This class takes the characters of processes set forth below,
the products of such processes where not more specifically provided
for, and in the specified instances, compositions used in the processes.
(Also see References to Other Classes, below.)
This is the generic class for processes of and compositions
for dyeing materials of any kind (subclasses 400-696), including
specific treatments peculiarly related to dyeing, such as mordanting,
weighting, color protecting, etc. In subclasses 400-696 the main
line subclass title indicates whether the particular subclass and
its indents are limited to processes, compositions, etc., or combinations
of such. In instances where subject matter proper for subclasses
400-696 is combined with subject matter proper for other main classes,
unless contraindicated elsewhere, if the dye steps are followed
by subject matter proper for another main class the combination
is classified in the other class and cross-referenced here. Dyeing
steps following or simultaneous with steps proper for other classes
are generally classified here.
This is the generic class for processes of and compositions
for treating hides, skins, feathers and animal tissues with chemicals
and fluids (see References to This Class, below).
This is the generic class for processes of bleaching materials
of any kind (see References to This Class, below).
This is the generic class for processes of and compositions
for improving felting properties of textile fibers, hair, fur, feathers,
etc.,e.g., carroting (see References to This Class, below).
This is the generic class for the chemical modification of
textiles and organic fibers and takes compositions for this purpose
when not more specifically provided for elsewhere e.g., parchmentizing
and mercerizing compositions (see References to This Class, below).
This is also the class for special types of processes for treating
textiles and fibers with fluids even though the fluids do not chemically
modify the textiles and fibers, namely: (a) plasticizing or swelling
of artificial fibers whether or not combined with stretching; (b)
fiber protecting during treatments provided for in this class; (c) color
protecting during treatments provided for in this class); (d) cleaning
and laundering (see References to This Class, below).
Manipulative processes for the treatment of textile fibers
of fabrics, hides, skins and leather with chemicals and fluids for
a purpose provided for in this class which are of general applicability
are placed in this class, even though limited by claim terminology
to a particular treatment, e.g., dyeing, bleaching, tanning, etc.
(See References to This Class, below).
This class has no apparatus, per se, but where a process or
product, classifiable in this class, is claimed along with claims
to apparatus, the patent is placed in this class (8) and cross referenced
to the appropriate apparatus class.
SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
For coloring of plastic materials by incorporation of coloring
matter in solution or plastic composition before shaping, see the
appropriate classes, e.g., Class 106; Class 252; Class 260; etc.
The printing compositions employed in this class are basically
distinguished from the printing inks of Class 106, Compositions:
Coating or Plastic, in that the latter are intended essentially
for coating the surface of a material in patterns or designs, while
in this class the coloration is produced by imbibition and absorption
by or combination with the fibers of the material. Class 106 usually
involves an insoluble pigment suspended in an oleaginous vehicle,
while here a soluble dye in an aqueous paste is usually involved.
The rules for determining Class placement of the Original
Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in
the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER
CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY,
which includes a hierarchical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.
SECTION III - SUBCLASS REFERENCES TO THE CURRENT CLASS
Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids, for apparatus in general for drying or contacting
solids with vapors or gases; and see Class 26, Textiles Cloth Finishing,
subclass(es) 81, 92 or 106 for the combination therewith of means
for expanding (e.g., stretching, spreading) running length webs
of cloth.
Presses, appropriate subclasses for apparatus not elsewhere
provided for, for subjecting material to compressive force by causing
solid surfaces to approach one another, by forcing the material
through a constriction, or by tightening a flexible member about
the material
Presses,
subclasses 2+ and 35+ for processes not elsewhere provided
for, for subjecting material to compressive force by causing solid surfaces
to approach one another, by forcing the material through a constriction,
or by tightening a flexible member about the material.
Compositions: Coating or Plastic, for the coloring of coating or plastic compositions
in general, e.g., for the coloring of lacquers and varnishes or
cellulose solutions prior to extrusion.
Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids, which is the generic class for such subject matter,
and see the SEARCH CLASS note in the class definition of Class 134
for the line with this class (8).
Paper Making and Fiber Liberation, particularly
subclasses 6 , 7, 64 to 67, 70+, 126, 134, and 162 for
process of dyeing, bleaching or chemically purifying fibers, fibrous
pulps (as distinguished from strands or continuous filaments) and
undried waterlaid fibrous webs. Processes of dyeing or bleaching,
which as disclosed or claimed, may be applied either to a fabric,
strand, etc., (classifiable in Class 8), or a pulp or web (classifiable
in Class 162) are classified in Class 8.
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, appropriate subclasses for dyestuffs which are new
carbon compounds even though they have claimed utility as a dye.
Patents containing claims to a material dyed therewith are in Class
260, except where the dyeing process is also claimed, in which case,
the patent belongs in this class (8).
Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating:
Processes,
subclasses 20 , 73-78, and 245 for coloring or shading or employment
of colored materials when combined with a significant shaping or
molding operation within the class definition. Note particularly
subclass 78 pertaining to dyeing or incorporating of dye susceptible
materials.
Coating Processes, for the application of a colored solidifiable coating
to a surface. Class 427 takes the subcombination of coating of a
dyed article, except where the coating is a mordant or fixing agent,
a weighting agent for a textile or is reacted with a textile base
to chemically modify the same. Class 8 takes the combined processes
of dyeing and coating in any sequence other than mere recital of
dyeing with no disclosure of how the dyeing is carried out, in the
specification, nor dye materials used.
Coating Processes, for generic processes of coating or impregnating
materials including textiles, leather, paper, etc. For a more detailed line
between 427 and this class, see the reference to Class 8 in the
class definition of Class 427.
Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses, for a single or plural layer
web, sheet strand or fiber product, as defined therein, which may
be coated or impregnated, but in which the coating or impregnant
is other than a bleach, dye, chemical modifier or treatment material
as provided for in this class (8).
Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Composition,
or Product Thereof, appropriate subclasses for dyeing steps combined
with radiation imaging steps in any sequence.
Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,
subclasses 4+ for measuring or testing processes involving micro-organisms,
cells, or tissues which may include the staining of the micro-organisms,
cells, or tissues for observation purposes.
Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, appropriate subclasses for dyestuffs which are new carbon
containing synthetic resins even though they have claimed utility
as a dye. Patents containing claims to a novel dye and claims to
a material dyed therewith are in Class 520, except where the dyeing
process is also claimed, in which case, the patent belongs in this
class (8). See Class 523,
subclasses 1+ for the coloring of a synthetic resin or natural
rubber composition.
SECTION V - GLOSSARY
ACID DYE
A dye containing organic acid groups, e.g., sulfonic,
sulfamic, phosphoric, carboxylic, etc., or their salts. Acid dyes
are commonly sodium salts of organic acids applied in an acid bath
and used to dye wool, polyamide and silk. Acid dyes have the ability
to be substantive to substrates with basic groups.
BASIC DYE
A basic or cationic dye will dye substrates having acidic properties,
e.g., polyacrylonitrile, acid modified polyester, etc. They include
diphenylmethane, triphenylmethane, xanthene, naphtroperinone, quinophthalone, quaternary
ammonium group, etc., containing dyes.
CREPE
Crepe is a general classification of fabrics characterized by
a broad range of crinkled or grained surface effects.
CROSS-LINKER DYE ADDITIVE
A cross-linker dye additive is a compound added to assist
in dyeing which reacts chemically with both the dye and substrate,
other than due to chelate formation.
DIRECT DYE
Direct dyes, also known as substantive dyes, are generally
sulfonated azo compounds very similar to acid dyes in constitution,
good for dyeing cellulose fibers or protein fibers.
DISAZO
Disazo for the purpose of this class is define d as a
compound containing two or more azo (-N=N-) groups.
DISPERSE DYE
Disperse dyes are water-insoluble, neutral dyes applied to
the substrate from a fine aqueous suspension, which were originally
developed for use in dyeing of cellulose acetate and polyester materials.
DYE ADDITIVE
A dye additive or assistant is defined to be any material added
to a dye to help in dyeing and is not basically a part of the dye
itself.
DYEING
Is employed in this classification in its understood
and accepted meaning in the art, that is to say, it denotes imparting
a substantially permanent color to organic fibrous or filamentous
material or other porous material by the use of substances, or preparations
possessing tincorial properties and which are not dependent for
their ability to become fixed to the base solely upon the presence
of an adhesive of bindive vehicle or ingredient, as distinguished
from the application of an insoluble pigment suspended in a bindive
vehicle, e.g., paint or any colored coating composition where the
coloring agent does not actually color the base.
FUGITIVE TINTING
Denotes the application of a temporary or easily removable
coloration to a material for identification or like purpose.
HETERO ATOM
The hetero atoms are nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and
tellurium.
HETERO RING
A hetero ring is a ring which contains only carbon and hetero
atoms.
METHINE GROUP
Methine group refers to -CH=.
MORDANT DYE
Mordant dyes are dyes which require a mordant in their application
and which upon combination with the mordant deposit insoluble color
on the substrate, e.g., dyes with metal chelating groups.
MORDANTS
Are substances of organic or inorganic origin which combine
with the coloring matter and are used to fix the same in the production
of the color. For the purpose of this class, such materials as oils
and sulfonated oils, soaps, fats and higher acids, are not generally
considered as mordants, but as coming within the scope of "assistants" in
dyeing.
OXIDATION DYE
Oxidation dyes are dyes which produce a color by oxidation
on the substrate of compounds such as arylamino, hydrxyaryl, or
similar compounds to produce, e.g., aniline black or diphenyl black.
Nitroaniline dyes are included.
REACTIVE DYE
A reactive dye reacts chemically with a substrate having reactive
-H atoms thereon, e.g., ester or ether formation with cellulose.
SOLVENT DYE
A solvent dye is a dye which si soluble in an organic solvent
and is commonly introduced in the form of a solution in an organic
solvent.
SULFUR DYE
Sulfur dyes contain sulfur linkages within their molecules
which are produced by sulfurization, i.e., heating of organic compounds
with sulfur or alkali polysulfides.
SUBSTRATE
The term substrate is used here to refer to the base
material being dyed.
TEXTILE MATERIAL
As employed in this classification is limited to organic fibrous
and filamentous materials, and mixed materials including same as
a definite component part thereof and not in the popular sense to
include all materials, e.g., it does not include asbestos and glass
fibers adapted to be felted, woven or knitted not glass fiber fabric.
In the dyeing subclasses (400-696) paper has been grouped with the
textile materials.
VAT DYE
Vat dyes are dyes which are applied to the substrate
in reduced, soluble form and then oxidize to the original insoluble
pigment. Common vat dyes are quinonic dyes and particularly common
are anthraquinones and indigoids.
TREATMENT OF HIDES, SKINS, FEATHERS AND ANIMAL TISSUES:
Processes of treating hides, skins, feathers, and other
animal tissues with chemicals or fluid and the resulting products
not otherwise provided for.
(1)
Note. This and indented subclasses also include the compositions
used in the processes provided for and the resulting product unless
otherwise provided for.
(2)
Note. For compositions of matter including hides, skins, feathers,
or animal tissues, see the appropriate composition class, particularly
Class 71, Chemistry: Fertilizers, subclass 18; Class 106, Compositions:
Coating, or Plastic, subclasses 124.4+, 124.6+,
124.7, and 124.8+; Class 524, Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers,
subclasses 9+.
(3)
Note. Class 34, Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,
subclasses 280+, is the generic class for the treatment
of feathers and will take all treatments of feathers not otherwise
provided for. The line between Class 34, subclasses 280+ and
this subclass is as follows: Class 34, subclasses 280+ takes
(1) the drying of feathers, (2) nonreactive gas or vapor contact
of feathers and (3) any other treatment of feathers not elsewhere
provided for; this subclass takes the treatment of feathers with
chemicals or fluids except (1) and (2) above. See the notes to Class
34, subclasses 280+ for feather treatments provided for
elsewhere.
(4)
Note. Apparatus used in carrying out the processes of this
and indented subclasses are in Class 69, Leather Manufactures, subclasses
28 and 29+, unless more specifically provided for elsewhere.
Leather Manufactures,
subclass 21 and 22 for processes of treating hides, skins,
fur or leather which do not involve the use of chemicals or a fluid,
and are not more specifically provided for elsewhere and for processes
of fluid treatment combined with some other mechanical working or
nonfluid treatment of leather.
Compositions: Coating or Plastic, appropriate subclass and the notes thereto for compositions
for coating of hides, skins, feathers, or animal tissues which form
adherent fibers upon the base coated. Coating compositions which
react with the hides, skins, feathers or animal tissues coated are classified
in this or indented subclasses (see Note 2).
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein,
and Methods of Preparing the Compostions,
subclass 692 for electrolytic treatment of hides or skins.
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, appropriate subclasses, for new carbon compounds
and processes of preparing them, even though claimed as hide, skin,
leather, feather, or animal tissue treating agents (see Note 2).
Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,
subclass 75 for a composition used to preserve and/or improve
the appearance of a corpse for preparation for burial other than depilatories.
Coating Processes, appropriate subclasses, especially
subclasses 323 , 389, and 412, for processes of forming and adherent
skin coating on a proteinaceous base. This and indented subclasses
provide for treating hides, skins, feather, and animal tissue with coating
type materials where the material is not used in such amounts as
to produce a skin coating but only impregnates the base and the
purpose of the impregnation is not to waterproof. Waterproofing
by impregnation is in Class 427. Combinations of reactive fluid
treatments of tanning and coating are in Class 8.
Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses, especially
subclass 6 for a treated, embellished or simulated feather
or group of feathers, and subclass 473, for a plural layer product
including a layer of leather, not elsewhere provided for.
Education, and Demonstration,
subclasses 295+ for processes of preparation of biological specimens,
and taxidermy and compositions used in such processes.
Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,
subclasses 265+ for processes of treating hides, skins, feathers
and animal tissues that include fermentative action and products
of such processes not otherwise provided for.
Butchering, for the preparation of a carcass for food, particularly
subclasses 71+ for removal of hair, feathers, or fish scales and
subclasses 125+ for the removal of skin.
Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions,
and Products,
subclass 140 for edible containers, animal de- rived and subclasses
276+ for processes of making same.
This subclass is indented under subclass 94.1. Processes directed to the production of suede leather.
(1)
Note. By "suede" is meant leather in which
the grain of outermost surface has been removed leaving a surface
having small free fibers projecting therefrom.
This subclass is indented under subclass 94.1. Processes directed to the treatment of fur.
(1)
Note. "Fur", as used herein, means the soft
fine fibrous coat covering the skins of many animals and commonly
known as fur as distinguished from hair.
(2)
Note. Fluid treatments of hides and skins having the fur thereon
are not classified in this subclass, unless the treatment is for
the purpose of treating the fur fibers. For the fluid treatment
of furred skins, such as tanning, etc., which are not for the purpose
of treating the fur fiber itself, see the appropriate subclasses
below.
for the chemical modification of (a) animal fibers
which are in the free state, i.e., detached from the skin upon which
they occur, or (b) fabrics made from such fibers.
This subclass is indented under subclass 94.1. Processes directed to the treatment of untanned skins or
hides.
(1)
Note. Processes of tanning hides and skins, and treatment
with materials which chemically react with the hide are in subclasses
94.19+, unless combined with some other fluid treatment
of the untanned hide, or skin, provided for in subclasses 94.15+.
(2)
Note. Processes included herein may be preparatory to or combined
with the subsequent step of tanning the hide or skin. Such combined
processes are cross referenced below in the appropriate subclass
for the tanning step if desired. Combination of a significant tanning step
and a step preparatory there to, such as dehairing, bating, etc.,
wherein the preparatory step is broadly included or no significant
aspects or characteristics of the preparatory step are set forth
in the claims are classified below on the basis of the tanning step.
Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions, for insecticidal, fungicidal, germicidal and disinfectant
compositions for use as a hide or skin saturant.
This subclass is indented under subclass 94.15. Processes for treating a hide or skin for the purpose of
removing the hair therefrom.
(1)
Note. This and indented subclasses are the generic location
for depilating processes and compostitons and take all such processes
except those specifically placed elsewhere as set forth under "SEARCH
CLASS" below.
(2)
Note. The combination of a significant tanning step and a
depilating step preparatory thereto, wherein the depilating step
is broadly recited and no significant aspects of the depilating
step are claimed, is classified below on the basis of the tanning
step.
Textiles: Fiber Preparation,
subclasses 2+ for the mechanical liberation of animal fibers
from their source for the purpose of preparing the fibers for textile
use.
Leather Manufactures, for apparatus and process for depilating a hide
to be made into leather which does not involve the use of chemicals
or fluids (e.g., cutting, plucking) and for a process of depilation
using chemicals or fluid combined with other mechanical steps of
leather working or treatment.
Butchering,
subclasses 71+ for a process of depilating combined with other
nondepilatory steps of preparing fowl and animal carcasses for use
as food and depilating apparatus for preparing fowl and animal carcasses
for food.
Surgery,
subclass 44 for electrical needles useful for depilating the
living human body, subclasses 133+ for miscellaneous depilating
apparatus used on living humans not specifically provided for elsewhere.
This subclass is indented under subclass 94.15. Processes for the treatment of hides and skins, for the
purpose of removing or neutralizing the alkaline material therefrom.
(1)
Note. Most of the patents in this subclass are directed to
the removal or neutralization of lime or other alkaline material used
in the depilating process.
Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,
subclass 265 for "bating" or other treatments
of hides for removal of lime or other alkaline material by processes
involving fermentation and the composition used in such processes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 94.1. Processes , directed to the tanning of hides and skins to
produce leather.
(1)
Note. The term "tanning" as used means the
chemical reaction of the protein of the hide or skin with another
material to produce an insoluble compound, includes all such reaction
such as with alum, commonly known as "tawing".
This subclass is indented under subclass 94.19. Processes including a significant treatment of the tanned
hide or skin subsequent to the tanning.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes process of tanning combined with
a subsequent fluid treatment of the leather as well as a fluid treatment
of leather, per se, where not otherwise provided for.
Leather Manufactures,
subclass 21 for processes of treating and working leather not
involving a treatment with a fluid, and nonreactive fluid treatment
combined with the mechanical working or nonfluid treatment of leather.
Coating Processes, particularly
subclasses 323 , 389 and 412 for processes of coating a proteinaceous base.
The line between Class 427 and this class with respect to the treatment of
leather with fluids and chemicals is as follows: Class 427 takes
the treatment of leather which results in skin coating on the leather;
this and the indented subclasses take (1) treatment with a material
which chemically reacts with the leather treated and (2) treatment
with nonreactive fluids which do not result in the production of
a solid, adherent skin coating. This and indented subclasses include
the treatment of leather with material which is capable of forming
skin coatings when the materials are not used in such amounts as
to produce a skin coating but only to impregnate or become absorbed
in the leather. Class 427 also takes combinations of fluid treatments
of hides, skins, or leather combined with the subsequent coating of
the leather except where the said fluid treatment results in the
chemical modification of the hide, skin, or leather (e.g., tanning).
This subclass is indented under subclass 94.21. Processes in which the subsequent treatment of the leather
includes the use of a fat, fatty oil, fatty oil acid or salt thereof.
(1)
Note. Processes of fat liquoring leather are found herein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 94.22. Processes in which the subsequent treatment of the leather
includes the use of an emulsion containing fat, fatty oil, fatty
oil acid or salt thereof.
This subclass is indented under subclass 94.19. Processes of tanning in which the tanning agent used contains
condensation product of an aldehyde and an aromatic compound.
(1)
Note. The use of the materials known as "syntans" are
classified herein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 94.25. Processes of tanning in which the tanning agent contains
an organic material in addition to a heavy metal.
(1)
Note. See Note (1) to the definition of subclass 94.18.
(2)
Note. The organic material may be an organic compound of the
heavy metal or a mixture of an organic compound and a heavy metal
compound or the organic material and heavy metal compound may be
used in any sequence.
This subclass is indented under subclass 94.19. Processes of tanning in which the tanning agents contain
a waste liquor from a process of liberating cellulose from its natural
source.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes tanning processes employing a
liquor, or solution of the residue from the sulfate, sulfite, or soda
process of liberating cellulose.
Chemistry: Natural Resins or Derivatives; Peptides
or Proteins; Lignins or Reaction Products Thereof,
subclasses 500+ for such residues and reaction products, per se.
Processes for bleaching or decolorizing textile filaments,
strands, yarns, or fabrics not elsewhere provided for.
(1)
Note. Manipulative processes not restricted in their applicability
to bleaching, although bleaching may appear in the claims are classified
in subclasses 147+.
(2)
Note. Bleaching in combination with performing some other
treatment on the material is in subclasses 101+, unless elsewhere
provided for. Bowking of vegetable fibers or the scouring of other fibers
is found in subclasses 101+ and is not cross referenced
to subclass 139, except for specific novelty in the bowking or scouring
step.
Paper Making and Fiber Liberation, particularly
subclasses 6 , 7, 64 to 67, and 70+ for bleaching and
chemically purifying of fibers or fibrous pulps (as distinguished
from continuous filaments or strands, etc.) or undried waterlaid
fibrous webs.
Electrolysis: Processes, Compositions Used Therein,
and Methods of Preparing the Compostions,
subclass 690 for bleaching of fibrous organic material involving
electrolysis.
Compositions,
subclasses 186.1+ and 188.1+ for bleaching compositions
in general and subclasses 189 to 193 for compositions for neutralizing
the acidity or alkalinity of a previous bleaching or laundering
operation. Claims in the form of a process consisting in the mere
application of a novel composition are not regarded as process for
the purpose of subclasses 101+, but are placed in Class
252.
This subclass is indented under subclass 101. Inventions directed to the removal or lightening of the
shade or tone of a previously applied dye without complete removal
of dyestuffs and artificial coloring matters from materials.
Paper Making and Fiber Liberation,
subclasses 4+ for processes of defibering waste paper or textile
waste including the removal of color bodies, e.g., de-inking and
repulping of newsprint.
This subclass is indented under subclass 101. Processes wherein the bleaching is accomplished by other
than chemical agents, such as, light, high frequency vibrations
or other wave energy.
(1)
Note. The combined use of wave energy and chemical agents
is placed in this subclass and cross referenced below where there
is novelty in the chemical agent.
Radiant Energy,
subclass 428 for fluent material containment support or transfer
means with or without a radiation source, subclass 493.1 for radiant
energy generation and radioactive sources, and subclasses 492.1+ for
the irradiation of objects and materials.
This subclass is indented under subclass 101. Processes wherein the bleaching is accomplished by means
of definitely specified chemical agents or combinations of chemical
agents.
This subclass is indented under subclass 108.1. Processes in which sulfur compounds or oxygen or oxygen
releasing compounds are employed in addition to chlorine.
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94.1