently solidified. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 5+ for processes under the class definition of liquid comminuting to form discrete particles and note references to other pertinent classes listed thereunder.

21.3	Spheroidizing or rounding of solid glass particles:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 21.1.  Processes directed to the reshaping of solid, irregular, or nonspherical particulate glass material wherein said irregularities are diminished or the particles are caused to become more spherical or rounded in shape without loss of material therefrom and by means other than use of a mold or shaping surface therefor and in which the individual and separate identities of the particles is maintained. (1) Note. Patents in this subclass are generally directed to those processes in which heat is employed to soften the particles so as to permit the internal cohesive forces of the particles to effect said reshaping as defined. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclass 15 for processes under the class definition of spheroidizing particulate matter.

21.4	Hollow or porous particle:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 21.1.  Processes including the step of forming hollow spheres or forming pores or voids in particulate material.

21.5	With mechanical shaping or subdividing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 21.1.  Processes including mechanical shaping of molten glass into desired particulate form. (1) Note. Bead shaping or rotating wire or spindle included hereunder as well as comminuting solids by ultrasonic vibration.

22	With pore forming in situ:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.1.  Processes combined with the step of forming pores or open cells in situ within a glass composition by a gas forming agent during or subsequent to the formation of a glass product. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 20, for processes of foaming slag in situ to form a cellular product. 141, for melt disintegrating or puffing means including fluid-melt contacting means. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   subclasses 77+ for a process of bonding lamina including the step of forming pores in situ within a lamina. 264,  Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,   subclasses 41+ for processes under the class definition, which include a pore forming in situ step. 501,  Compositions: Ceramic,   subclass 39 for processes of forming pores or open cells with a glass melt not combined with specific glass working and/or treating. The line between this class (501) and Class 65 on patents claiming the combination or pore-forming and broad glass working and/or treating is stated in the class definitions of Class 65. 521,  Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers,   subclasses 50+ for processes directed to the production of porous or cellular resinous bodies.

23	With destruction or delamination of transitory attached or associated separate material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.1.  Processes which include the step of either (1) adhesively adhering a separate part or material, or (2) associating a destructible separate part or material with a glass part, then performing a glass working or treating operation, and subsequently discarding the separate part or material by either (1) stripping the part or material from the glass part, or (2) destroying the separate part or material. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclasses 423+ for a mechanical manufacturing process including a step of utilizing transitory attached or associated separate material. 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   subclasses 89.11+ and 540+ for processes and apparatus for direct contact transfer of ceramic material on a substrate to another substrate combined with vitrification or firing of the ceramic material. Processes and apparatus directed to a direct transfer of ceramic material to soft glass are classified in Class 65; and see this class (156), subclass 155 for adhesive bonding including a step involving destruction of a transitory material.

24	Utilizing parting or lubricating layer:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.1.  Processes which include the step of applying to the glass or the apparatus a separate and distinct layer which functions to either (1) lubricate the glass apparatus, or (2) prevent adhesion during a glass working or treating operation of the glass to another glass or to the apparatus. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 60.1+, for a process of coating glass with a coating material not intended to function as a parting or lubricating layer and see the Search Notes thereunder. 169, and 170, for glass working apparatus combined with means providing a parting or lubricating means, respectively. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 106,  Compositions: Coating or Plastic,   subclass 2 for coating or plastic compositions specially designed for use in the prevention of adherence of a coating material to a surface. 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   subclass 289 for a process of laminating including use of a parting or release layer.

25.1	Providing a gaseous layer between glass and apparatus:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.  Processes in which the parting or lubricating layer is a gaseous fluid between the glass and the apparatus. (1) Note. The gaseous fluid may be formed by vaporization of a liquid between the glass stock, and see the search notes thereunder. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 182, for apparatus including a fluid support for the glass stock, and see the search notes thereunder.

25.2	Sheet:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 25.1.  Processes in which the glass is in sheet form.

25.3	Formed from molten glass:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 25.2.  Processes which include the step of forming a glass sheet from a molten glass composition.

25.4	Reshaping:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 25.2.  Processes which include the step of reshaping a glass sheet.

26	Coating of apparatus:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.  Processes directed to applying the parting or lubricating layer on a glass working or treating apparatus by a coating operation. (1) Note. This subclass includes applying a coating of water to apparatus to prevent sticking of the glass thereto.

27	Repairing or cleaning of apparatus; or batch dust prevention or control:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.1.  Processes which include (1) the step of repairing of the apparatus; and/or (2) the cleaning of the apparatus; and/or (3) the step of preventing the formation of dust from a glass batch or controlling batch dust. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 168, for glass working or treating apparatus combined with positive apparatus cleaning means. 171+, for glass working and/or treating apparatus combined with repair, assembly or disassembly means. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 134,  Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,   appropriate subclasses, for processes and apparatus for cleaning, not otherwise provided for. See the Search Notes under the class definition.

28	With glass reclaiming, repairing or crack run interruption:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.1.  Processes including the step of (1) using surplus or discarded material from a glass working or treating operation in a process of glass manufacture; or (2) mending otherwise unusable parts or material by a glass working operation for reuse; or (3) preventing spreading of checks or cracks in a glass part during the formation of the glass part. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 165, for apparatus with a reject catcher, deflector or holder. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclasses 402.01+ , for a process of restoring, renewing, or repairing articles for reuse; and subclasses 403.1+ for a process of scrap recovery or utilization.

29.1	With program, time, or cyclic control:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 17.1.  Processes including the use of a (a) clocked, (b) set of coded instructions, or (c) sequentially repeated operation during any stage of forming or treating the glass.

29.11	Electric computer or data processing system utilized:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 29.1.  Processes including the use of a data processor or an electrical computer during any stage of forming or treating the glass. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: