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CLASS 59,	CHAIN, STAPLE, AND HORSESHOE MAKING
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

This class includes generally chain, staple, horseshoe, and ox-shoe making, swivel making being included under Chain making.

Also the article subclasses of Chains, including general purpose and ornamental chains and swivels.

For further explanation in regard to what may be included in the above art and article subclasses, see the definitions, particularly those given under the head of each of the arts.

Chain Making. Relates to the broad art of chain making and includes all patents for machines, apparatus, blanks and processes relating to the manufacture of chains or links, except such as shall be referred to hereinafter. Includes patents relating to the manufacture of swivels (see References to This Class, below).

SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

Rolling machines or rolls designed especially for the manufacture of chains, chain-links, horseshoes, horseshoe bars or calks, and staples in which there is invention in the construction or operation of the means or parts which give the form to the blank or article produced are included in this class; otherwise in Class 72, Metal Deforming.

If the invention resides simply in the manner of attaching the dies to the rolls, the patents will be found in Class 72, Metal Deforming.

This class is closely related to Classes 29, Metal Working; 72, Metal Deforming; 83, Cutting; and 140, Wireworking, which classes should be kept in mind in completing a search in this class.

Machines which coil the wire or rod into a helix or which coil the helix and cut-off coils or sections to form links are found in Class 72, Metal Deforming. If the machine, in addition to coiling and cutting, gives link form to the part cut off or assembles such parts into a chain, it will be classified in this class.

Electric heating and welding machines and processes comprising any invention in the means of applying or process of application are classified elsewhere. If however, the use of electricity is incidental and the claims embrace no novel features relating thereto, the patents will be classified herein.

SECTION III - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS

SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS:

SECTION IV - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

SUBCLASSES

1	CHAIN MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Miscellaneous inventions in chain making not included in the subclasses under this head. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 249,  Static Molds,   subclass 57 for molds for forming chain and other ring-like products.

2	Bead chain:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Devices for forming metallic bead chains, said chains usually consisting of hollow balls or beads joined to one another by connecting links. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses 343+ for disclosure of hollow ball making by push-drawing.

3	Loop interlocked:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Apparatus for making chains formed or oval or elongated links bent into substantially U shape, the link being passed through the previously-formed link or links before being bent. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 13, for miscellaneous machines and apparatus for making links or chains from sheet metal. 15, for stamping and bending machines to form chain links.

4	Roller chain:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Devices for forming or uniting the parts or units of a roller-chain.

5	Sprocket chain:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Miscellaneous machines and devices employed in the manufacture of sprocket chains.

6	Sheet metal:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 5.  Machines for forming sprocket chains or links out of sheet metal.

7	Link assembling:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 5.  Machines for assembling or disassembling the finished sprocket-links to form a chain. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclasses 700+ for means for assembling or disassembling in general.

8	Blanks and processes:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 5.  Blanks and processes used in making sprocket-chains.

9	Swivel making:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Apparatus employed in the manufacture of swivels used as connecting means between chains, cables, or similar articles.

10	Weldless:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Machines for forming chains with solid links from a continuous bar or blank by rolling, swaging, or cutting and without bending, winding, or welding. This type of machine usually forms the chain from a bar cruciform in cross-section. (1) Note. To distinguish between rolling- machines and machines for making weldless chains by rolling, see note under general class definition.

11	Link separation:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 10.  Machines which separate or cut apart links formed in the manufacture of weldless chains from a continuous bar or rod. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 10, for machines for forming chains with solid links.

12	Blanks and processes:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 10.  Blanks and processes used in the manufacture of weldless chains.

13	Sheet metal:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Miscellaneous machines and apparatus for making links or chains from sheet metal. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 6, for machines for forming sprocket chains or links out of sheet metal. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   appropriate subclasses for machines for crimping, corrugating, beading, bending and embossing sheet metal.

14	Prong connected:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 13.  Apparatus for making chains from sheet metal having links formed from sheet metal with prongs or projections and corresponding apertures or notches, whereby the links may be connected with one another. Chains of this character are usually designed for ornamental purposes.

15	Stamping and bending:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 13.  Machines which stamp or cut the link from sheet metal, thread it through the previously formed link, and bend it back upon itself.

16	Combined machines:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Miscellaneous combined machines not otherwise classifiable. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 36 through 69, for horseshoe making. 71 through 77, for staple making. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclasses 33+ for residual metal working machines additionally involving assembly and see the notes thereunder. 72,  Metal Deforming,   for pertinent subclass(es) as determined by schedule review for residual metal working machines. 100,  Presses,   subclass 102 for presses combined with other features and not elsewhere provided for.

17	Coiling, cutting, bending, curbing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 16.  Machines for forming wire-curb-chains by coiling the wire into a helix, cutting it into sections, bending it into link form, the links being assembled to form the chains, and giving to the links a curbed or twisted form. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 28, for chain-curbing machines. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclass 66 and subclasses 129+ for a coiling and cutting machine.

18	Feeding, cutting, bending, welding:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 16.  Machines for performing the above operations in chain making. Specific feeding means are not shown and described in every case. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclasses 13+ for corresponding apparatus not limited to chain making.

19	Feeding, cutting, bending, wrapping:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 16.  Machines which feed a continuous wire or rod to a cutting mechanism, passing it through the previously formed link, and then bend it into link form, wrapping or twisting the ends of the wire around other portions of the link in order to securely fasten said ends, and so dispense with welding. In some cases no specific feeding or cutting means are shown. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 140,  Wireworking,   subclass 72 for making wire heddles or heddle eyes; subclass 88 for making or forming wire rings, hoops, or closed wire loops; subclass 102 for forming loops in or doubling wire; and subclass 104 for forming eyes or closed loops in wire.

20	Coiling, cutting, assembling:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 16.  Machines for forming chains from a continuous rod or wire by coiling such rod or wire into a helix, cutting off sections to form links, and assembling and uniting the links to form a completed chain. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclass 66 and subclasses 129+ for a coiling and cutting machine. 140,  Wireworking,   subclasses 71 through 92.94for article making or forming.

21	Bending and eye forming:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 16.  Machines for bending link-blanks into U- shaped links and forming eyes at the ends of the links, the blank generally being thrust through the eyes of the previously formed link before being bent. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 3, for loop interlocked chain-making apparatus. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclass 3 for buckle-making processes or apparatus.

22	Bending and welding:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 16.  Combined machines and devices for bending the links into form and welding the ends together. In some of the machines of this type, the links are automatically assembled before welding. These machines may also include means for completing the act of welding by shaping the links. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 27, for bending devices for chain-links. 31, for welding apparatus for chain-links.

23	Cutting and bending:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 16.  Combined machines for cutting from a bar, rod, or wire sufficient for a link and then bending it into the general or completed form of a link. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 27, for bending devices for chain-links. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclass 5 for cotter-pin making. 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses 324 through 341 for cutting. 140,  Wireworking,   subclass 88 for making or forming wire rings, hoops, or closed loops or wire.

24	Automatic feed:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 23.  Combined machines for cutting and bending having automatic means for feeding the rod or wire to the cutting mechanism. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 15, for stamping and bending machines. 18, for feeding, cutting, bending, and welding machines. 19, for feeding, cutting, bending, and wrapping machines. 37, for combined machines for horseshoe making. 38+, for combined machines for cutting, bending, shaping, punching, and creasing for horseshoe making. 49+, for combined machines for cutting, bending, and shaping for horseshoe making. 66, for apparatus for making horseshoe-calks. 71+, for staple-making. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 226,  Advancing Material or Indeterminate Length,   appropriate subclasses for methods of, and apparatus for, feeding material without utilizing the leading or trailing ends to effect movement of the material. 408,  Cutting by Use of Rotating Axially Moving Tool,   subclasses 62+ for means for cutting in the manner of that class, combined with work-infeed means. 470,  Threaded, Headed Fastener, or Washer Making: Process and Apparatus,   appropriate subclasses, except as provided for in Class 408.

25	Link assembling:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 24.  Combined machines for cutting and bending having an automatic feed and in which the links are assembled into a completed chain.

26	Winding and welding:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 16.  Combined machines for making chains by winding several convolutions of the stock or wire into link form and welding the same into an integral link. These machines are usually constructed so that the convolutions of the link being wound shall pass through the previously formed link; also, machines which simply perform the operation of winding without welding. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclasses 15+ for similar apparatus not limited to chain making.

27	Bending:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Machines and devices for bending links into complete form in the finished chain or preparatory to the operation of welding. (1) Note. Search the subclasses indented under Combined machines which include the operation of bending; also in the appropriate subclasses under Horseshoe-making and Staple-making. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclasses 33+ and 700+ for assembly apparatus, and subclasses 428+ for an assembly method, particularly subclasses 432+ for piercing of one workpiece by another, e.g., a staple, etc., and subclasses 505+ for deforming one element about another, e.g., clenching a clip, etc. 72,  Metal Deforming,   for pertinent subclass(es) as determined by schedule review. 140,  Wireworking,   for pertinent subclass(es) as determined by schedule review.

28	Curbing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Devices for imparting a curb form to chains. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 16, for miscellaneous combined chain-making machines. 17, for machines for forming wire-curb chains.

29	Sizing and trimming:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Machines and apparatus for trimming, straightening, stretching, or otherwise imparting uniform dimensions to chain-links after they have received their general form. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 22, for bending and eye-forming machines. 30, for swaging and shaping machines. 31, for chain-link welding machines. 33, for welding dies, per se. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclass 8 for fingering forming or sizing. 72,  Metal Deforming,   subclasses 324-341 for cutting.

30	Swaging and shaping:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Machines or devices for giving form to the link by swaging or the like. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 10, 22, and 29, for machines for trimming the links to give them equal dimensions after they have received their general form. 33, for welding dies, per se. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclass 9 for fish hook making, and subclass 34 for metal forging and bending, cutting, or punching. 72,  Metal Deforming,   for pertinent subclasses as determined by schedule review. 101,  Printing,   subclasses 4+ for impressing ornamental forms into a link.

31	Welding:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Apparatus particularly adapted for use in welding chain-links. All machines in which there is invention in the form of die are included in this group. Includes machines having, in addition to the welding means, means for completing the weld by sizing or shaping the link. (1) Note. Welding-machines in which the invention resides entirely in the means for operating the power hammer or press are included in Class 228, Metal Fusion Bonding, as are also those machines adapted for general welding and having no construction peculiar to chain welding machines. For distinction between Class 59 and Class 219, Electric Heating, see note under definition of Chain making. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 16, for miscellaneous combined chain-making machines and appropriate subclasses indented thereunder. 35, for processes.

32	Rotary feed:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 31.  Machines which rotate the links during the act of welding. In some cases the act of rotation threads the link to be welded into the previously welded link.

33	Dies:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 31.  Inventions in the welding dies, per se. It includes also such patents as show or claim finishing or sizing dies in addition to the welding dies. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 22, for combined machines for bending and welding machines.

34	Holding devices:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 31.  Devices for holding a link or previously formed part of a chain in a convenient position or for manipulating it during the operation of welding. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 31, for apparatus for welding chain-links. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 269,  Work Holders,   appropriate subclasses. Class 269 is the residual locus for patents to a device for clamping, supporting and/or holding an article (or articles) in position to be operated on or treated. See notes thereunder for other related loci.

35.1	Blanks and processes:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 1.  Blanks for use in chain making or processes thereunder employed in chain making or link formation. (1) Note. Patents having claims both to the chain or link as an article and also to the blank or process will be found in the appropriate subclasses (59/78) under the head of CHAINS. (2) Note. Blanks and processes relating to the manufacture of sprocket chains are classified in subclass 8, and those relating to the manufacture of weldless chains in subclass 12 of this class. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   subclasses 592+ for miscellaneous processes of mechanical manufacture not elsewhere provided for, and including assembly by mechanical jointure. 72,  Metal Deforming,   any appropriate subclass preceding subclass 362 for a process there provided for, and subclasses 362+ for a residual process. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclasses 101+ for metallurgical bonding in general and subclass 192 for bonding in the manufacture of a chain link.

36	HORSESHOE MAKING:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Miscellaneous horseshoe making inventions not included in the subclasses indented hereunder.

37	Combined machines:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 36.  Machines performing two or more functions or operations in the manufacture of horseshoes which are not classified in the more specific subclasses. (1) Note. This subclass is largely made up of machines which form calks or clips in addition to the other operations of bending, swaging, etc. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 72,  Metal Deforming,   appropriate subclasses for plastic metal working processes or apparatus, with or without cutting. 100,  Presses,   subclass 102 for presses combined with other features and not elsewhere provided for.

38	Cutting, bending, shaping, punching and creasing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 37.  Miscellaneous combined machines for performing the above operations. Machines of this type may or may not have means for feeding forward the blank for operation upon by the machine. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 37, for horseshoe making machines combining two or more functions. 56, for horseshoe bending machines. 57, for horseshoe punching and creasing machines. 58, for horseshoe swaging and shaping machines.

39	Calk and clip bending and forming:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 38.  Machines which in addition to cutting, bending, shaping, punching, and creasing perform one or more operations relating to the bending or forming of calks or clips. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 37, for horseshoe making machines combining two or more functions. 65, for horseshoe calk and clip bending, forming, sharpening and welding machines.

40	Reciprocating jaw or die block:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 38.  Machines in which a reciprocating motion is imparted to the die-block around which the blank is bent or to the jaws which bend the blank around the die-block.

41	Reciprocating punch and creaser:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 40.  Machines of this type which have in addition to the reciprocating jaw or die-block a reciprocating means for punching and creasing the shoe. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 42, for reciprocating punches and creasers.

42	Rotary die block:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 38.  Machines having a rotary die-block or former around which the blank is bent.

43	Rotary punch and creaser:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 42.  Machines having in addition to the rotary die-block or former around which the blank is bent a rotary means for punching and creasing the blank or shoe. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 40, for rotary punches and creasers.

44	Bending, shaping, punching and creasing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 37.  Miscellaneous combined machines for performing the operations above enumerated. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 56, for horseshoe bending machines. 57, for horseshoe punching and creasing machines. 58, for horseshoe swaging and shaping machines.

45	Reciprocating jaw or die block:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 44.  Machines in which reciprocating motion is communicated to the die-block around which the blank is bent or to jaws which bend the blank around the die-block.

46	Reciprocating punch and creaser:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 45.  Combined machines which have reciprocating means for punching and creasing the shoe in addition to the reciprocating jaws or die-block for bending and shaping the blank. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 47, for reciprocating punches and creasers.

47	Rotary die block:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 44.  Combined machines performing the above operations which have a rotary die-block around which the blank is bent.

48	Rotary punch and creaser:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 47.  Combined bending, shaping, punching, and creasing, rotary die-block machines having in addition to the rotary die-block rotary means for punching and creasing the shoe. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 45, for rotary punches and creasers.

49	Cutting, bending, shaping:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 37.  Miscellaneous combined machines performing the above operations. Machines of this type may or may not have means for feeding forward the blanks to the cutting apparatus. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 38, for horseshoe-making machines for cutting, bending, shaping, punching and creasing. 56, for horseshoe bending machines. 58, for horseshoe swaging and shaping machines.

50	Reciprocating die block:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 49.  Combined cutting, bending, and shaping horseshoe-making machines having a reciprocating die-block or former around which the blank is bent.

51	Rotary die block:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 49.  Combined cutting, bending and shaping horseshoe-making machines characterized by a rotary die-block or former around which the blank is bent in the formation of the shoe.

52	Bending and shaping:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 37.  Miscellaneous machines for bending the blank into the form of a horseshoe and at the same time or subsequently giving shape to the shoe by swaging or other means. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 56, for horseshoe bending machines. 58, for horseshoe swaging and shaping machines.

53	Reciprocating die block:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 52.  Machines having a reciprocating die-block or former around which the blank is bent.

54	Rotary die block:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 52.  Machines having a rotary die-block or former around which the blank is bent.

55	Shaping, punching and creasing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 37.  Combined machines for shaping the shoe and also punching or creasing, or both. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 57, for horseshoe punching and creasing machines. 58, for horseshoe swaging and shaping machines. 63, for shaping and punching and creasing before the blank is bent.

56	Bending:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 36.  Machines or devices particularly designed for bending the bar or blank into the general form or shape of a shoe. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 52+, for machines which thicken the heels in addition to bending; and appropriate subclasses under the heads of Chain-Making and Staple-Making. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 29,  Metal Working,   for pertinent subclass(es) as determined by schedule review. 72,  Metal Deforming,   for pertinent subclass(es) as determined by schedule review.

57	Punching and creasing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 36.  Machines and apparatus for performing either one or both the above operations. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 37+, for horseshoe making machines combining two or more functions. 60, for dies and tools used in horseshoe-making. 63, for rolling-machines and rolls used in horseshoe-making.

58	Swaging and shaping:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 36.  Machines and devices for swaging, rolling, or in any manner shaping or giving form to the shoe. May include means for thickening up heels or ends of shoes. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: