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CLASS 44,	FUEL AND RELATED COMPOSITIONS
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SECTION I - CLASS DEFINITION

This class includes most patents for:

A liquid or solid composition designed primarily to react chemically, usually with oxygen in air, to produce heat in controllable amounts, included are most compositions designed to produce both heat and a deoxygenating effect in metallurgical and similar processes, designated to be dispersed in air for explosive combustion in an engine and/or designed to produce illumination light along with heat upon combustion.

A process for making such composition by adding substances, by removing components (using chemical or physico-chemical procedures) by shaping or reshaping or arranging fuel elements or object in a particular relation to each other, except where provided for in another class.

Apparatus specialized for use in an above process and not provided for in a single other class.

An additive which imparts desire aesthetic, handling or burning properties to a fuel, or a composition useful only for scratching a match or removing soot from a combustion-related apparatus.

Certain combinations of fuel with an igniting composition, an incombustible carrier for the fuel, a wrapper of bundling material or an additive as described above.

A solid product of a Class 201 thermolytic distillation process not elsewhere classifiable.

A process for treating coal not elsewhere classifiable.

SECTION II - NOTES TO THE CLASS DEFINITION

SECTION III - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

When the expression "organic compound" is used in this class, it means a compound which fulfills the requirements of the Class 260 class definition, i.e., the molecule is characterized by two carbons bonded together, one atom of carbon bonded to at least one atom of hydrogen or halogen, or one atom of carbon bonded to at least one atom of nitrogen by a single or double bond. Certain compounds are exceptions to this rule, i.e., HCN, CN-CN, HNCO, HNCS, cyanogen halides, cyanamide, fulminic acid and metal carbides.

The rules for determining Class placement of the Original Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY, which includes a hierarchical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.

SECTION IV - REFERENCES TO OTHER CLASSES

SEE OR SEARCH CLASS:

SECTION V - GLOSSARY

The organic chemical structure terminology used in this class is consistent with that used in the Glossary for the Class 532 - Organic Compounds-Part of the Class 532-570 Series (Published May 22, 1984 in Addendum No. 1 - Order No. 946), except as otherwise noted.

BRIQUET

Defined as a fuel object, of a size suitable to be manipulated by a human hand, made, by consolidating, usually including pressing and shaping, smaller-sizes, loose, broken, comminuted or other divided carbonaceous powder, particles, chunks, lumps, fibers, sheets, etc.

HYDROCARBON

Used in this class, it means an organic compound which consists exclusively of carbon and hydrogen.

SUBCLASSES

250	FLAMELESS OR GLOWLESS:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Compositions intended, when its elements are brought into contact with each other and/or with a suitable irreversible outside agent, to set up such chemical reaction as to generate heat without light. (1) Note. Processes for preparing such compositions by mixing ingredients are included herein. (2) Note. Processes for producing heat by merely mixing the ingredients of such composition or by merely exposing the composition to an activating agent are included herein. (3) Note. Compositions included herein are often packaged, transported, and handled in such a way that less than all of the ingredients are in admixture before the start of the exothermic reaction; they are classified herein, however, as if all of the ingredients are contained in a single mixture. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 902, for a collection of patents which illustrate the combination of a fuel of this subclass with an article to be heated, e.g., a hair curler, a package of food, a laminating press, etc. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 75,  Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose Metal Particulate Mixtures,   subclasses 252+ for a mass of loose metal particles. 126,  Stoves and Furnaces,   subclasses 263.01+ for a fuel composition in a container in which it is used, when the proximate function of the claimed device is merely the production of heat. 132,  Toilet,   subclass 220 for a hair device having a heat generating composition. 149,  Explosive and Thermic Compositions or Charges,   for fuels combined with an oxidizer for nonair combustion to produce explosive force, propellant gases, and/or intense or glowing heat, whether or not accompanied by flames or sparks, especially subclasses 37+ and 108.2 for such compositions containing free metal. Where the composition claimed in a patent is similar to those of Class 149 but the disclosure leaves doubt as to whether classification in this class (44) or Class 149 is proper, the doubt is resolved as follows: (1) Where a significant amount of water is required for the exothermic reaction to take place, the patent is classified here (class 44, subclasses 250+). (2) Where the exothermic reaction takes place while in contact with a living thing, it is classified here. (3) Where neither of these conditions is disclosed, classification is in Class 149. 156,  Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,   subclasses 583.1+ for a device containing a fuel, for pressing against a tube or hose to adhere a patch thereto by, for example, vulcanization. 228,  Metal Fusion Bonding,   subclass 198 for a process of that class in which a filler metal is supplied by an in situ chemical reaction. Such reaction is usually an exothermic, thermic-type reaction. 252,  Compositions,   subclass 70 for, among others, a composition which gives off heat in a readily reversible chemical reaction, heat being applied to the composition to reverse the reaction, and subclass 188.1 for a composition comprised of chemically interactive ingredients, which does not produce a significant amount of usable heat in the reaction. 426,  Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and Products,   subclasses 113+ for a package of food combined with means to heat the food.

251	Activatable by or containing water:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 250.  Subject matter in which the composition requires the presence of water (free or combined as water of crystallization) in order to produce its exothermic effect. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 252,  Compositions,   subclass 157 for gas-generating compositions, which may be exothermic, intended solely for cleaning, for example, drains, and a process for cleaning which merely uses a composition suitable for this subclass.

252	Free metal-containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 251.  Subject matter which contains a metal in elemental form, usually in finely divided condition.

253	With organic or second elemental material:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 252.  Subject matter containing a second metal in uncombined form (which may be alloyed with the first elemental metal), a nonmetal in uncombined form, or an organic compound. (1) Note. See Glossary in the class definition for the definition of "organic compound".

265	SOLIDIFIED LIQUID (E.G., GEL, ETC.):
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Compositions wherein a normally liquid fuel is supplied in a solidified form. (1) Note. The normally liquid fuel is often in the form of a gel. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 280+, for dispersions of solid carbonaceous fuels, such as coal, charcoal, peat, etc., in a liquid. 551+, for consolidated solid fuels which employ a binder that may be liquid. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontinuous solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coagulates) or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

266	Liquid alkanol base:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 265.  Compositions wherein an alkanol, or a mixture of alkanols, constitutes at least 50 percent of the normally liquid fuel. (1) Note. An alkanol is a compound wherein a single -OH group replaces a hydrogen on an alkane. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontinuous solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coagulates) or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

267	With carbohydrate (e.g., cellulose compound, cotton, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 266.  Compositions wherein a carbohydrate is a component of the solidified liquid fuel composition. (1) Note. The carbohydrate is usually, but not always, present as a binder. (2) Note. See Class 536, the main class definition, for the meaning of the term carbohydrate. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontinuous solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coagulates) or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

268	Liquid hydrocarbon base (e.g., gasoline, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 265.  Compositions wherein a hydrocarbon, or a mixture of hydrocarbons, constitutes at least 50 percent of the normally liquid fuel. (1) Note. Examples of such normally liquid fuels provided for herein are gasoline, kerosene, and naphtha. (2) Note. See (5) Note of the class definition for the definition of the term hydrocarbon. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontinuous solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coagulates) or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

269	With plant derivative of unknown composition (except rosin or rosin derivatives) or carbohydrate:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 268.  Compositions wherein a plant derivative, excluding rosin or a rosin derivative, of unknown composition or a carbohydrate is a component of the solidified liquid fuel composition. (1) Note. Each of the components specified is usually, but not always, present as a binder. (2) Note. See Class 536, the main class definition, for the meaning of the term carbohydrate. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 272, for solidified liquid fuel compositions which contain rosin or a rosin derivative as a component. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontinuous solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coagulates) or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

270	With organic nitrogen compound:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 268.  Compositions wherein an organic nitrogen compound is a component of the solidified liquid fuel composition. (1) Note. The organic nitrogen compound is usually, but not always, present as a binder. (2) Note. An organic nitrogen compound is one which has nitrogen attached directly or indirectly, by nonionic bonding, to carbon of an organic compound. (3) Note. See (4) Note of the class definition for the definition of "organic compound". SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontinuous solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coagulates) or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

271	With organic polymer polymerized through olefinic or acetylenic bond (e.g., methacrlate polymers, polypropylene, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 268.  Compositions wherein an organic polymer compound, which has been formed by the polymerization of an olefinic or acetylenic bond in a monomer, is a component of the solidified liquid fuel composition. (1) Note. The organic polymer is usually, but not always, present as a binder. (2) Note. See Glossary in the class definition for the definition of "organic compound". SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontinuous solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coagulates) or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

272	With organic -C(=X)X- compound, wherein the X"s are the same or diverse chalcogens (e.g., aluminum carboxylates, rosin salts, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 268.  Compositions wherein the solidified liquid fuel composition contains as a component an organic-C(=X)X- compound, wherein the X"s are the same or diverse chalcogens (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium). (1) Note. The organic -C(=X)X- compound is usually, but not always, present as a binder. (2) Note. An organic -C(=X)X- compound is one in which the carbon of the -C(=X)X- group is, or is attached directly or indirectly by nonionic bonding to, the carbon of an organic compound. (3) Note. See (4) Note of the class definition for the definition of "organic compound". (4) Note. Rosin, the principal substituent of which is abietic acid, is also known as colophony. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontinuous solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs, coagulates) or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

275	CANDLE COMPOSITION:
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Compositions adapted and designed for use in making candles. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 425,  Plastic Article or Earthenware Shaping or Treating: Apparatus,   subclass 803 for a collection of patents drawn to candle-shaping apparatus. 431,  Combustion,   subclasses 289+ for a device additional to the wick and fuel, forming a part of a candle or taper or peculiarly adapted for use with a candle or taper, and subclass 288 for a candle or taper.

280	SOLID CARBONACEOUS FUEL DISPERSED IN A LIQUID MEDIUM (E.G., DISPERSED COAL, COKE, CARBON POWDER, PEAT, ETC.):
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Compositions wherein a liquid medium acts as dispersant for a solid carbonaceous fuel. (1) Note. Asphalt and asphaltenes are considered to be mineral oil substances, even if solid. Class 208, particularly subclasses 15+, provides for fuel compositions which are mixtures having mineral oil components only. (2) Note. Examples of compositions provided for herein are aqueous coal slurries to which has been added a surfactant. (3) Note. Included in the solid carbonaceous fuels encompassed are coal, charcoal, lignite, wood, coke, peat, carbon black, carbon powder, shale, solid asphalt, solid asphaltene, and solid bitumen. SEE OR SEARCH THIS CLASS, SUBCLASS: 311, for fuel compositions which contain pitch, sludge, or tar. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   subclasses 31+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized solid or semisolid phase dispersed in primarily organic continuous liquid phase, subclasses 38+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized bituminous, coal, or Carbon phase dispersed in aqueous continuous liquid phase, subclasses 77+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized solid phase dispersed in aqueous continuous liquid phase; subclass 901 for colloid system of substantially pure element Carbon; or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

281	The liquid medium is, or contains, hydrocarbon:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 280.  Compositions wherein liquid hydrocarbon constitutes all, or part of, the liquid medium. (1) Note. Examples of compositions provided for herein are gasoline-coal-water slurries having additives such as surfactants or stabilizers. (2) Note. See (5) Note in the class definition for the definition of hydrocarbon. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   subclasses 31+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized solid or semisolid phase dispersed in primarily organic continuous liquid phase, subclasses 38+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized bituminous, coal, or Carbon phase dispersed in aqueous continuous liquid phase, subclasses 77+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized solid phase dispersed in aqueous continuous liquid phase; subclass 901 for colloid system of substantially pure element Carbon; or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

282	Liquid hydrocarbon, or liquid hydrocarbon and water, are the only components:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 281.  Compositions wherein the composition consists of solid carbonaceous fuel and liquid hydrocarbon or solid carbonaceous fuel, liquid hydrocarbon, and water. (1) Note. See (5) Note in the class definition for the definition of hydrocarbon. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   subclasses 31+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized solid or semisolid phase dispersed in primarily organic continuous liquid phase, subclasses 38+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized bituminous, coal, or Carbon phase dispersed in aqueous continuous liquid phase, subclasses 77+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized solid phase dispersed in aqueous continuous liquid phase; subclass 901 for colloid system of substantially pure element Carbon; or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

300	LIQUID FUELS (EXCLUDING FUELS THAT ARE EXCLUSIVELY MIXTURES OF LIQUID HYDROCARBONS):
	This subclass is indented under the class definition.  Compositions pertaining to liquid fuels containing at least one nonhydrocarbon ingredient or solid hydrocarbon polymer ingredient; the fuel itself may be hydrocarbonaceous, such as gasoline, etc., or it may be a nonhydrocarbon fuel, such as alcohol, ether, etc. (1) Note. Since the lighter mineral oil fractions (naphtha, kerosene, gasoline, etc.) are inherently fuels, this subclass and its indents provide for compositions of such fractions admixed with nonhydrocarbon or solid hydrocarbon polymer material and not limited to a use or function provided for elsewhere; examples of such compositions are gasolines mixed with antioxidants, gum inhibitors, etc. (2) Note. This subclass and its indents provide not only for compositions of liquid fuels, as supra, but also for compositions of additives intended for incorporation into liquid fuels, the purpose of said additive compositions being to improve the combustion characteristics of the fuel characteristics, per se, of the liquid fuel. Examples of such additive compositions are antiknock compositions, cetane improving compositions, carburetting compositions, smoke reduction compositions, etc. (3) Note. Since additives to liquid fuel compositions may serve more than a single function, the primary basis of classification for this subclass and its indents is the chemical structure of the nonhydrocarbon ingredient(s) of the composition. (4) Note. This subclass and its indents provide for processes under the class definition not classified elsewhere, for the production and treatment of the liquid fuel compositions encompassed. (5) Note. Class 508, Solid Anti-Friction Devices, Materials Therefor, Lubricant or Separant Compositions for Moving Solid Surfaces, and Miscellaneous Mineral Oil Compositions, subclasses 110+ is the generic residuum for heavy mineral oil fractions admixed with nonhydrocarbon or solid hydrocarbon polymer additive. If such a composition is disclosed solely as a fuel or as a fuel containing a lubricant mixed therewith, Class 44 controls; if it is disclosed solely as a lubricant, Class 508 controls. If there is no use or function limitation, such compositions are divided between Classes 44 and 508 on the basis of their being light or heavy mineral oil fractions, respectively. (6) Note. Examples of liquid fuel compositions provided for in this subclass are: (a) the mixture of a liquid hydrocarbon fuel with diethyl selenide and (b) the mixture of a liquid hydrocarbon fuel with n-butyl lithium. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 208,  Mineral Oils: Processes and Products,   particularly subclasses 15+ , for liquid fuels which are mineral oils or blends of two different mineral oils. The expression "mineral oil" embraces natural petroleum, asphalt, pitches, waxes, and tars which are primarily mixtures of hydrocarbons, as well as distillates of such tars of indeterminate composition. Included also are Fischer-Tropsch crudes, that is, the liquid hydrocarbonaceous mixture resulting from the hydrogenation of a carbon oxide, wood tars, wood tar oils, and wood tar distillates which are similar to coal tar in that they include an unidentified mixture, including hydrocarbons. It embraces "coke" and "resin" only if the "coke" or "resin" results from a Class 208 process performed on a mineral oil or a mineral oil fraction. 252,  Compositions,   subclasses 380+ for stabilizing compositions, per se, even though they may be intended for incorporation into liquid fuels. 585,  Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds,   particularly subclass 14 , for liquid fuels which are mixtures of hydrocarbons, at least one of which is a nonmineral oil hydrocarbon.

301	Emulsion fuel (e.g., water-gasoline emulsions, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 300.  Compositions which are emulsions. (1) Note. To be placed in this subclass, the liquid fuel composition must be described as an "emulsion" or "microemulsion" in either the claims or the specification. (2) Note. Classified herein are emulsions of water and hydrocarbonaceous fuels, usually with added surfactants. (3) Note. See (5) Note in the class definition for the definition of hydrocarbon. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   for colloid systems (e.g., emulsions) or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents, especially subclass 20 for oil-in-oil emulsion, subclasses 21+ for water-in-oil emulsion, subclasses 53+ for oil-in-water emulsion; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

302	Alkanol component:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 301.  Compositions in which an alkanol, i.e., ROH, wherein R is an alkyl group, is a component of the emulsified fuel. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 516,  Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,   for colloid systems (e.g., emulsions) or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing such systems or agents, especially subclass 20 for oil-in-oil emulsion, subclasses 21+ for water-in-oil emulsion, subclasses 53+ for oil-in-water emulsion; in each instance, when generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.

303	Oxo still bottoms containing (i.e., distillation residues from reaction product of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and olefin):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 300.  Compositions which contain still bottoms from the oxo reaction. (1) Note. The reaction of carbon monoxide, olefin, and hydrogen is referred to as the "oxo" reaction. Desired products are generally removed from this reaction mixture by a distillation process. The residue remaining in the still pot after distillation, a mixture of diverse compounds, is the material encompassed by this subclass.

304	Organic compound of indeterminate structure which is a reaction product of an organic compound with sulfur halide or elemental sulfur containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 300.  Compositions which contain a compound of indeterminate structure which has been prepared by the reaction of an organic compound with sulfur or with a sulfur halide. (1) Note. Included within this subclass are both (a) the reaction products, per se, of sulfur or sulfur halide with an organic compound and (b) such reaction products which have been themselves further reacted. (2) Note. See Glossary in the class definition for the definition of "organic compound".

305	Phosphosulfurized or phosphooxidized organic compound of indeterminate structure containing (i.e., reaction products of organic compounds with phosphorus sulfides or oxides):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 300.  Compositions which contain a compound of indeterminate structure which has been prepared by the reaction of an organic compound with phosphorus sulfides or phosphorus oxides. (1) Note. Included within this subclass are both (a) the reaction products, per se, of phosphorus sulfide or phosphorus oxide with an organic compound, and (b) such reaction products which have been themselves further reacted. (2) Note. See Glossary in the class definition for the definition of "organic compound".

306	Rosin, tall oil, or derivatives thereof containing (except abietic acids or fatty acids derived therefrom):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 300.  Compositions which contain tall oil, rosin or derivatives thereof, excluding fatty acids, per se, or abietic acids, per se, derived from tall oil or rosin. (1) Note. Tall oil is a by-product of the wood pulp industry and is usually recovered from pine wood "black liquor" of the sulfate or kraft paper processes. A typical composition of tall oil includes 50-60 percent fatty acids (e.g., oleic, linoleic, etc.), 34-40 percent rosin acids, and 5-10 percent unsaponifiable matter, such as long chain alcohols and sterols. (2) Note. Rosin, also known as colophony, is usually designated according to its source, e.g., gum rosin (from exudate of incisions on living trees); wood rosin (from Southern pine stumps); and tall oil rosin (from by-products of the wood pulp industry). The principal constituents isolated from rosin are carboxylic acids with a hydrophenanthrene nucleus, comprising abietic acid and its isomers, such as pimaric acid. The acids may exist in rosin as acid anhydrides. The mixed acids are known in the trade as rosin acids or resin acids, the two expressions being used interchangeably. (3) Note. Abietic acid has the following structure:

307	Plant or animal extract mixtures or extracts of indeterminate structure containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 300.  Compositions which contain extracts from plant or animal matter, which extracts are either (a) mixtures or (b) of indeterminate structure. (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for are extracts of slippery elm, alkanet, Irish moss, and onions.

308	Containing triglycerides (e.g., castor oil, corn oil, olive oil, lard, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 307.  Compositions wherein the extract contains triglycerides. (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are linseed oil and coconut oil extracts. (2) Note. Triglycerides are characterized by the structure below, wherein the R"s may be the same or different fatty acid radicals:

309	Organic oxidate of indeterminate composition containing (e.g., paraffin wax oxidate or petroleum oxidate, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 300.  Compositions which contain a compound of indeterminate structure which has been prepared by oxidation of an organic compound. (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are naphthenic acid oxidates, petroleum lubricating oil oxidates, tri-isobutylene oxidate, paraffin oxidates, and triglyceride oxidates. (2) Note. The oxidates of this subclass are generally complex mixtures. An indication that the oxidate contains carboxylic acids is not sufficient to remove it from this subclass. (3) Note. See Glossary in the class definition for the definition of "organic compound".

310	Chemically reacted organic oxidate (e.g., esterified, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 309.  Compositions which contain an oxidate of indeterminate composition which has been made to undergo a further reaction, after being oxidized. (1) Note. Examples of ingredients provided for herein are oxidates which are reduced to decrease active oxygen content, and oxidates which have been reacted to esterify the carboxylic acid content thereof.

311	Sludge, pitch, tar, or tar distillate containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 300.  Compositions which contain tar, tar distillate, pitch, or sludge. (1) Note. Pitch, tar, and tar distillate are generally considered as mineral oils. SEE OR SEARCH CLASS: 208,  Mineral Oils: Processes and Products,   especially subclasses 15+ for liquid fuel compositions which are mixtures of mineral oil materials only.

312	Quinone or anthraquinone containing (e.g., quinhydrone, benzoquinones, etc.):
	This subclass is indented under subclass 300.  Compositions which contain quinone compounds. (1) Note. Quinone compounds have one of the two following structures wherein substitution may be made for ring hydrogens only:

313	Carbohydrate containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 300.  Compositions which contain a carbohydrate compound. (1) Note. See the Class 536 class definition for the definition of a carbohydrate.

314	Boron containing:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 300.  Compositions which contain elemental boron or a boron compound. (1) Note. An example of an ingredient provided for herein is:

315	Phosphorus attached directly or indirectly to the boron:
	This subclass is indented under subclass 314.  Compositions wherein the compound containing boron also contains phosphorus. (1) Note. An example of an ingredient provided for herein is: